Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 48, Issue 6, 15 March 2012
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Volume 48, Issue 6
15 March 2012
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, page: 300 –300
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0699
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Marian Verhelst
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, page: 300 –300
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0682
- Type: Article
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Dr Marian Verhelst from KU Leuven in Belgium talks about the research behind her Letter ‘Area scaling analysis of CMOS ADCs’ on page 314. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, page: 301 –301
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0698
- Type: Article
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Watertight metallic doors are no barrier to installing wireless networks inside a ship, according to researchers at the Institute of Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), France. In their Letter published in this issue of Electronics Letters, they experimentally demonstrate how radio leakage between metallic adjacent rooms separated by watertight doors is of a sufficient level for communication between network nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN).This result is another step towards a cost-effective wireless solution for future shipboard monitoring systems. - Author(s): D. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, page: 302 –302
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0693
- Type: Article
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A research group from Ghent University, Belgium, have presented an alternative to conventional diode strings for protection of chips from electrostatic discharges (ESDs).
Interview
Full steam ahead for WSNs
Parallel protection
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- Author(s): R.L. Li ; X.L. Quan ; Y.H. Cui ; M.M. Tentzeris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 305 –306
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3448
- Type: Article
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A directional triple-band planar antenna is proposed for WLAN/WiMax access point applications. The triple-band planar antenna consists of a top-loaded dipole for the 2.4 GHz band, two longer dipoles for the 3.5 GHz band and two shorter dipoles for the 5 GHz band. All the dipoles are printed on the same substrate. The triple-band antenna achieves a directional radiation pattern at all the three frequency bands with an antenna gain of 7.5 dBi for the lowest band, 8.5 dBi for the middle band, and 9–10 dBi for the highest band. - Author(s): M. Jobs and A. Rydberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 306 –307
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0088
- Type: Article
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A conformal antenna structure based on dual triangular patches is presented. The dual antennas are designed to be used in diversity based sensor node applications and are integrated in the enclosure of the node. The internal shielded enclosure houses the required electronics and power supply. Simulations and measurements show acceptable diversity performance and efficiency in the second resonance mode. - Author(s): H. Kdouh ; H. Farhat ; T. Tenoux ; G. Zaharia ; C. Brousseau ; G. Grunfelder ; Y. Lostanlen ; G. El Zein
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 307 –309
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0310
- Type: Article
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The objective of this reported work was to characterise electromagnetic wave propagation between adjacent rooms in the lower deck areas of ships. A wideband multiple-input multiple-output channel sounder has been used to realise double directional propagation measurements at 2.2 GHz. The antenna configuration was a linear array at the transmission side and a rectangular one at the reception. The measurement data are first processed with a classic beamforming technique, then with a high resolution algorithm to extract the dominant paths. A ray-tracing based simulation tool is used to understand the measurement results. It is observed that, in spite of the metallic structure of watertight doors, wireless communication remains possible between adjacent rooms after door closure. Results show that electromagnetic waves mainly propagate through door edges openings. - Author(s): Y. Liu ; J. Lee ; K. Jung ; H. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 309 –310
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3644
- Type: Article
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Described is a simple method for exciting a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) in order to achieve dual-band operation. The conventional loop feed of a PIFA, formed by the feeding and shorting conductors, is modified by inserting a capacitor into the feeding conductor. The proposed feeding method can provide a wide impedance bandwidth (VSWR=1.5:1) for 2.45 and 5.5 GHz WLAN applications, as well as a small antenna element size. - Author(s): A.P. Feresidis and Q. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 310 –312
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0264
- Type: Article
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A technique for reducing the electromagnetic coupling between planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs), built on a compact ground plane for typical handheld devices, is presented. Novel miniaturised convoluted slits are inserted in the ground plane between two PIFAs introducing a transmission minimum in the coupling path between them and producing a significant reduction of the mutual coupling within the operating band of the antennas. The proposed slits have a small footprint and are positioned close to the edges of the ground plane, thereby occupying very little space. Simulated results as well as measurements of a fabricated prototype are presented.
Directional triple-band planar antenna for WLAN/WiMax access points
Conformal dual patch antenna for diversity based sensor nodes
Double directional characterisation of radio wave propagation through metallic watertight doors on board ships
Dual-band PIFA using resonated loop feed structure
Miniaturised slits for decoupling PIFA array elements on handheld devices
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- Author(s): T. Tokuda ; H. Kimura ; T. Miyatani ; Y. Maezawa ; T. Kobayashi ; T. Noda ; K. Sasagawa ; J. Ohta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 312 –314
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4087
- Type: Article
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A CMOS-based neural interface device with an integrated blue light-emitting diode array is proposed and demonstrated. The device is designed with target applications in optogenetics in neural and medical sciences, in which local light stimulation of living cells plays a significant role. The design, packaging, and functional demonstrations of the device are presented.
CMOS on-chip bio-imaging sensor with integrated micro light source array for optogenetics
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- Author(s): M. Verhelst and B. Murmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 314 –315
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0253
- Type: Article
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Recently, the continuing reduction of analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) power consumption has received a lot of attention in the literature, while it is often assumed that converter area does not scale well anymore. An area scaling analysis based on historical data is performed. It is shown that ADC area scaling has been alive and well across all ADC topologies, and for both matching and noise-limited ADCs. - Author(s): P.P. Krüger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 315 –317
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3422
- Type: Article
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A two-path low-noise amplifier (LNA) designed for the planned MeerKAT radio telescope is presented. The LNA has a noise figure (NF) of less than 0.36 dB and input return loss of less than −12 dB from 0.7 to 1.8 GHz. It consumes 100 mW of power and costs about $10 to manufacture. - Author(s): R. Pierco ; Z. Li ; G. Torfs ; X. Yin ; J. Bauwelinck ; X.Z. Qiu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 317 –318
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0262
- Type: Article
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A new diode string based ESD device is proposed. This device, realised in a 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS process, features a reduced clamping voltage compared to a conventional diode string topology. The addition of extra stages improves the relative reduction in clamping voltage of the device further and, as for a regular diode string, reduces the parasitic capacitance of the device. Hence the proposed circuit constitutes an excellent candidate for double-diode configurations commonly used to protect RF-pads. The proposed architecture is verified by means of simulation and transmission-line pulse tests. Measurement results of a four-stage version of the proposed diode string show a reduction of 28.5% in clamping voltage, realising an absolute clamping-voltage lower than that of a three-stage diode string. - Author(s): H. Adel ; M.-M. Louerat ; M. Sabut
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 318 –320
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0357
- Type: Article
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A slope mismatch averaging technique which reduces the calibration time and simplifies the digital calibration circuitry in split ADC calibration is introduced. The technique is a direct operation to perform split ADC calibration in pipelined analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) without any feedback, thus achieving a significant reduction in calibration time. - Author(s): J. Ni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 320 –321
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0173
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a subband adaptive filter, which is derived by minimising the sum of the squared Euclidean norms of the differences between the updated tap-weight vector and past tap-weight vectors subject to a set of constraints on the updated tap-weight vector of the adaptive filter. Simulation results show that the misalignment of the proposed subband adaptive filter is low in a relatively high background noise environment. - Author(s): D. Sheng ; C.-C. Chung ; J.-C. Lan ; H.-F. Lai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 321 –323
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0147
- Type: Article
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A monotonic and low-power digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) with a cell-based design for system-on-chip applications is presented. The proposed monotonic DCO not only can achieve high delay resolution and wide operation range at the same time, but also maintain the delay monotonicity. Moreover, based on the proposed varactor-interpolator fine-tuning stage, the proposed DCO can provide monotonic delay with low power consumption and low circuit complexity as compared with conventional approaches. Simulation results of the DCO show that power consumption can be improved to 0.21 mW (at 840 MHz) with 2.95 ps resolution. In addition, the proposed design can be implemented with standard cells, making it easily portable to different processes and very suitable for SoC applications. - Author(s): J. Chen ; A. Hu ; Y. Fan ; R. Bashirullah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 323 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0236
- Type: Article
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Presented is a study of the optimal injection frequency using a time-domain model as a technique to improve the noise suppression in injection-locked ring oscillators. It is found that offsetting the injection signal frequency by roughly half of the one-sided lock range relative to the free-running oscillator frequency can lead to higher noise-suppression bandwidth and lower phase noise. Applied to a five-stage ring oscillator, the model shows good agreement with simulations, which indicate that the optimal injection frequency increases the noise-suppression bandwidth by up to 5×, and lowers the phase noise by 15 dB. - Author(s): T. Su ; Z. Wang ; M. Unger ; T. Steinecke ; R. Weigel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 324 –326
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0207
- Type: Article
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To test and to model the conducted radio frequency electromagnetic immunity of a reconfigurable integrated circuit like microcontrollers is complex because the configuration parameter is variable. A study is presented of the dependence of immunity on one of the configuration parameters – the system clock. The theoretical analysis shows that the immunity is independent of the clock frequency in the frequency range of interest. Measurement results support the theoretical prediction.
Area scaling analysis of CMOS ADCs
Cheap 0.36 dB NF broadband multipath LNA
Diode string with reduced clamping-voltage for ESD-protection of RF-circuits
Fast split background calibration for pipelined ADCs enabled by slope mismatch averaging technique
Improved normalised subband adaptive filter
Monotonic and low-power digitally controlled oscillator with portability for SoC applications
Noise suppression in injection-locked ring oscillators
Dependence of electromagnetic immunity of microcontrollers on system clock frequency
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- Author(s): D. Luengo and L. Martino
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 326 –327
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0206
- Type: Article
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Monte Carlo techniques, which require the generation of samples from some target density, are often the only alternative for performing Bayesian inference. Two classic sampling techniques to draw independent samples are the ratio of uniforms (RoU) and rejection sampling (RS). An efficient sampling algorithm is proposed combining the RoU and polar RS (i.e. RS inside a sector of a circle using polar coordinates). Its efficiency is shown in drawing samples from truncated Cauchy and Gaussian random variables, which have many important applications in signal processing and communications. - Author(s): Cheng Liu ; Tong Wang ; Changxiao Zhao ; Huagang Xiong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 327 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4028
- Type: Article
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Worst-case delay analysis is important for avionics full duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX) standardised as ARINC 664. The flow model of virtual link (VL) in the worst-case delay analysis of AFDX is inaccurate, which depends only on the parameters of VL and ignores the impact from the network, so it makes the worst-case delay analysis of AFDX impractical. A worst-case flow model of VL, which takes the worst impact from the network into account, is proposed to mend the worst-case delay analysis of AFDX. This worst-case flow model of VL is applied in one of the main theoretical approaches for worst-case delay analysis, the network calculus approach. It assists the network calculus approach to get the real upper bound of delay for VL.
Efficient random variable generation: ratio of uniforms and polar rejection sampling
Worst-case flow model of VL for worst-case delay analysis of AFDX
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- Author(s): O. Pajot ; F. Vernotte ; C. Plantard ; P.M. Mbaye
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 329 –330
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0115
- Type: Article
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A composite clock layout and results are presented. This apparatus combines the stability of several reference clocks for different durations. A voltage-controlled quartz oscillator is driven by a hydrogen maser clock for mid-term stability and by a caesium atomic clock for long-term stability. The best clock stability at a given averaging time is transferred to the voltage-controlled oscillator by a special control system using two commands.
First working prototype of composite clock
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- Author(s): F. Cheng ; X.Q. Lin ; Z.B. Zhu ; L.Y. Wang ; Y. Fan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 330 –331
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0031
- Type: Article
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A microstrip diplexer with very high isolation is presented. The diplexer consists of two compact filters with quarter-wavelength resonators coupled by the metallised vias. Each metallised via is inductive and behaves as a K-inverter. This type of filter has two adjustable transmission zeros on each side of the passband, which can be shifted by changing the coupling coefficient between the source and load. By locating the transmission zero of one channel at the passband of the other channel, very high isolation of the diplexer can be achieved. Simulated results of the fabricated diplexer agree well with measured results. - Author(s): Jiun-Kai Chuang ; Ruei-Ying Fang ; Chun-Long Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 332 –333
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3673
- Type: Article
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A compact and broadband microstrip-to-waveguide transition using antisymmetric tapered probes is proposed. The proposed transition has 47.4% fractional bandwidth for which the return loss is larger than 15 dB, covering the whole frequency range 8–13 GHz. As compared with the microstrip-to-waveguide transition using the tapered CPS probe, the 15 dB fractional bandwidth is increased from 35 to 47.4% along with 44.8% reduction in the transition size. To verify the simulation result, a back-to-back transition has been fabricated and measured, and the measurement result shows good agreement with the simulation result. - Author(s): R.K. Maharjan ; B. Shrestha ; N.Y. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 333 –334
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0143
- Type: Article
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A novel compact stub-coupled microstrip square open-loop bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed. The fork-shaped open stub is internally inserted inside the square loops using open gaps. The BPF has strong electric coupling, because the open sides of the two loops are proximately placed face-to-face in parallel. The rectangular stubs attached to the internal wall of loops connect to magnetic couplings; as a result the mixed coupling generates strong electromagnetic (EM) coupling in the BPF with an adequate input reflection coefficient at a centre frequency of 11.94 GHz. The measured results of the designed BPF exhibited return loss and insertion loss of −24.8 dB and −1.7 dB, respectively.
High isolation diplexer using quarter-wavelength resonator filter
Compact and broadband microstrip-to-waveguide transition using antisymmetric tapered probes
Compact microstrip square open-loop bandpass filter using open stub
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- Author(s): K. Kechaou ; T. Anfray ; K. Merghem ; C. Aupetit-Berthelemot ; G. Aubin ; C. Kazmierski ; C. Jany ; P. Chanclou ; D. Erasme
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 335 –336
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4063
- Type: Article
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An error-free 39.7 km transmission for a 20 Gbit/s NRZ signal in standard dispersion fibre without dispersion compensation is carried out both experimentally and by simulation using the dual electroabsorption modulated laser (D-EML). The D-EML comprises an integrated electroabsorption modulated laser with dual independent-access modulation. Its ability to adjust the laser and modulator chirp by controlling the amplitude modulation leads to transmission distance enhancement with lower power consumption, cost and device complexity.
Improved NRZ transmission distance at 20 Gbit/s using dual electroabsorption modulated laser
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- Author(s): X. Gu ; T. Shimada ; A. Fuchida ; A. Matsutani ; A. Imamura ; F. Koyama
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 336 –337
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0348
- Type: Article
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A Bragg reflector waveguide amplifier shows its possibility in making an ultra-compact and high-resolution beam-steering device. Resolution is one of the key parameters in evaluating the device performance. The technique and improvements that are presented record a highest resolution among compact beam-steering devices without a mechanical mirror. A 980 nm-VCSEL based optical beam-steering device is demonstrated, exhibiting a number of resolution points over 100.
Ultra-compact beam-steering device based on Bragg reflector waveguide amplifier with number of resolution points over 100
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- Author(s): N. Khosropour ; F. Krummenacher ; M. Kayal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 338 –339
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0315
- Type: Article
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A fully integrated, area-efficient and ultra-low power management system for micro-power solar energy harvesting applications is proposed. This system harvests energy from miniaturised solar cells connected in series to charge a rechargeable microbattery. This circuit occupies less area compared to conventional inductive and switched-capacitor DC-DC converters, while achieving better efficiency during battery charging. Owing to very low power consumption of the circuit, efficiency remains high even under reduced light intensity. The proposed circuit was fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process and occupies a core area of only 0.15 mm2 to charge a NiMH microbattery. The average power consumption of the whole power management system is less than 300 nW. - Author(s): S.G. Lee ; H. Hoang ; Y.H. Choi ; F. Bien
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 339 –340
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0012
- Type: Article
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Presented is an adaptive method to improve the efficiency of wireless power transfer systems with axial-misalignment. With an impedance matching circuit, the system performance increases by 11.4% with 50% misalignment at a distance of 70 cm. The proposed system achieves 48.4% relative efficiency improvement compared to a system without the proposed technique for the axial-misalignment case.
Fully integrated ultra-low power management system for micro-power solar energy harvesting applications
Efficiency improvement for magnetic resonance based wireless power transfer with axial-misalignment
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- Author(s): Wei Xu ; Yunkai Deng ; Robert Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 340 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3732
- Type: Article
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Up to now, multiple innovative spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging schemes have been demonstrated for high resolution or/and wide swath coverage. Different imaging modes usually require different imaging processors to focus their raw data. However, presented is a novel full-aperture imaging processor for different imaging modes. According to echo properties of different SAR imaging modes, a preprocessing step and a post-processing step are added to a modified accurate range migration algorithm processor. In addition to the advantage of being suitable for different imaging modes, this imaging processor is very efficient, since it avoids the large azimuth data extension to resolve the aliasing problem. Imaging results on simulated raw date validate the proposed imaging processor. - Author(s): Jin-Woo Kim ; Duk-Jin Kim ; Yisok Oh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 342 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3939
- Type: Article
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An efficient method is presented to extract the active distortions of polarimetric radar systems without the measurement of a point calibration target under field conditions. The active distortions are extracted using the signal returned from the antenna input. The backscattering coefficients of distributed targets measured using the proposed method agree quite well with results of numerical simulations and spaceborne SAR measurements. - Author(s): C. Gu and C. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 344 –345
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0071
- Type: Article
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A new DC coupled continuous-wave (CW) radar sensor using a fine-tuning adaptive feedback loop technique to calibrate the DC offset is presented. This technique not only makes the radar sensor work with sufficient high gain at the DC-coupled baseband stage, but also allows it to detect movement with stationary moment. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed DC coupled radar sensor can completely relieve the baseband stages from saturation and retain all the desired DC information, while the conventional AC coupled radar sensor leads to significant signal distortion when a movement has stationary moment. - Author(s): N.M. Pournejatian and M.M. Nayebi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 345 –347
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3007
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A wavelet transform focuses on localised signal structures with a zooming procedure that progressively reduces the scale parameter. On the other hand, fractal geometry has recently been applied to the analysis of high range resolution radar sea clutters. Using both concepts in designing a new detector, reveals considerable improvement in performance of target detection within sea clutter. In support of this argument, simulation results using real radar data samples are presented.
Imaging processor for different spaceborne SAR imaging modes
Practical method to extract active distortions of radar systems
DC coupled CW radar sensor using fine-tuning adaptive feedback loop
Fractal-multiresolution based detection of targets within sea clutter
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- Author(s): V. Di Lecce ; S. Krishnamoorthy ; M. Esposto ; T.-H. Hung ; A. Chini ; S. Rajan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 6, p. 347 –348
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4046
- Type: Article
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Investigation of the properties of Al2O3-on-GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor diodes is reported. A new method is shown to calculate the metal-oxide barrier height based on the onset of the Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling current regime in direct bias. The Ni/Al2O3 barrier was extracted, for the first time with this method, and it was found to match other reports in the literature. The dependence of the effectiveness of this method on the oxide thickness is discussed. The breakdown field for Al2O3 was also measured and found to be in agreement with previous reports.
Metal-oxide barrier extraction by Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling onset in Al2O3-on-GaN MOS diodes
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