Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 48, Issue 21, 11 October 2012
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Volume 48, Issue 21
11 October 2012
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, page: 1314 –1314
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3440
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Sillas Hadjiloucas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, page: 1314 –1314
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3424
- Type: Article
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Dr Sillas Hadjiloucas from the University of Reading in the UK talks about the research behind his Letter ‘Femtosecond pulse shaping using differential evolutionary algorithm and wavelet operators’ on page 1357. - Author(s): D. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, page: 1315 –1315
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3439
- Type: Article
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A flexible smart electrode array is used as an in vivo neural stimulator in work from Japan. Intended for neural interfaces, the multi-chip CMOS design can pack electrodes in a small area whilst being flexible enough to conform to body tissues over larger areas for applications including retinal prostheses. - Author(s): C. Unterrieder ; M. Lunglmayr ; S. Marsili ; M. Huemer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, page: 1316 –1316
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3436
- Type: Article
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Researchers from the University of Klagenfurt in Austria tell us why it is becoming crucial to be able to accurately monitor a battery's state-of-charge, and how their latest work can help.
Interview
Help in sight
Inside View
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- Author(s): T. Makdissy ; R. Gillard ; E. Fourn ; E. Girard ; H. Legay
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1319 –1320
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2677
- Type: Article
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A new dual linearly polarised phase-shifting cell for reflectarray applications is presented. It consists of two orthogonal sets of parallel rectangular slots etched in a ground plane. Each set may be loaded with a combination of variable and fixed capacitances to provide a reconfigurable 2-bit phase-shifter for both polarisations. A passive version of the proposed cell has been fabricated and characterised in C-band with four fixed states. For each polarisation only two variable capacitances are needed in order to control the phase of the reflected wave. - Author(s): M. Kuloglu and C.-C. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1320 –1322
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1372
- Type: Article
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The bandwidth of tapered slot antennas (TSAs) is usually limited by the bandwidth of the feed used and typically does not exceed a few octaves, even though the TSA itself possibly can operate at a wider frequency range. Presented, and discussed, is a planar TSA feeding scheme that makes use of an external 180° hybrid. Design guidelines and analytical formulas are presented for this hybrid connection scheme. - Author(s): H.-T. Chou ; P.-H. Hsueh ; L.-R. Kuo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1322 –1323
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2351
- Type: Article
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The implementation and examination of a spiral antenna array to radiate dual circularly polarised radiations are presented. Each antenna element consists of two spiral arms, which are excited individually on the opposite terminals to produce dual circular polarisations. Its applications to create multiple directional beams are also examined. - Author(s): J. Alvarez ; R.G. Ayestarán ; F. Las-Heras
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1323 –1325
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2232
- Type: Article
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An optimisation framework is proposed to properly focus on near-field locations using antenna arrays. This method is able to overcome the traditional problems of near-field focused antennas, obtaining some appropriate weights to be applied at the elements of the array so that the secondary lobes are reduced and the maximum level of the field is placed at the desired point. An illustrative example using simulated antennas is addressed to evaluate the capabilities of this framework. - Author(s): S. Manzari ; S. Pettinari ; G. Marrocco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1325 –1326
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2813
- Type: Article
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By carving a ‘square-smile’ slot profile over a folded patch, a miniaturised UHF-RFID tag is obtained, having a convenient two-step tuning mechanism (coarse and fine). This is useful to adapt the same tag to European and US frequencies and to make on-site corrections. The antenna is half the size of a credit card and can be read up to 5m when attached onto the body. The flexible and lightweight EPDM foam substrate makes the tag suited to be integrated in badges, wallets, pockets, plasters, wristbands and various garments. - Author(s): A. Andújar and J. Anguera
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1326 –1328
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2694
- Type: Article
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The great demand for multifunction wireless devices or smartphones capable of providing a large number of functionalities has forced antenna engineers to develop miniature antennas able to operate in multiple communication standards. In addition, due to large-sized touchscreen displays, the device thickness is continuously shrinking, thus forcing the need for developing low height structures. Proposed is the integration of two coplanar ground plane boosters capable of solving size and height limitations. The solution is integrated in a ground plane having typical smartphone dimensions of 120×50 mm and attaining octo-band operation (GSM850/900/1800/1900, UMTS, LTE2100/2300/2500) by the addition of two coplanar ground plane boosters noted for their reduced dimensions of just 6×6 mm.
Phase-shifting cell loaded with variable capacitances for dual linearly polarised reflectarrays
Planar ultra-wideband feeding scheme for tapered slot antennas utilising external 180° hybrids
Two-arm spiral antenna array with dual circular polarised radiations for multi-beam applications at Ku-band
Design of antenna arrays for near-field focusing requirements using optimisation
Miniaturised wearable UHF-RFID tag with tuning capability
Multiband coplanar ground plane booster antenna technology
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- Author(s): T. Noda ; K. Sasagawa ; T. Tokuda ; Y. Terasawa ; H. Tashiro ; H. Kanda ; T. Fujikado ; J. Ohta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1328 –1329
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2784
- Type: Article
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A CMOS integrated flexible neural interface device has been designed and fabricated. The device enables electrical stimulation of neural tissues using an array of smart electrodes. The smart electrodes have versatile functions owing to the use of a dedicated CMOS microchip. These multiple smart electrodes also provide the array with sophisticated functions with only four wiring connections to external equipment. Moreover, the multi-chip architecture of the device is highly flexible and has low invasiveness to living body tissue. An in vivo evaluation of retinal stimulation was performed after implanting the device in the eye of an experimental animal. The stimulus function of the device was successfully demonstrated by observing responses in the visual cortex caused by the stimulation. - Author(s): K. Khaldi and A.O. Boudraa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1329 –1331
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0737
- Type: Article
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A new signals coding framework based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is introduced. EMD breaks down any signal into a reduced number of oscillating components called intrinsic modes functions (IMFs). Based on IMF properties, different coding strategies are presented. No assumptions concerning the linearity or the stationarity are made about the signal to be coded. Results obtained on ECG signals are presented and compared to those of wavelet coding. - Author(s): V. Jayaraman ; G.D. Cole ; M. Robertson ; C. Burgner ; D. John ; A. Uddin ; A. Cable
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1331 –1333
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3180
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated are 1060 nm microelectromechanical-systems-based tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (MEMS-VCSELs) with a 100 nm continuous tuning range under repetitively scanned operation at rates beyond 500 kHz and a 90 nm continuous tuning range under static operation. These devices employ a thin strained InGaAs multiple quantum well active region integrated with a fully oxidised GaAs/AlxOy bottom mirror and a suspended dielectric top mirror. The devices are optically pumped via 850 nm light. These ultra-widely tunable lasers represent the first MEMS-VCSELs reported in this wavelength range, and are ideally suited for application in ophthalmic swept-source optical coherence tomography.
Smart electrode array device with CMOS multi-chip architecture for neural interface
On signals compression by EMD
Rapidly swept, ultra-widely-tunable 1060 nm MEMS-VCSELs
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- Author(s): Daecheol You and K.-S. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1333 –1334
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2624
- Type: Article
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Computational power of embedded graphics processing units (GPUs) in mobile system-on-chips has been increasing steadily to provide high quality user experience related to 2D and 3D graphics. Moreover, the architecture of embedded GPUs is evolving from graphic accelerators into streaming multiprocessors, which enables programmers to use GPUs for general parallel processing. Workload variations in mobile GPU applications are explored to discover the potential of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) on embedded GPUs. A DVFS framework which considers GPUs as computing devices, not graphic accelerators, is proposed. The experimental results show that a conventional processor DVFS policy can achieve power reduction of embedded GPUs with reasonable performance degradation. - Author(s): K. Keikhosravy and S. Mirabbasi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1334 –1336
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2906
- Type: Article
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A passive current-sensing architecture operating based on electromotive force phenomena is presented. The proposed architecture is capable of sensing a varying current over a wide range of frequencies. Simulation and measurement results of a proof-of-concept prototype implemented in a 0.13 µm CMOS confirm the performance of the presented technique for currents with frequencies up to 8 GHz. In the presented experimental results, the high-frequency performance limit is due to the measurement setup. Furthermore, the method can be used to sense currents over a wide range of amplitudes and the amplitude detection sensitivity of the technique improves as the frequency of the current signal being measured increases. - Author(s): F. Esparza-Alfaro ; A.J. Lopez-Martin ; J. Ramírez-Angulo ; R.G. Carvajal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1336 –1338
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3081
- Type: Article
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A class AB CMOS current mirror with dynamic cascode biasing is presented. Measurement results show a wider input range and a linearity improvement of more than 23 dB with respect to the use of conventional biasing. The proposed current mirror, fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology, is able to operate with a supply voltage of 1.2 V and a quiescent power consumption of only 36 µW. - Author(s): V. Goiffon ; S. Girard ; P. Paillet ; P. Magnan ; A. Chabane ; A. Rousseau ; S. Darbon ; P. Cervantes ; J.L. Bourgade
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1338 –1339
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2667
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new mitigation technique to improve the radiation tolerance of CMOS image sensors to the radiation constraints associated to the fusion by inertial confinement experiments at megajoule class laser facilities. Using the global reset mode, results acquired at the OMEGA facility show the efficiency of this technique to reduce by more than 70% the number of white pixels induced by the mixed 14 MeV neutron and γ-ray pulse. - Author(s): Baile Chen ; Qiugui Zhou ; D.C. McIntosh ; Jinrong Yuan ; Yaojia Chen ; Wenlu Sun ; J.C. Campbell ; A.L. Holmes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1340 –1341
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2849
- Type: Article
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An antireflection coating was created for InP-based pin photodiodes using natural lithography with 100 nm-diameter SiO2 spheres. The surface showed a normal-incidence reflection of <5% for wavelengths from 900 to 2500 nm. Photodiodes with surface texturing showed an enhancement in quantum efficiency with no dark current degradation. - Author(s): A. Fernandez-Vazquez and G.J. Dolecek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1341 –1343
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2211
- Type: Article
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Proposed is the necessary and sufficient condition, which depends on the group delay evaluated at ω = 0, for the stability of maximally flat group delay Thiran filters. This interesting result complements the condition originally proposed by Thiran. - Author(s): L. El Sahmarany ; L. Berry ; K. Kerroum ; F. Auzanneau ; P. Bonnet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1343 –1344
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2622
- Type: Article
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The invariance of the wave equation under time-reversal (TR) in a lossless transmission line is exploited for the detection and localisation of soft faults in a wire network. An original TR signal processing is exposed and evaluated on numerical examples. This new wiring diagnosis's effectiveness is discussed and pointed out.
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling framework for low-power embedded GPUs
Monolithic current-sensing topology for system-on-chip applications
Low-voltage highly-linear class AB current mirror with dynamic cascode biasing
Mitigation technique for use of CMOS image sensors in megajoule class laser radiative environment
Natural lithography nano-sphere texturing as antireflective layer on InP-based pin photodiodes
Stability of real-valued maximally flat Thiran allpole filters
Time-reversal for wiring diagnosis
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- Author(s): H. Malekmohamadi ; W.A.C. Fernando ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1344 –1346
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2365
- Type: Article
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A model exploiting machine learning and content analysis is proposed to predict the subjective quality of stereoscopic videos. This model offers an automated, accurate and consistent subjective quality prediction. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed technique has been thoroughly analysed with extensive subjective experiments and simulations. Results illustrate that a performance measure of 0.954 in subjective quality prediction can be achieved with the proposed technique.
Content-based subjective quality prediction in stereoscopic videos with machine learning
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- Author(s): G. Chen and J.A. Chambers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1346 –1347
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2628
- Type: Article
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Analysed is the outage probability of an amplify-and-forward relay network which adopts a relay selection policy to maximise end-to-end signal to interference plus noise (SINR) performance in the presence of inter-cell interference. The analysis considers the effect of adjacent cell interference, both at the relay and at the destination nodes, upon cooperative transmission. New exact analytical expressions for the probability density function, and cumulative density function of the received SINR are obtained and thereby closed form expressions for outage probability in the high signal-to-noise ratio region over Rayleigh frequency flat-fading channels are provided, which are verified by numerical simulation.
Exact outage probability analysis for cooperative AF relay network with relay selection in presence of inter-cell interference
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- Author(s): Z.-W. Lee and Y.-H. Pang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1348 –1349
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2454
- Type: Article
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The design of a four-port crossover that can be operated at two arbitrary frequencies by using two branch-line couplers is presented. This design utilises the advantage of the transmission phase characteristic of the branch-line coupler. The proposed circuit also features compact size, a planar structure, widely separated frequency bands, and good inter-band rejection between the two operating frequencies. For verification, both simulation and measured results of a microstrip crossover operating at 900 MHz and 2.45 GHz are given and are consistent with each other. - Author(s): V. Buiculescu and A. Ştefănescu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1349 –1350
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2901
- Type: Article
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Presented is the first device functionally equivalent to choke flanges used to connect rectangular waveguide components, intended for solderless cascading of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) circuits without connectors or dedicated transitions to other kinds of transmission line. A line-up containing two SIW components connected by a novel choke-like pair has shown a return loss better than −14 dB inside a 5.4–6.4 GHz bandwidth. Uniform results were observed for all measurement conditions, including full electrical isolation between every part in the system required by some particular applications. - Author(s): W. Jiang ; L. Zhou ; A.M. Gao ; W. Shen ; W.Y. Yin ; J.F. Mao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1351 –1352
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2662
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a compact dual-band balun filter adopting a double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL). The middle conductor plane can be treated as a virtual ground. Then, two sets of short-stub loaded dual-mode resonators on the top and the bottom layer act as two dual-band filters. They are fed by the DSPSL at the input port, and the filters can be excited simultaneously. Meanwhile, an out-of-phase feature is obtained between the two output ports. In addition, the proposed dual-band balun filter has good frequency selectivity which is due to multiple transmission zeros. Finally, a dual-band balun filter sample was designed and fabricated with good agreement obtained between its measured and simulated S-parameters. - Author(s): D.-H. Kim ; P. Chen ; T.-W. Kim ; M. Urteaga ; B. Brar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1352 –1353
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2699
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on 100 nm and 200 nm InAs PHEMTs on an InP substrate with a record fT performance. This result was obtained by reducing a parasitic delay associated with the extrinsic gate capacitances of the device, as well as by using an InAs sub-channel to improve carrier transport properties. In particular, a 100 nm InAs PHEMT exhibits excellent performance, such as gm,max=2 S/mm, fT=421 GHz and fmax=620 GHz at VDS=0.7 V. The device also shows a well-balanced fT and fmax in excess of 400 GHz, even at VDS=0.5 V. In addition, the device gains about 70 % improvement in fT as Lg shrinks down from 200 to 100 nm. The results obtained in this work should make this technology of great interest to a multiplicity of applications and guide a realistic path in trying to achieve a 1 THz fT from III-V HEMTs in the future.
Compact planar dual-band crossover using two-section branch-line coupler
Choke flange-like structure for direct connection of cascaded substrate integrated waveguide components
Compact dual-mode dual-band balun filter using double-sided parallel-strip line
Lg=100 nm InAs PHEMTs on InP substrate with record high frequency response
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- Author(s): J.Y. Jin ; S. Yoo ; B.W. Yoo ; Y.K. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1354 –1355
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2821
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the fabrication and characterisation of a vertical interconnection substrate which uses silicon vias surrounded by glass in an effort to solve existing problems with the conventional method, i.e. voids in the via, cracking during a high-temperature process, and isolation failure between the via and the substrate. The silicon via and integrated glass are fabricated by means of DRIE with silicon and a glass-reflow process, respectively. The fabrication results demonstrated that the silicon via is void-free and perfectly isolated. The resistance of the via was measured to be 91.9 mΩ on average with 23.4 mΩ standard deviation. The substrate is expected to be applied to electrical interconnection of electrostatically actuated devices as well as to micro-device packaging at the wafer level.
Characterisation of silicon through-vias for wafer-level interconnection with glass reflows
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- Author(s): E.J. Saarinen ; A. Rantamäki ; A. Chamorovskiy ; O.G. Okhotnikov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1355 –1357
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2443
- Type: Article
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Passive harmonic modelocking in a flip-chip semiconductor disc laser at a 193 GHz repetition rate with 900 mW of output power and a pulse duration of 830 fs is demonstrated. The high harmonic frequency is obtained via coupling of the laser cavity to an intracavity diamond heat spreader bonded to a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. - Author(s):
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1357 –1358
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2292
- Type: Article
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Evolutionary meta-algorithms for pulse shaping of broadband femtosecond duration laser pulses are proposed. The genetic algorithm searching the evolutionary landscape for desired pulse shapes consists of a population of waveforms (genes), each made from two concatenated vectors, specifying phases and magnitudes, respectively, over a range of frequencies. Frequency domain operators such as mutation, two-point crossover average crossover, polynomial phase mutation, creep and three-point smoothing as well as a time-domain crossover are combined to produce fitter offsprings at each iteration step. The algorithm applies roulette wheel selection; elitists and linear fitness scaling to the gene population. A differential evolution (DE) operator that provides a source of directed mutation and new wavelet operators are proposed. Using properly tuned parameters for DE, the meta-algorithm is used to solve a waveform matching problem. Tuning allows either a greedy directed search near the best known solution or a robust search across the entire parameter space. - Author(s): T. Jeong ; J.H. Baek ; J.-S. Ha ; H.Y. Ryu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1358 –1360
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2556
- Type: Article
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The characteristics of a high-power single-chip blue light-emitting diode (LED) operating with >10 W input power are reported. The LED chip was fabricated in the form of a vertical-injection structure with chip dimensions of 1.8×1.8 mm. Electrode patterns at the n-GaN surface were designed to optimise the output power and operation voltage. Electrical and optical characteristics of the LED were measured up to 3 A injection current under pulsed operation condition. Output power and forward voltage at 3 A were obtained to be 3.3 W and 3.67 V, respectively, which demonstrates the wall-plug efficiency of >30% with 10 W input power. Even higher output power and efficiency are expected from the single-chip LED by reducing the efficiency droop of InGaN-based LEDs. - Author(s): L.A. Faria ; C.A.F. Reis ; F.D.P. Alves ; N.A.S. Gomes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1360 –1361
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2853
- Type: Article
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A PAD capacitance nulling circuit has been investigated to be used in quantum-well infrared photodetector to read-out integrated circuit (QWIP-ROIC) hybridisation. Simulation results show that it is possible to cancel the parasitic capacitance of an analogical PAD in the specific range of detection of a QWIP (outputs from 0.2 to 13 nA). For the same QWIP-ROIC interface, the voltage was found to vary approximately 0.24 mV (0.008%) as opposed to 120 mV when the circuit is not used. Even though the presented circuit has been designed for this specific application, it shows great potential to be employed in all circuits where the input signal is a current and parasitic capacitances in the path of the signal are undesired.
200 GHz 1 W semiconductor disc laser emitting 800 fs pulses
Femtosecond pulse shaping using differential evolutionary algorithm and wavelet operators
High-power single-chip InGaN blue light-emitting diode with 3.3 W output power
PAD capacitance nulling circuit for QWIP-ROIC hybridisation
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- Author(s): C. Van Praet ; G. Torfs ; Z. Li ; X. Yin ; D. Suvakovic ; H. Chow ; X.-Z. Qiu ; P. Vetter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1361 –1363
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3200
- Type: Article
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A novel, low power, downstream clock and data recovery (CDR)-decimator architecture is proposed for next generation, energy efficient 10 Gbit/s optical network units (ONUs). The architecture employs a new time division multiplexing bit-interleaving downstream concept for passive optical networks (Bi-PON) allowing early decimation of the incoming data and lowering of the processing speed to the user rate of the ONU, thus reducing the power consumption significantly. - Author(s): C. Unterrieder ; M. Lunglmayr ; S. Marsili ; M. Huemer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1363 –1365
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2773
- Type: Article
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A novel polynomial-enhanced open-circuit voltage extrapolation method is presented. It is used to identify a battery's state-of-charge based on the estimation of the corresponding relaxation voltage. The proposed method represents the relaxation process via a polynomial enhanced voltage model, calculated by least squares estimation. Compared to state-of-the-art models, the proposed approach reduces the period of time needed until the state-of-charge can be accurately determined. For the particular cell under test, an open-circuit voltage accuracy of ±1 can be reached within the first 11 minutes of the relaxation process. In addition, the reduced estimation time also leads to a lower power consumption of an integrated circuit-based battery identification solution.
10 Gbit/s bit interleaving CDR for low-power PON
Battery state-of-charge estimation using polynomial enhanced prediction
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- Author(s): A. Tennant and B. Allen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1365 –1366
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2664
- Type: Article
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A circular time-switched array (TSA) is analysed and configured to radiate radio waves which correspond to the modes associated with orbital angular momentum (OAM) theory. Results are presented to show that the harmonic frequencies radiated by the circular TSA directly correspond to OAM modes of progressive order, including negative modes. - Author(s): K.-Y. Lee ; Y. Oh ; Y. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1367 –1368
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1698
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a new phase-difference parameter for classifying urban areas in a polarimetric SAR image. First, the phase-difference characteristics of urban areas was analysed for various orientation angles. Subsequently it was found that the co-polarised phase-difference (CPD) is adequate for an aligned urban area, while the cross-polarised phase-difference (XPD) is the best parameter for a 45°-oriented urban area. Based on these analyses, the CPD was used for a small orientation angle (|thetas|≤π/8) and the XPD for a large orientation angle (|thetas|>π/8) to improve the accuracy of the urban classification in a polarimetric SAR image. This new technique was verified using polarimetric SAR image data sets (PALSAR and RADARST-2 images).
Generation of OAM radio waves using circular time-switched array antenna
Phase-difference of urban area in polarimetric SAR images
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- Author(s): K. Nikitopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1368 –1370
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2868
- Type: Article
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The complexity of depth-first sphere decoders (SDs) is determined by the employed tree search and pruning strategies. Proposed is a new SD approach for maximum-likelihood (ML) detection of spatially multiplexed, high-order, QAM symbols. In contrast to typical ML approaches, the proposed tree traversal skips the computationally intensive requirement of visiting the nodes in ascending order of their partial distances (PDs). Then, a new pruning method efficiently narrows the search space and preserves the ML performance despite the non-ordered tree traversal. This proposed approach results in substantially reduced PD calculations when compared to typical ML SDs and, for high SNRs, the necessary calculations can be reduced down to the number of transmit antennas. - Author(s): J. Ouyang ; M. Lin ; Y. Zhuang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 21, p. 1370 –1371
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1737
- Type: Article
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The performance of a cooperative dual-hop amplify-and-forward relay network over Rayleigh-Rician asymmetric fading channels is investigated. Specifically, the moment generating function of the output signal-to-noise ratio is first derived. Based on this, approximate yet accurate expressions of the analytical and asymptotic average symbol error rates for the cooperative network are then presented. Finally, numerical simulations are given to confirm the validity of the analytical results.
Maximum likelihood detection of spatially multiplexed signals via loosely ordered depth-first sphere decoding
Performance analysis of cooperative relay networks over asymmetric fading channels
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