Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 48, Issue 9, 26 April 2012
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Volume 48, Issue 9
26 April 2012
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, page: 466 –466
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1263
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, page: 466 –466
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1260
- Type: Article
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Dr Tim Brown and Heng Ma of the Univeristy of Surrey in the UK talk about the research behind their Letter ‘Egg quantity deter mination based on characteristic polarisation state’ on page 472. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, page: 467 –467
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1261
- Type: Article
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The first vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) that have a continuous-wave power output over 100 W, even up to 3 °C, have been reported in joint work from Philipps-Universität Marburg in Germany and the University of Arizona in the US. Key changes to the design, growth procedure, chip mounting and thermal management allowed the researchers to reach 106 W at 1028 nm, which is over 30 W higher than their previous record set at −15 °C. - Author(s): J. Baldwin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, page: 468 –468
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1257
- Type: Article
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Researchers from the National Changhua University of Education in Taiwan have proposed a built-in self-routing scheme for through-silicon vias (TSVs). The scheme, to be applied in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D IC), improves repair rate, performance and reduces area overheads. As Moore's law begins to reach its limits, 3D ICs are becoming increasingly important for industry, and efficient interconnections are essential for their development.
Interview
The power of VECSELs
Routing for moore
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- Author(s): J.L.T. Ethier and D.A. McNamara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 471 –472
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0392
- Type: Article
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A new sub-structure characteristic mode concept for electromagnetic systems is defined and used to extend the applicability of an existing antenna shape-synthesis technique that does not require the feedpoint location to be specified prior to shaping. Application of the procedure is successfully illustrated by a realistic example, with experimental results. - Author(s): H. Ma and T.W.C. Brown
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 472 –474
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3915
- Type: Article
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Due to the disability of the traditional complex natural resonant method, the characteristic polarisation state method is proposed to determine egg quantity in a box with a two by three egg configuration. Parameters are investigated for different egg quantity scenarios and the results show a potential way to determine number in terms of characteristic angle β. - Author(s): A. Jain ; P.K. Verma ; V.K. Singh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 474 –475
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3698
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Presented is the design of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) based 4×4 MIMO antenna working in the frequency range 2.4–2.8 GHz, along with its various performance measure parameters such as MEG (mean effective gain), correlation coefficient, TARC and channel capacity, that are calculated using simulation results and presented here for street grid communication applications. The aim of this design is to develop a wideband, compact and low profile MIMO antenna configuration which can be integrated easily with the rest of the system. The calculated value of MEG for all the antennas is around −3.5 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.5 in all cases, the average TARC calculated using measured S-parameters is around −7 dB in the desired frequency range, and the calculated channel capacity for the street grid urban scenario is 22 bits/s/Hz at 30 dB SNR. - Author(s): A. Rashidian ; D.M. Klymyshyn ; M.Tayfeh Aligodarz ; M. Boerner ; J. Mohr
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 475 –477
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0158
- Type: Article
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Photoresist-based polymer resonator antennas (PRAs) with permanent frame have been fabricated and measured. High-aspect-ratio frames were precisely fabricated by deep exposure lithography and subsequently filled with ceramic-polymer microcomposites. The antenna was fed by a slot on the ground plane and effects of the photoresist frame on antenna characteristics were investigated. Reflection coefficients of the antenna with/without frame are compared. The high-aspect-ratio photoresist frames with very low permittivity may have minimal impact of less than 1% on output antenna parameters. The frame-based PRAs can be precisely and inexpensively built with any shape using LIGA, an extension of deep lithography in combination with replication, which makes large-scale fabrication economically feasible.
Sub-structure characteristic mode concept for antenna shape synthesis
Egg quantity determination based on characteristic polarisation state
Performance analysis of PIFA based 4×4 MIMO antenna
Photoresist-based polymer resonator antennas with permanent frame
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- Author(s): J. Kim and K. Pedrotti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 477 –479
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0037
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A fully integrated low-power and area-efficient ASK demodulator is presented. By using a controllable digital envelope detector and a self-biased clock extractor, the threshold-detection level of the demodulator can be adjusted and the clock from the wireless power carrier can be recovered. This implantable demodulator was fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process and tested using inductively-coupled coils with a resonant frequency of 13.56 MHz. - Author(s): L. Liu ; X. Zou ; W.L. Goh ; R. Ramamoorthy ; G. Dawe ; M. Je
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 479 –480
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0685
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Advances in neuroscience research and clinical applications have increasingly called for the low-power low-noise simultaneous recording of neural signals from a large number of electrodes. The neural interface IC is one of the essential blocks to capture the weak neural signals. Presented is an energy-efficient low-noise neural recording amplifier with enhanced noise efficiency factor (NEF) for neural recording systems. Based on the conventional capacitive feedback and pseudo-resistor structure, the fully differential neural amplifier employs the current-reuse technique to achieve low noise and high current efficiency, consuming 800 nA at 1 V power supply. The measured thermal noise floor is 43nV/√Hz and the input-referred noise is 5.71 µVrms when integrated from 1 Hz to 50 kHz, leading to an NEF of 2.59. The entire neural amplifier has been fabricated using a 0.18 µm CMOS technology, occupying an area of 0.05 mm2.
202pJ/bit area-efficient ASK demodulator for high-density visual prostheses
800 nW 43 nV/√Hz neural recording amplifier with enhanced noise efficiency factor
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- Author(s): Tsung-Chu Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 480 –482
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0286
- Type: Article
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In this reported work, a built-in self-routing scheme is developed for exploring the through-silicon via (TSV) redundancy to the extremes. A built-in self-router consists of a built-in self-tester for testing the TSVs, and a priority switching network for selecting from M TSVs to N inter-chip interconnects. A switching cell is developed to sequentially construct the priority switching network for area reduction and synthesis regularity. Although a long latency is needed for the encoding network, the best performance during inter-chip communication can be achieved due to only one switch per tier in normal operations. In a multiple fault model with no more than M−N defected TSVs, the repair rate can be always 100%. - Author(s): C. Yuan and Y. Lam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 482 –483
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4001
- Type: Article
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A novel low-energy tri-level switching scheme for low-power successive approximation register (SAR) ADC is proposed. With the input common-mode voltage (Vcm) designed to be exactly half of the reference voltage (Vref), the switching energy of the proposed switching scheme is reduced by 96.89% as compared with the conventional architecture. Besides the large energy saving, the proposed switching scheme also reduces the number of capacitors in the ADC capacitor array by 75%, which in turn results in an area-efficient SAR ADC. - Author(s): J. Shin ; J. Yoo ; P. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 483 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0751
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Proposed is a variable step-size affine projection sign algorithm (APSA) based on the minimisation of mean-square deviation. Because the proposed algorithm calculates the optimum step size in every iteration, it ensures an improved performance in terms of convergence rate and misalignment, compared to conventional APSAs. The proposed algorithm is tested in a system identification scenario that includes impulsive noise.
High-performance built-in self-routing for through-silicon vias
Low-energy and area-efficient tri-level switching scheme for SAR ADC
Variable step-size affine projection sign algorithm
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- Author(s): M. Short
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 485 –487
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0234
- Type: Article
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In adaptive situations the comparatively large run-time computational burden and implementation complexity of the generalised predictive control (GPC) algorithm can prove troublesome. Presented is an optimised design to implement a GPC adaption mechanism for low-order systems. By adopting a compact state-space model and symbolically solving the underlying Riccati equations, an exact solution with a trivial code implementation is obtained. The proposed approach significantly reduces the computational and memory burden of the standard method, and gives improved performance over approximate schemes whilst exhibiting comparable overheads.
Optimised implementation of adaptive GPC for low-order systems with time delays
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- Author(s): R. Grech ; D.N. Monekosso ; P. Remagnino
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 487 –488
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3926
- Type: Article
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A real-time method that automatically creates a visual memory of a scene using the growing neural gas (GNG) algorithm is described. The memory consists of a graph where nodes encode the visual information of a video stream as a limited set of representative images. GNG nodes are automatically generated and dynamically clustered. This method could be employed by robotic platforms in exploratory and rescue missions. - Author(s): X.Y. Ben ; M.Y. Jiang ; Y.J. Wu ; W.X. Meng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 488 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4041
- Type: Article
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A novel low-resolution (LR) face recognition method has been developed by coupling gait features. The proposed kernel-based manifold method is able to couple the nonlinear features of an LR face with gait and map them into a common space to minimise the distance between the two features extracted from the same individual. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): Q. Zheng ; E.Q. Dong ; Z.L. Cao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 490 –491
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0470
- Type: Article
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Graph cuts (GC) and the active contour model (ACM) have become two of the most important schemes in image segmentation. Recently, many researches tend to unify the two schemes to obtain new models for efficient calculation and global minimisation. However, the existing GC based ACMs not only cannot achieve local segmentation, but also suffer from the determination of the regularising parameter, which is used to balance the edge and region terms in the existing GC based ACMs. Proposed is a new GC based ACM (NGC-ACM) to solve the two problems above. First, a new energy function without the regularising parameter is proposed for segmentation, which avoids the edge and region balance problem. Secondly, through constructing a specified graph, the proposed model can achieve selective local or global segmentation, which not only can extract all the objects globally, but also can extract the desired object locally. Experiments on synthetic and real images demonstrate the advantages of the proposed NGC-ACM over the existing GC based ACMs like GC based geodesic active contours with region forces (GC-GACWRF) in solving the two problems above. - Author(s): J. Cho ; J.W. Suh ; G. Jeon ; J. Jeong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 491 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0414
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an error surface based selective mathematical modelling algorithm for quarter-pixel motion estimation during video encoding. In this method, first the tendency of the error surface is assessed. Using the strength of the edge at the error surface, the error surface region is classified as plain or textured. For plain regions, interpolation-free mathematical modelling is appropriate for the quarter-pixel motion estimation method. For textured regions, half-pixel interpolation is needed for more accurate modelling. Additional half-pixel SAD values are calculated and more accurate modelling is completed to find the best motion vector (MV). Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is faster than conventional modelling algorithms, and the PSNR performance is also better than that of competitive algorithms. - Author(s): S.M. Yoon ; T. Schreck ; G.J. Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 493 –495
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0170
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3D object retrieval is an important research issue in the area of computer graphics for applications such as computer-aided design, simulation, and visualisation. The performance of 3D object retrieval systems is dependent on the development of efficient and effective descriptors and similarity measures. Presented is an effective approach for supporting 3D object retrieval based on optimising the gradient descriptor which has recently been shown to perform among the state of the art. The approach relies on sparse coding and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by experimental evaluation.
Building visual memories of video streams
Gait feature coupling for low-resolution face recognition
Graph cuts based active contour model with selective local or global segmentation
Selective mathematical modelling algorithm for quarter-pixel motion estimation
Sparse coding based feature optimisation for robust 3D object retrieval
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- Author(s): L. Najjar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 495 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0287
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The structure detection of sparse channel impulse response (CIR) is addressed in the frame of OFDM systems. Tap-tuned thresholds, exploiting a priori knowledge about the channel sparsity level (CSL), are designed to optimise the detection error probability. Compared to former proposed thresholds, the CSL-aware thresholds lead to higher CIR structure true detection rates and to lower channel response mean squares error. - Author(s): N.W. Kong ; J.W. Shin ; P.G. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 496 –498
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0410
- Type: Article
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The proposed algorithm introduces a novel scheme for obtaining an optimal step size and proposes a criterion for decrementing the projection order, which would lead to fast convergence and a small steady-state estimation error with low computational complexity. The scheme is based on an analysis of the mean square deviation (MSD) for the tap weight and its estimated value at each iteration. The criterion is obtained by calculating the steady-state MSD. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has faster convergence and a smaller steady-state error than the existing affine projection algorithms with a variable step size or variable projection order. - Author(s): S. Ahmed and M. Kawai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 498 –499
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0504
- Type: Article
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A computationally efficient null-data subcarrier switching scheme for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of OFDM systems is proposed. By applying incremental searching within dynamically expanding subcarrier bands, the proposed method achieves significant reduction in computational requirement without sacrificing PAPR reduction capability. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by presenting simulation results of PAPR and bit error ratio. - Author(s): K. Chen ; K. Niu ; J.R. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 500 –501
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3334
- Type: Article
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A list successive cancellation (LSC) decoding algorithm to boost the performance of polar codes is proposed. Compared with traditional successive cancellation decoding algorithms, LSC simultaneously produces at most L locally best candidates during the decoding process to reduce the chance of missing the correct codeword. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is O(LNlog N), where N and L are the code length and the list size, respectively. Simulation results of LSC decoding in the binary erasure channel and binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel show a significant performance improvement. - Author(s): C. Qi and L. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 501 –503
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0010
- Type: Article
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A scheme of tree-based backward pilot generation for sparse channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. Instead of straightforward searching for the best from all possible pilot subsets, the scheme iteratively removes a subcarrier from all OFDM subcarriers in a backward manner. At each time, every subcarrier is tested by deleting it and calculating the coherence of the resulting matrix, where the subcarrier with the smallest coherence is picked up. Finally the subcarriers left make up the optimal pilot subset. Considering the greedy essence of the scheme, a tree structure is also incorporated to avoid the locally-optimal but globally-incorrect selections. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can obtain substantial improvement for sparse channel estimation.
Sparsity level-aware threshold-based channel structure detection in OFDM systems
Affine projection algorithm with decremental projection order and optimally-designed step size
Dynamic null-data subcarrier switching for OFDM PAPR reduction with low computational overhead
List successive cancellation decoding of polar codes
Tree-based backward pilot generation for sparse channel estimation
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- Author(s): R.-L. Wang ; C.-W. Yu ; C. Yu ; T.-H. Liu ; C.-M. Yeh ; C.-F. Lin ; H.-H. Tsai ; Y.-Z. Juang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 503 –504
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0380
- Type: Article
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A temperature sensor using the cascade configuration of a pnp bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and a p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (PMOSFET) was designed and measured. Under a biasing current proportional to absolute temperature for a pnp BJT and a temperature-stable biasing current for a PMOSFET, the plots of emitter-base and source-gate bias voltages against temperature show nearly complementary nonlinear characteristics. Therefore, a temperature sensor of which the output is the sum of the two bias voltages will exhibit good linearity. For a temperature range from 0 to 125°C, the fabricated temperature sensor has the sensitivity of −3.39 mV/°C or so with linearity up to 99.996%.
Temperature sensor using BJT-MOSFET pair
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- Author(s): Shih-Fong Chao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 505 –506
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0293
- Type: Article
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A 42 GHz MMIC single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) bandpass filter-integrated switch based on HEMT loaded coupled lines is proposed. The circuit integrates a microwave bandpass filter and an MMIC SPDT switch into a single circuit component and thus simplifies the T/R system designs. The proposed HEMT loaded coupled line is used to provide necessary coupling in the thru state and generate transmission zeros to improve isolation in the isolated state. In the thru state, a bandpass filter response at the centre frequency of 42 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 8% is measured. In the isolated state, an isolation of 29 dB is measured at the centre frequency. - Author(s): I. Flammia ; A. Stöhr ; C.C. Leonhardt ; J. Honecker ; A.G. Steffan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 506 –508
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0377
- Type: Article
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A grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to rectangular waveguide (WR) transition is presented for operation in the E-band from 71 to 76 GHz, a worldwide allocated frequency slot for wireless communication. The GCPW-to-WR transition is designated for the E-band radio-over-fibre (RoF) wireless transmitter where it connects the 50 Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) output of a high-frequency photodiode chip to a WR-12 waveguide. The presented transition is implemented on a ROGERS RT/Duroid 5880 RF laminate, it allows for quasi-hermetic packaging without the need of radomes and enables the use of a commercially available WR without the need for any mechanical modifications. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations show that the optimised transition presents a return loss of at least 30 dB and an insertion loss (IL) of only 2 dB. Experimental results confirm an average IL of only 2.5 dB. The key role of via-holes in reducing the IL is experimentally proven. - Author(s): C.Y. Zhu ; H. Liu ; V. Avrutin ; C.Z. Lu ; Ü. Özgür ; H. Morkoç
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 508 –509
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0089
- Type: Article
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Ferroelectric material Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 has been grown on a polycrystalline ferrite yttrium iron garnet (YIG) substrate to achieve independent tuning of permittivity and permeability through the electric and magnetic field, respectively. A large dielectric constant and dielectric-constant tuning of the BST layer has been achieved with a simple deposition procedure by RF magnetron sputtering. Coplanar waveguides were fabricated on the bilayer structure to demonstrate the benefits of additional permeability tuning by external applied magnetic field: (i) to alleviate the impedance-mismatch caused by electric-field tuning of permittivity; (ii) to improve differential phase shift. A large differential phase shift of 77°/cm at 5 GHz for an applied electric field of 60 kV/cm has been achieved with the aid of the magnetic field. - Author(s): Wanghui Zou ; Xiaofei Chen ; Kui Dai ; Xuecheng Zou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 509 –511
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0341
- Type: Article
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A new switched-inductor voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) scheme based on tapped vertical solenoid inductors is presented. With tapping ports, various effective inductances are selected by switches for multi-band operation. As a proof of concept, two VCOs, with one and two tapping ports separately, are implemented in a 0.18 µm 1P6M standard CMOS. Because of the vertical structure of the inductors, the new scheme consumes much less area than the conventional switch-inductor VCOs. The measured frequency bands of the VCOs are located between 1.96 and 3.49 GHz, and the measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset is between −115.4 and −118.5 dBc/Hz across all bands under power consumption of 14.4 mW (8 mA, 1.8 V).
42 GHz MMIC SPDT bandpass filter-integrated switch using HEMT loaded coupled lines
71–76 GHz grounded CPW to WR-12 transition for quasi-hermetic RoF wireless transmitter
BaSrTiO3/YIG microwave phase shifter with large two-degree-of-freedom tuning
Switched-inductor VCO based on tapped vertical solenoid inductors
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- Author(s): H.Y. Choi ; T. Tsuritani ; I. Morita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 511 –513
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0686
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a new method to synthesise the 8-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (8QAM) signal and demonstrate the 112 Gbit/s polarisation-multiplexed 8QAM system. The proposed transmitter consists of a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) and phase modulators in tandem. The DD-MZM is utilised to manipulate the amplitude and phase of the optical signal by adjusting its chirp. The optical signal-to-noise ratio sensitivity of the 112 Gbit/s polarisation-multiplexed 8QAM signal to achieve the bit error rate of 10−3 is measured to be 18.8 dB (in 0.1 nm resolution bandwidth). - Author(s): W. Lim ; Y. Yang ; M. Milosavljevic
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 513 –514
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2250
- Type: Article
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A multicast polling scheme is proposed for 10G Ethernet passive optical networks (10G-EPONs). In the multicast polling scheme, the GATE message is broadcast to all ONUs with a new op-code of 0007. Comparing the proposed multicasting with the traditional unicasting scheme, the downstream bandwidth consumption for the control packet of the multicast is 0.011% compared with the unicast of 0.11% at the cycle time of 2ms. As a result of the upstream performance, the channel utilisation improves 3% and the saturation offered load of the end-to-end delay for the multicast and the unicast is 0.8 and 0.7, respectively.
Method to generate 112 Gbit/s polarisation-multiplexed 8QAM signal
Multicast polling for 10G-EPON
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- Author(s): J. Giner ; A. Uranga ; J.L. Muñoz-Gamarra ; E. Marigó ; N. Barniol
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 514 –516
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0659
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Presented is a fully integrated solution on CMOS technology for achieving a longitudinal bulk acoustic wave microelectromechanical resonator. The capacitive polysilicon module present in the AMS 0.35 µm commercial CMOS technology is used to implement a longitudinal bar with a gap of 40 nm using the interpoly oxide as spacer. Measurements, in air, show a resonance frequency of 258 MHz.
VHF monolithically integrated CMOS-MEMS longitudinal bulk acoustic resonator
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- Author(s): B. Heinen ; T.-L. Wang ; M. Sparenberg ; A. Weber ; B. Kunert ; J. Hader ; S.W. Koch ; J.V. Moloney ; M. Koch ; W. Stolz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 516 –517
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0531
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on an optically-pumped semiconductor disk laser providing a continuous-wave output power of 106 W at a heatsink temperature of 3 °C. The laser, which operates in the transversal multimode regime, emits at a wavelength of 1028 nm. This high output power is achieved by carefully optimising the chip design, the growth process, and the bonding layer. - Author(s): E. Haglund ; Å. Haglund ; P. Westbergh ; J.S. Gustavsson ; B. Kögel ; A. Larsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 517 –519
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0529
- Type: Article
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An integrated mode filter in the form of a shallow surface relief was used to reduce the spectral width of a high-speed 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The mode filter reduced the RMS spectral width from 0.9 to 0.3 nm for a VCSEL with an oxide aperture as large as 5 µm. Because of reduced effects of chromatic and modal fibre dispersion, the mode filter significantly increases the maximum error-free (bit error rate<10−12) transmission distance, enabling transmission at 25 Gbit/s over 500 m of multimode OM3+ fibre. - Author(s): M. Yamada ; A. Tomoe ; H. Takara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 519 –520
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0409
- Type: Article
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The characteristics of the scattering that occurs in the middle of an optical fibre when a bubble train forms as a result of the fibre fuse that is induced when a high power signal is launched into the fibre is investigated for the first time. It was found that the maximum scattering angle of the light, which is scattered at the top of the bubble train, is around 160°, regardless of the presence of a UV coating or the fibre fuse formation power. It was clear that the maximum scattered power from an optical fibre with a UV coating could be dealt with as a class 1M product when the incident light power launched into the optical fibre was several watts. - Author(s): A. Ksendzov ; S. Forouhar ; R.M. Briggs ; C. Frez ; K.J. Franz ; M. Bagheri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 520 –522
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0363
- Type: Article
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The linewidth of a gallium antimonide-based laterally-coupled 2.05 µm DFB laser emitting 40 mW of power at 9 C is measured. The measured linewidth is 1.7 MHz for 500 ms and 1.4 MHz for 10 ms observation time, respectively. The combination of high power and low frequency jitter makes this laser useful for detecting CO2 in air in both in-situ and remote sensing applications. The linewidth measurement is also discussed.
106 W continuous-wave output power from vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser
25 Gbit/s transmission over 500 m multimode fibre using 850 nm VCSEL with integrated mode filter
Light scattering characteristics of hole formed by fibre fuse
Linewidth measurement of high power diode laser at 2 µm for carbon dioxide detection
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- Author(s): G. Giannakas ; F. Plessas ; G. Stamoulis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 522 –523
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3576
- Type: Article
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A novel 2.45 GHz RF power harvester has been implemented in a 90 nm standard CMOS process. The proposed architecture reduces the threshold voltage (Vth) by employing a pseudo floating-gate (pseudo-FG) new technique and achieves better performance compared with other conventional rectifiers at 90 nm and 2.45 GHz, without additional fabrication cost. The system is initially optimised via a matching-boosting circuit, which has a dominant dual role. Extremely low power (−15.43 dBm) RF signals can be rectified and converted to 1.25 V DC. - Author(s): Y.P. Liu ; D. Vasic ; F. Costa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 523 –525
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3917
- Type: Article
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A wideband zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) half-bridge circuit for piezoelectric transformers is introduced. The proposed circuit topology is the extension of the inductor-less half-bridge driver for the piezoelectric transformers. Two auxiliary shunt circuits are connected to the input terminal PT to ensure the ZVS condition in a wide bandwidth. Each auxiliary shunt circuit includes a diode, a switch and an inductor. The auxiliary inductor exhibits a small inductance and is not in the path of the major power flow, thus it can be implemented by the parasitic inductance of the connection wires or by PCB tracks. A 80kHz piezoelectric transformer was tested by the proposed circuit from 20 to 160 kHz to verify the ZVS condition.
Pseudo-FG technique for efficient energy harvesting
Wideband ZVS half-bridge circuit for piezoelectric transformers with small inductance
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- Author(s): J. Zhang ; Z. Li ; B. Zhang ; Z. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 525 –527
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0220
- Type: Article
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A novel high performance carrier stored trench bipolar transistor (CSTBT) with a p-type buried layer (PBL-CSTBT) is proposed. The p-type layer of the structure is formed by ion implantation at the bottom of the trench after a partial etching of the Pbase/Ncs layer and the fabrication process is fully compatible with the conventional CSTBT (C-CSTBT) structure. In comparison with the C-CSTBT without a buried layer, the novel structure offers not only high breakdown voltage, but also improved Eoff-Vce(on) trade-off characteristics.
High performance CSTBT with p-type buried layer
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- Author(s): A. Angierski ; H. Richter ; V. Kuehn ; N. Damaschke
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 527 –528
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0690
- Type: Article
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The problem of sampling a 2D Poisson process is considered. Recently, such problems have been denoted as sampling of signals with finite rate of innovation. Therefore, a well-known sampling approach for the 1D approach is extended to the 2D case and the theoretic sampling bounds as well as the reconstruction approach are shown. By providing results from numerical simulations it can be demonstrated that reconstruction is exact up to numerical precision.
Extension of SoS sampling kernels for 2D FRI problems
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- Author(s): H. Wang and X. Chu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 528 –530
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0451
- Type: Article
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A distance-constrained resource-sharing criterion (DRC) is proposed for device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying cellular systems to mitigate the interference from cellular transmissions to the D2D link. The outage probability analysis and numerical evaluation reveal that there is an optimal minimum distance between the D2D receiver and its paired cellular UE, and the proposed DRC significantly reduces the outage probability of D2D communications. - Author(s): S. Cho and S.K. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 9, p. 530 –532
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3960
- Type: Article
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A new 16-ary constellation mapping scheme is presented for three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The minimum Euclidean distance of the constellations of the proposed 16-ary mapping is increased compared with conventional 16-ary mappings having the same normalised average power. Simulations show that the 3D OFDM system with the proposed 16-ary mapping scheme has a significantly lower symbol error probability than conventional 2D and 3D OFDM systems.
Distance-constrained resource-sharing criteria for device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks
Improved 16-ary constellation mapping for three-dimensional OFDM systems
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