Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 12, 06 June 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 12
06 June 2013
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, page: 728 –728
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1741
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): John Daigle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, page: 728 –728
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1735
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, page: 729 –729
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1717
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, page: 730 –730
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1742
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
inside view*
sunny deposition*
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- Author(s): Y.-F. Bai ; X.-H. Wang ; C.-J. Gao ; Q.-L. Huang ; X.-W. Shi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 733 –734
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0580
- Type: Article
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Instead of using large apertures, antenna arrays can be used to enhance the receiving signal-to-noise ratio in deep space applications. An adaptive correlation algorithm is presented. This method is a variable step-size algorithm based on a sigmoid function, which not only uses the cross-correlation of each antenna with the reference one but also utilises the variance of weight updating values from every iteration. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve low combining loss for very weak signals after a few iterations.
- Author(s): C.R. Garcia ; R.C. Rumpf ; H.H. Tsang ; J.H. Barton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 734 –736
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1528
- Type: Article
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3D printing is an emerging technology in manufacturing. It is the long-term goal of the industry to print complex and fully functional products from cell phones to vehicles. A drawback of many 3D printing technologies is rough surface finish. It is known that metals with high surface roughness severely degrade the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Presented is the first known evaluation of the electromagnetic impact of the typical surface roughness in metal parts produced by electron beam melting. Two Ku-band (12–15 GHz) horn antennas were 3D printed, with different surface roughness, and compared to a standard horn antenna purchased from Pasternack.
- Author(s): Y.H. Sun ; G.J. Wen ; H.Y. Jin ; P. Wang ; Y.J. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 736 –737
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1198
- Type: Article
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A broadband gain enhancement endfire antenna is presented. The gain enhancement is achieved by loading with an I-shaped resonator (ISR) structure in the endfire direction. Broad bandwidth is realised by using a microstrip-to-coplanar balun and bowtie dipole elements, while gain enhancement is achieved by loading the ISR structure in the endfire direction. The measurements show that the ISR-loaded antenna presents a gain of about 4–8 dB in the whole working band (4.5–9.5 GHz), which is about 2 dB more than the unloaded one. The advantages of broad bandwidth and high gain make this antenna valuable in wireless communication systems.
- Author(s): J.-J. Xie ; Y.-Z. Yin ; Y. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 737 –739
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0240
- Type: Article
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A single-layer wideband printed slot antenna with polarisation diversity is presented using a hybrid feeding technique. The antenna consists of an aperture-coupled feeding element and a coplanar waveguide feeding element. The aperture-coupled microstrip feed line with a 180° phase difference is used to reduce the cross-polarisation level and improve the isolation level. A circular patch is connected to the coplanar waveguide feed line for good impedance matching. By introducing a fan-shaped slot to separate the ground plane of the radiating elements, the measured isolation between the two feeding ports is better than 30 dB in the whole operating band. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are 49% (4.72–7.75 GHz) and 63% (3.96–7.64 GHz) at port 1 and port 2, respectively. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact structure and stable gain over the operating band; thus it can be used in the 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 5.5 GHz WiMAX systems.
Adaptive correlation algorithm for aligning antenna arrays in deep space communication
Effects of extreme surface roughness on 3D printed horn antenna
Gain enhancement for wide bandwidth endfire antenna with I-shaped resonator (ISR) structures
Wideband printed slot antenna with polarisation diversity
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- Author(s): Long-Fei Wang ; Jing-Quan Liu ; Hui-Ling Peng ; Bin Yang ; Hong-Ying Zhu ; Chun-Sheng Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 739 –740
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4064
- Type: Article
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A thin and flexible capacitive electrode for recording an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal has been developed. Compared with the conventional wet electrode, the capacitive electrode can work without conductive gel and skin preparation, and serves as a tool of long-term ECG measurement. The designed electrode consists of a sensing plate, an active shield plate and two insulating layers, which is fabricated by the micro-electro-mechanical system process. The test result shows that the capacitive electrode can obtain a high-quality ECG signal that is comparable to the one recorded by the conventional wet electrode. The capacitive electrode can be arbitrarily bent to fit the human torso because of its extremely thin and flexible feature. Moreover, a simple front-end circuit is used to integrate more easily into the measurement system.
MEMS-based flexible capacitive electrode for ECG measurement
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- Author(s): T. Li ; S. Sun ; T.P. Sattar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 740 –742
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0233
- Type: Article
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An adaptive resampling method is provided. It determines the number of particles to resample so that the Kullback-Leibler distance (KLD) between the distribution of particles before resampling and after resampling does not exceed a pre-specified error bound. The basis of the method is the same as Fox's KLD-sampling but implemented differently. The KLD-sampling assumes that samples are coming from the true posterior distribution and ignores any mismatch between the true and the proposal distribution. In contrast, the KLD measure is incorporated into the resampling in which the distribution of interest is just the posterior distribution. That is to say, for sample size adjustment, it is more theoretically rigorous and practically flexible to measure the fit of the distribution represented by weighted particles based on KLD during resampling than in sampling. Simulations of target tracking demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
- Author(s): J.-Y. Zuo ; Y.-N. Jia ; Y.-Z. Zhang ; W. Lian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 742 –744
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4506
- Type: Article
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The adaptive iterated particle filter (AIPF) is presented, where the importance density function is updated iteratively by the particle filter itself when necessary. By using a simulated annealing algorithm with an adaptive annealing parameter, the current measurement can be quickly incorporated into the sampling process, resulting in greatly improved sampling efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the improved performance of the AIPF over the sampling importance resampling filter, unscented Kalman particle filter and auxiliary particle filter.
- Author(s): P.Z. Wieczorek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 744 –745
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4126
- Type: Article
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A novel concept of a true random number generator (TNRG) based on two metastable flip-flops in a FPGA circuit is introduced. Most of metastable based TRNG solutions are based on the assumption of a D-latch (flip-flop) state's uncertainty which is the source of randomness. In the proposed approach direct proximity of the metastable point is not necessary. Difference of the time of response of a pair of nearly metastable flip-flops lies upon the proposed circuit's principle of operation. It can be implemented in common programmable FPGA or CPLD circuits ensuring randomness quality-passing NIST, Diehard and Matlab tests.
- Author(s): N. Kamal ; S.F. Al-Sarawi ; D. Abbott
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 746 –747
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1010
- Type: Article
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Reference spurs are one of the main problems in integer-N phase-locked loops (PLLs). A ratioed current charge pump is proposed to suppress reference spur magnitude in the PLL output. The ratioed current charge pump can be implemented by resizing the source and drain network of the charge pump. A formula to calculate the ratioed current and transistor size is presented. The reference spur magnitude for a PLL with a ratioed current charge pump is compared to a conventional charge pump PLL, resulting in about 4 dBc/Hz improvement in the reference spur magnitude.
- Author(s): Ying Li ; Zhitang Song ; Bo Liu ; Guanping Wu ; Songlin Feng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 747 –749
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0985
- Type: Article
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To reduce the reset current for developing reliable high-density phase change random access memory, small bottom electrode contact (BEC) size formation is a critical process. One of the failure modes for the process is the corrosion of the tungsten (W) plug, which is caused by the W chemical mechanical polisher (CMP) process. An ultra-smooth surface of BEC nanoscale W plug structure was successfully fabricated by the CMP process, which reduced the W/phase change material (Ge2Sb2Te5, GST) contact resistance, and gained more homogeneous resistance distribution. Thus, the stability of the device was improved greatly by the acidic buff CMP process compared with that of the device with alkali buff owing to the reduction of W/GST connect resistance fluctuation.
- Author(s): S. Tao ; S. Rodriguez ; A. Rusu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 749 –751
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1096
- Type: Article
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A two-step continuous-time (CT) incremental sigma–delta (IΣΔ) ADC, which enhances the performance of conventional CT IΣΔ ADCs, is proposed. By pipelining two second-order CT IΣΔ ADCs, the proposed two-step architecture can achieve high resolution without sacrificing the conversion rate. Compared to other alternatives, the two-step CT IΣΔ ADC exhibits the freedom of adjusting its accuracy and speed independently while featuring quite relaxed circuit specifications.
Adapting sample size in particle filters through KLD-resampling
Adaptive iterated particle filter
Dual-metastability FPGA-based true random number generator
Reference spur suppression technique using ratioed current charge pump
Switching operation improvement of phase change memory with nanoscale W plug structure by CMP process
Two-step continuous-time incremental sigma–delta ADC
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- Author(s): L.-C. Jiao and Q.-X. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 751 –752
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0789
- Type: Article
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An intensity transformation function of infrared images is presented and used for context enhancement of visual images, upon which a new image fusion method in the shift-invariant wavelet domain is developed. The function behaves like a sigmoid function and shifts and expands the range of dark pixels of infrared images. These adjustments can avoid artificial bright pixels introduced in the later enhancing of visual images and the bleaching effect in the final fused images owing to the exponential map of very dark pixels of the infrared images. Experimental results validate the subjective performance of the proposed method, along with objective performance through several suggested quantitative metrics.
- Author(s): Cheen-Hau Tan ; JunHui Hou ; Lap-Pui Chau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 752 –754
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0442
- Type: Article
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Matrix completion has previously been used as a method to recover missing data in a mocap sequence. Improvments to this scheme by structuring motion capture data into an alternative representation for matrix completion are proposed. This representation takes advantage of the properties of mocap data and matrix completion to improve the reliability of matrix completion. Experiments show that the proposed motion capture data recovery method performs significantly better for nearly all tested motion sequences and amounts of missing data.
- Author(s): H. Xue and S. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 754 –756
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4408
- Type: Article
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Orthogonality-based label coding is an often-used technique in multi-class classification. Through coding the labels into some multi-dimensional orthogonal codewords, many binary classifiers can be naturally extended to multi-class cases. For an unseen sample, the classifiers firstly estimate its codeword and then compute the corresponding distances from the labels. Finally, the nearest one is assigned as its class label. However, these classifiers actually hardly guarantee that the estimated codewords still maintain the inter-orthogonality with the other classes, which more likely causes the codewords in different classes overlapping each other to some extent and thus affects the classification performance. Proposed is a novel label correction strategy which aims to keep as much as possible orthogonality between the estimated sample codewords and the other classes’ labels in order to preserve further as much as possible the inter-orthogonality of the codewords. The strategy is combined with two state-of-the-art classifiers: regularised least square classifier and the least square support vector machine. Experiments on UCI datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Fusion for visual context enhancement using intensity transformation function of infrared images
Human motion capture data recovery using trajectory-based matrix completion
Orthogonality-based label correction in multi-class classification
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- Author(s): J.N. Daigle ; M. Femminella ; G. Reali
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 756 –758
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0764
- Type: Article
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An analytical approach to set the parameters of a dual leaky bucket for the purposes of regulating a voice over IP call at the network ingress is presented. The analytical model is used to determine the theoretical packet loss as a function of the dual leaky bucket parameters for traffic generated by a G.726 codec, then the theoretical packet loss is compared with that measured using a real voice conversation taking place over a Linux system and using an implementation of the G.726. The results are found to be in excellent agreement.
Dimensioning of dual leaky bucket parameters for regulating voice sources
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- Author(s): W. Tai and D.S. Ricketts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 758 –759
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1052
- Type: Article
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A millimetre-wave power amplifier (PA) fabricated in 45 nm SOI CMOS is reported that achieves 17.2 dBm saturated output power at 74 GHz without power combining using a 2.2 V supply, over twice the output power of previously reported single CMOS PAs. The peak gain and PAE are 14.3 dB and 11.1%, respectively. The PA also achieves a 3 dB bandwidth of 31 GHz while occupying a small die area of 0.23 mm2.
- Author(s): C.W. Tang ; P.G. Lan ; C.T. Tseng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 759 –761
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0314
- Type: Article
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A branch-line coupler with five operating frequencies is presented. A conventional branch-line coupler and four shunted reactances are adopted for the proposed quint-band branch-line coupler. Detailed formulas are analytically derived and experimentally tested for the proposed quint-band branch-line coupler. Moreover, both simulated and measured results are included to validate the proposed coupler.
- Author(s): L. Al-Khateeb and O. Abu Safia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 761 –762
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1407
- Type: Article
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A new design of a three-pole dual-band bandpass filter using coplanar waveguide (CPW) series-connected resonators and impedance inverters is proposed. The circuit conversions that lead to the lumped element model of the proposed filter are introduced. The resonators of the filter are implemented using special compact series-connected resonators patterned in the centre conductor of a CPW transmission line. The filter operates at the two centre band frequencies 1.8 and 2.4 GHz. Hence, it is considered an excellent candidate for GSM/Wi-Fi applications. Experimental results show very good agreement with simulated results, which validates the proposed filter.
74 GHz, 17.2 dBm power amplifier in 45 nm SOI CMOS
Quint-band branch-line coupler with open- and short-circuited stubs
Dual-band bandpass filter based on CPW series-connected resonators
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- Author(s): Xiaodong Xie ; Wei Li ; Jianjun Li ; Gang Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 763 –764
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3574
- Type: Article
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An antifuse structure that is fully compatible with the standard floating-gate technology is presented. The antifuse consists of an oxide-nitride-oxide dielectric layer, sandwiched between polysilicon and N-well layers. The characteristics of the antifuse are investigated. The off-state resistance of the antifuse is larger than 10 GΩ. The programmed antifuses show linear ohmic characteristics and have a tight resistance distribution centred around 350 Ω. The time dependent dielectric breakdown measurements show that the extrapolated lifetime of the unprogrammed antifuse at 5.5 V is as long as 40 years, and the resistance change of post-program antifuses under the continuous reading mode test is lower than 5%.
High performance floating-gate technology compatible antifuse
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- Author(s): Jingsi Li and Julian Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 764 –766
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1520
- Type: Article
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The first laterally-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser with first-order sidewall gratings fabricated by optical interference lithography is experimentally demonstrated. The gratings were first etched into a dielectric mask on the planar top surface of an InP/AlGaInAs laser epiwafer, and then transferred to both sidewalls of a 2 µm deep ridge-waveguide structure using a novel self-aligned process. DFB ridge-waveguide lasers with a cavity length of 650 µm and width of 2.6 µm (with 300 nm gratings on both sidewalls) achieved single longitudinal mode continuous-wave operation, with a sidemode suppression ratio of 37 dB. The threshold current density is 1.7 kA/cm2 at room temperature, and the slope efficiency is 0.14 mW/mA per facet (uncoated).
- Author(s): T. Hu ; D.D. Hudson ; S.D. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 766 –767
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0134
- Type: Article
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An actively Q-switched diode-pumped Ho3 +, Pr3 +-co-doped fluoride glass fibre laser operating in the first-order diffraction mode is demonstrated. At a repetition a rate of 1 kHz, the laser produces pulses with a maximum peak power of 576 W and a pulse width of 33 ns at an average power of 19 mW at 2.87 µm.
Laterally-coupled distributed feedback laser with first-order gratings by interference lithography
High peak power actively Q-switched Ho3 +, Pr3 +-co-doped fluoride fibre laser
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- Author(s): R. Ren ; Y.X. Guo ; J. Wang ; R.H. Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 767 –769
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0998
- Type: Article
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Presented is a silicon solar cell model with fully passivated radial junction nanowire surface decoration and submerged nickel-silicide contact. Numerical simulations using a finite-difference time-domain method have been done to investigate the spectral responses of the solar cell model. The experimental results indicate that, with proper nickel-silicide thickness, the fill factor of the cell can be improved considerably without much degradation on short circuit current density. Under AM 1.5G illumination, the silicon nanowire solar cell device with 50 Å nickel-silicide contact has short circuit current density of 26.3 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 586 mV and fill factor of 70.0%, contributing to power conversion efficiency of 10.8%, which is 19% higher than the control device without the nickel-silicide contact.
Fully passivated radial junction nanowire silicon solar cells with submerged nickel-silicide contact for efficiency enhancement
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- Author(s): Z. Zhang ; Y. Li ; H. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 769 –770
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0125
- Type: Article
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An error correction based Doppler estimation method is first proposed to address the Doppler smearing problem in a low signal-to-noise ratio environment with a large Doppler acceleration. This method is shown to effectively increase the detection probability, and a closed-form expression of net error correction probability is also derived.
- Author(s): B.A. Al-fuhaidi ; H.E.A. Hassan ; M.M. Salah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 770 –772
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4373
- Type: Article
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The low complexity receiver structure based on discrete cosine transform for a downlink multicarrier code division multiple access (DCT-MC-CDMA) system is proposed. It employs an interference cancellation scheme with a linear equaliser to suppress the multiple access interference and interference caused by the multipath fading channel The performance of the proposed receivers is analysed and compared to the conventional downlink DFT-MC-CDMA system. Simulation results show a large performance improvement when using such an interference cancellation scheme relative to the DCT equalisation receiver, and interference cancellation for the downlink DFT-MC-CDMA system.
- Author(s): Lei Lv and ZhongPei Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 12, p. 772 –774
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0132
- Type: Article
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The exact probability density function (PDF) of the pre-scheduling signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for per-user unitary rate control (PU2RC) systems is derived. A main contribution is proposing a novel dimension-reducing-type function to resolve the key problem, i.e. within a multi-dimensional complex space, to obtain the PDF of a unit isotropic vector's maximum projection on vectors of an orthonormal basis. Even if PU2RC systems are only considered, the proposed function is quite useful for the analysis of other orthogonal beams-based MIMO systems as well. Monte Carlo simulations validate the analysis results.
Error correction based Doppler estimation method for Doppler smearing
Improved interference cancellation for downlink DCT-MC-CDMA systems
Exact pre-scheduling SINR analysis for per-user unitary rate control systems
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