Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 48, Issue 19, 13 September 2012
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Volume 48, Issue 19
13 September 2012
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, page: 1170 –1170
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3109
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Xiarong Hu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, page: 1170 –1170
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3086
- Type: Article
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Dr Xiarong Hu from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China talks about the research behind his Letter ‘SOI LDMOS with variable-k dielectric trench’ on page 1235. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, page: 1171 –1171
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3108
- Type: Article
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The smallest photonic crystal fibre (PCF)-based hydrostatic pressure sensor has been demonstrated by researchers at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. By using a hollow-core PCF rather than solid, Dr Daru Chen and his colleagues were able to reduce the length from at least several cm to 225 µm. Expected to operate up to hundreds of MPa, this new sensor could replace its bulkier counterparts in, for example, the oil and electricity industries. - Author(s): D. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, page: 1172 –1172
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3107
- Type: Article
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Researchers from France harvest energy from stray magnetic fields using only a commercial piezoelectric diaphragm, with no expensive magnetostrictive materials involved.
Interview
Under pressure
Fields ripe for harvest
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- Author(s): B. Chen ; W. Leng ; A.G. Wang ; G.H. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1175 –1176
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0889
- Type: Article
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A reconfigurable band-notched ultra-wideband antenna is proposed. The antenna mainly consists of a modified rectangle radiating element, a staircase ground plane and two simple pin diode switches, and its entire size is 33.0×28.0×1.0mm. The presented antenna has nearly omnidirectional patterns, stable gain, small group delay and an available impedance bandwidth ranging from 3.1 to 12.5 GHz, including dual band-notched bands centred at 3.5 and 5.5 GHz, respectively. By reconfiguring the states of pin diode switches, the dual notched bands can be reconfigurable. That is to say, the reconfigurable antenna is able to switch among four operative modes (none or 3.5GHz or 5.5GHz or dual band-rejected). - Author(s): Chuan Wu ; Lei Han ; Feng Yang ; Liangyi Wang ; Peng Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1176 –1178
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1559
- Type: Article
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A novel broad beamwidth circular polarisation antenna called a microstrip-monopole antenna (MMA) is proposed. By loading four cylinders which are perpendicular to the substrate of the microstrip antenna near the edge of a circular patch, broad beamwidth is achieved. Using this simple method, the MMA is invented. The 3 dB beamwidth of the MMA is about 156° at central frequency, which is 110% wider than the classical microstrip antenna. So the MMA is a good candidate as wide-angle scaning phased array. Measured and simulated results are demonstrated and good agreement is obtained.
Compact ultra-wideband antenna with reconfigurable notched bands
Broad beamwidth circular polarisation antenna: microstrip-monopole antenna
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- Author(s): D. Chen and J.J. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1178 –1179
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2156
- Type: Article
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Presented is a lateral field excited film bulk acoustic resonator for real-time sensing of protein–ligand interaction using the biotin–streptavidin system as a model. The film bulk acoustic resonator works at 2 GHz in shear mode. For biosensing, the biotin was immobilised on one face of the resonator as the probe. The resonant frequency of the biotin-immobilised device drops rapidly at first and gradually reaches equilibrium when exposed to the streptavidin solutin due to the biotin–streptavidin interaction. Consequently, the lateral field excited film bulk acoustic resonator can be used to study the kinetics of protein–ligand interaction without the use of labelling or molecular tags. The proposed device shows promising applications for disease diagnostics, prognosis, and drug discovery. - Author(s): Sangbok Park ; Joosung Hwang ; Youngwoo Kwon ; Changyul Cheon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1179 –1181
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2010
- Type: Article
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Presented is an antenna system for microwave non-invasive hyperthermia lipolysis. The antenna system consists of a circular waveguide antenna radiating electromagnetic waves, an AlN (aluminium nitride) radome, and a heatsink. The AlN radome with the heatsink helps to extract heat from the skin so that the skin temperature does not rise during hyperthermia lipolysis. The antenna was designed to be operated with TE21 mode to maintain uniform temperature over a wide area as much as possible in subcutaneous fat. The usability of the proposed system was verified by performing numerical simulation and rat hyperthermia lipolysis experiments. - Author(s): T.J. Sun ; X. Xie ; G.L. Li ; Y.K. Gu ; Z.H. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1181 –1182
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1588
- Type: Article
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At present, the existence of power decoupling capacitors is a bottleneck for the miniaturisation of wirelessly powered biomedical implants. To reduce the area of on-chip or off-chip decoupling capacitors, a new circuitry is proposed, called the ‘rectigulator’. By using two negative feedback channels in turn, the rectigulator directly converts an AC input to a well regulated DC output. Accordingly, the unregulated DC output of the conventional rectifiers no longer exists and the largest decoupling capacitor is deleted. Typically, the rectigulator makes the miniature wirelessly powered bio-microsystems 12% smaller. - Author(s): Guidong Liu and Yi Shen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1182 –1184
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2282
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new approach to fuse the fundamental ultrasonic image and second-harmonic ultrasonic image using compressed sensing. First, source image compressed measurements are obtained by star-shaped sampling mode in the 2D Fourier plane. The measurements are fused into fused measurements by the adaptive weighted average fusion scheme. The fused image is then reconstructed from the fused measurements by total variation optimisation. Experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance over wavelets and principal component fusion methods in improving the quality of the fused image.
Lateral field excited film bulk acoustic resonator for detection of protein–ligand interactions
Antenna system applicable to microwave non-invasive hyperthermia lipolysis
Rectigulator: a hybrid of rectifiers and regulators for miniature wirelessly powered bio-microsystems
Ultrasonic image fusion using compressed sensing
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- Author(s): Ja-Yol Lee ; Mi-Jeong Park ; Cheon Soo Kim ; Hyun-Kyu Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1184 –1185
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0352
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a digital compensator that is employed in a digital phase-locked loop (PLL) to avoid big phase-error downfalls caused by the large output glitches originating from a high-speed counter based on standard logic cells. The proposed compensation mechanism enables the PLL to acquire a desired frequency under irregular voltage and temperature. - Author(s): D.M. Wang ; Y.Y. Ding ; J. Zhang ; J.G. Hu ; H.Z. Tan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1185 –1187
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1767
- Type: Article
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Presented is an area-efficient and ultra-low-power hardware architecture of a 1024-bit RSA processor using a modified Montgomery algorithm. Since RSA for RFID often offers authentication and data encryption, small area, low power and high speed are its final goal. Proposed is the following progress: 1. to improve the Montgomery algorithm including preprocessing and Montgomery multiplication; 2. to design an architecture by pipelining two parallel multiply-add units using two-port register files; 3. to provide low power design methods. The result is the lowest power architecture of an RSA processor. The design has been fabricated using SMIC 0.13 µm CMOS technology and the test results show that the proposal design is most suitable for the low power systems. - Author(s): A.Babaie Fishani and P. Rombouts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1187 –1188
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2697
- Type: Article
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A very simple technique to implement the first integrator of a continuous-time delta sigma modulator (CT-DSM) is presented. In the approach, the CT-DSM is preceded by a pulse-width modulator to convert the input signal to a pseudo-digital continuous time waveform. As a result, the first integrator of the DSM can be implemented with a capacitor and a switched current source, with inherent linearity. To illustrate the concept, it has been applied to the design of a second-order CT-DSM in 65 nm CMOS technology. - Author(s): S.U. Malik ; S.K. Srinivasan ; S.U. Khan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1188 –1190
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2310
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a novel method to compute the intra-area convergence time of open shortest path first (OSPF) based networks in the presence of designated routers (DRs) on Ethernet and non-broadcast multi-access segments. The capacity of the proposed method is demonstrated by evaluating the convergence time performance of OSFP on internet scale networks (having a thousand autonomous system level routers). The method has also been used to analyse the effects of: (a) the number of DRs, (b) cascading failures, and (c) topological changes on the convergence time of the routers within an area. Furthermore, the time the network takes from a cold state to reach a stable (steady) state in an area is also analysed. - Author(s): J.P. Murphy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1190 –1191
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2431
- Type: Article
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The C-element logic gate is a key component for constructing asynchronous control in silicon integrated circuits. The purpose of this reported work is to introduce a new speed-independent C-element design, which is synthesised by the asynchronous Petrify design tool to ensure it is composed of sequential digital latches rather than complex gates. The benefits are that it guarantees correct speed-independent operation, together with easy integration in modern design flows and processes. It is compared to an equivalent speed-independent complex gate C-element design generated by Petrify in a 130 nm semiconductor process. - Author(s): Q.D. Bui ; H.S. Choi ; I.Y. Oh ; M. Shin ; C.S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1192 –1193
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2118
- Type: Article
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A negative conductance is proposed to compensate for the loss of an auxiliary LC tank at the drain of a conventional tuned-input tuned-output voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). This conductance enhances the loop gain of the VCO. The DC current flowing through the negative conductance generator is reused by the VCO to save power. The proposed VCO is fabricated in a 0.18 µm 1P6M CMOS process. The measurement results show that the phase noise is −120.5 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from the oscillation frequency of 6.08 GHz while dissipating 1.5 mA from a 1.8 V supply with a FOM of −191.9 dBc/Hz. - Author(s): Y. Liu ; Y. Chen ; Y.J. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1193 –1194
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2230
- Type: Article
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Presented is a lumped triple-frequency impedance transformer for impedance matching between real loads and real sources. A traditional L-network is used in this transformer with lumped circuit blocks realising needed susceptances and reactances at specified frequencies. Design formulas for lumped elements are deduced. A triple-frequency impedance transformer is designed to realise impedance matching at 0.225/0.425/0.625 GHz. Compared simulation and measurement results have demonstrated good matching at the required frequencies. The proposed network has the advantage of more compact dimensions compared to distributive solutions, and is thus suitable for VHF/UHF applications. - Author(s): P. Michalik ; D. Fernández ; J. Madrenas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1195 –1196
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1465
- Type: Article
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A novel sampling scheme for coarse-fine time-to-digital converters (TDCs), whose architecture commonly comprises a synchronous counter as a coarse part and delay-line based phase interpolator as a fine part, is proposed. The presented approach eliminates any error in the coarse counter and is superior in terms of mean time between failures as well as complexity, area and power consumption in comparison to previously reported solutions.
Digital compensator for large phase-error glitches in digital PLL
Area-efficient and ultra-low-power architecture of RSA processor for RFID
Continuous time Δ Σ modulation with PWM pre-coding and binary gm blocks
Convergence time analysis of open shortest path first routing protocol in internet scale networks
Design of latch-based C-element
Low-power, low-phase-noise tuned-input tuned-output VCO with loop gain enhancement
Lumped triple-frequency impedance transformers
Result-consistent counter sampling scheme for coarse-fine TDCs
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- Author(s): B. Guiffard ; Y. Guichon ; H.W. Gundel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1196 –1198
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1971
- Type: Article
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A magnetoelectric coupling in a low-cost and commercially available piezoelectric unimorph diaphragm is demonstrated by measuring magnetically induced AC voltage from the sample. Such a magnetoelectric effect could be achieved only because of the combination of magnetic forces within the electrodes and piezoelectric effect, without any magnetic constituent. Harvested magnetic power density across an optimal resistive load is found to be 0.12 mW/Oe.cm3 at the bending mode resonance frequency. The proposed transduction mechanism opens new and simple ways for producing electricity from stray magnetic fields.
Commercial piezoelectric unimorph diaphragm as a magnetic energy harvester
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- Author(s): D. Kim and J. Paik
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1198 –1199
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0740
- Type: Article
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Presented is a novel object segmentation method using a histogram-based graph cut algorithm with automatically generated label maps. The proposed method consists of three steps including: (i) pre-processing, (ii) label map generation and update, and (iii) object segmentation. The pre-processing step over-segments the input image using the median filter-based watershed algorithm. The label map is generated by using optical-flow and morphological skeletonisation, and it is updated using colour histogram and the Bhattacharyya coefficient for the following frame. Moving objects are finally extracted by using the histogram-based graph-cut method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is significantly faster than existing object segmentation methods by removing user interaction. - Author(s): J.K. Suhr ; H.M. Kang ; H.G. Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1199 –1201
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1176
- Type: Article
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An active pedestrian protection system is required to operate in real-time and produce an extremely low false alarm. To achieve these requirements, Broggi et al. detected critical areas using a laser scanner and found pedestrians only in these areas via a camera. However, using heterogeneous sensors requires a complicated system architecture and laser scanners have drawbacks in terms of installability and durability. Therefore, proposed is a critical area detection method using a stereo camera. This configuration can overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and detect both critical areas and pedestrians using a single sensor module. The proposed method detects critical areas by extracting local extrema of the depth change profile along a free space boundary. Experiments show its feasibility quantitatively. - Author(s): K. Won ; J. Yang ; B. Jeon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1201 –1203
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1581
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a fast context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) rate estimation method which can reduce the computational complexity of rate calculation for mode decision. The time-consuming CABAC rate calculation for mode decision is simplified by using a proposed look-up table indexed only by the probability state index and the most probable symbol. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is very effective in simplifying the binary arithmetic coding process for rate calculation since it achieves run-time saving of about 19.56% (up to 23.80%) with no degradation compared to the conventional method. - Author(s): F. Ahmed
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1203 –1204
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1841
- Type: Article
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Presented is a novel local texture pattern, the gradient directional pattern (GDP), and an effective feature descriptor constructed with the GDP codes for facial expression recognition. The GDP operator encodes the texture information of a local region by quantising the gradient directional angles to form a binary pattern. The location and occurrence information of the GDP micro-patterns is then used as the facial feature descriptor. As the gradient operator can effectively enhance the edge information of an image, the resultant GDP features retain more information than grey-level based methods and describe the local image primitives in a more stable manner. Experiments with prototypic expression images from the Cohn-Kanade database shows the superiority of the GDP descriptor against some well-known appearance-based methods. - Author(s): Jong-Bin Ryu ; Jinki Park ; Ho-Hyun Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1204 –1206
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2385
- Type: Article
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It is known from the previous literature that a Harris corner is detected inside the real corner and on the bisector line of the corner angle at L-junction. Since a mathematical proof of the property has not been provided in the literature, and therefore one is presented in this Letter.
Automatic moving object segmentation using histogram-based graph cut and label maps
Dense stereo-based critical area detection for active pedestrian protection system
Fast CABAC rate estimation for H.264/AVC mode decision
Gradient directional pattern: a robust feature descriptor for facial expression recognition
Proof of localisation properties of Harris corners
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- Author(s): J.H. Sinsky ; A. Gnauck ; B. Kozicki ; S. Sercu ; A. Konczykowska ; A. Adamiecki ; M. Kossey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1206 –1208
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1226
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a record serial transmission rate of 42.8 Gbit/s by sending four-level pulse amplitude modulated (PAM-4) data over a low-loss Megtron 6 electrical backplane. The data is processed and equalised using early–late gate timing recovery and a finite-impulse-response-based least-mean-squares equaliser. Bit error rate performance is reported over several different links. - Author(s): R. Arablouei and K. Doğançay
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1208 –1209
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2714
- Type: Article
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A linearly-constrained line-search adaptive filtering algorithm has been developed by incorporating the linear constraints into the least squares problem and searching the solution (filter weights) along the Kalman gain vector. The proposed algorithm performs close to the constrained recursive least squares algorithm while having a computational complexity comparable to the constrained least mean square algorithm. Simulations demonstrate its effectiveness. - Author(s): H.C. Ferreira ; J.H. Weber ; C.H. Heymann ; K.A.S. Immink
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1209 –1211
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1220
- Type: Article
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In this reported work, Knuth's balancing scheme, which was originally developed for unconstrained binary codewords is adapted. Presented is a simple method to balance the NRZ runlength constrained block codes corresponding to (d, k) constrained NRZI sequences. A short marker violating the maximum runlength or k constraint is used to indicate the balancing point for Knuth's inversion. The marker requires fewer overhead bits and less implementation complexity than indexing the balancing point's address by mapping it onto a (d, k) or runlength constrained prefix, such as when applying Knuth's original scheme more directly. The new code construction may be attractive for future magnetic and especially optical recording schemes. In fact the current optical storage media, such as the CD, DVD and Blue Ray Disc, all attempt to achieve some suppression of low frequency components of the constrained codes, by exploiting a limited degree of freedom within the set of candidate (d, k) words. - Author(s): J. Chen ; Z. Li ; J. Si ; H. Huang ; R. Gao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1211 –1212
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2217
- Type: Article
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In the presence of multiple primary users (PUs), the exact outage probability of partial amplify-and-forward (AF) relay selection in the spectrum-sharing relay networks is investigated. To gain more insight, a simple and accurate outage probability approximation is also derived in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. It is shown that, at high SNR, the outage probability is affected only by the channel gain ratio between relay-destination links to relay-PU links, regardless of the number of relays. Moreover, when more PUs are present, it causes outage performance degradation on the secondary system. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the analysis. - Author(s): Xiaojuan Bai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1213 –1214
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2197
- Type: Article
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A space-alignment scheme based on primary transmission-outage (TO) for cognitive transmission in a multiple-input multiple-output uplink system is proposed. The main idea is that a secondary transmitter aligns its transmit directions by precoding to unused primary channel eigenmodes where the TO event happened, which is denoted by bit error rate (BER) over a target BER which is the typical minimum value required for acceptable system performance. The proposed scheme achieves a higher performance in comparison with the SA scheme of zero outage.
42.8 Gbit/s PAM-4 data transmission over low-loss electrical backplane
Linearly-constrained line-search algorithm for adaptive filtering
Markers to construct DC free (d, k) constrained balanced block codes using Knuth's inversion
Outage probability analysis of partial AF relay selection in spectrum-sharing scenario with multiple primary users
Space alignment based on primary transmission-outage for cognitive transmission
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- Author(s): Y.-J. Liu ; W. Chen ; B. Zhou ; J. Zhou ; F.M. Ghannouchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1214 –1216
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2252
- Type: Article
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A two-dimensional (2D) augmented Hammerstein (2D-AH) model is proposed for the first time to achieve high modelling accuracy for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers (PAs). By considering the nonlinear memory effect, the 2D-AH model is an augmented version of the conventional Hammerstein structure and can provide comparable performance to the prior 2D-DPD model. But it outperforms the 2D-DPD model in terms of complexity. Measurements were carried out for a dual-band Doherty PA, both for forward modelling and for DPD application. The results prove the superiority of the 2D-AH model. - Author(s): A. Tsuchiya ; H. Sugama ; T. Sunamoto ; N. Hidaka ; O. Hashimoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1216 –1217
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2779
- Type: Article
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Proposed are low-loss and high-speed transmission flexible printed circuits (FPCs) based on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) films. The transmission losses of FPC based on LCP and polyimide (PI) film were measured under various conditions. At 23°C with 60 %RH, the differential-mode loss of differential line based on LCP films was 0.52 dB/cm lower than that of the differential line based on PI films at 40 GHz. Moreover, the differences in the loss of LCP film, caused by changes in temperature and relative humidity, were smaller than those of the PI film. These results show that the transmission characteristics of the FPCs based on LCP films were more stable and lower than those of the FPCs based on PI films. - Author(s): M. Hayati ; H. Asadbeigi ; A. Sheikhi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1217 –1219
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0884
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A miniaturised lowpass filter with sharp roll-off and wide stopband using radial split ring resonator loaded by folded polygon patches is proposed. Multiple transmission zeros by different resonator due to different attenuation poles in the stopband region is created. A wide stopband and sharp frequency response are obtained in the stopband region. The proposed filter has 3 dB cut off frequency at 1.76 GHz, and the stopband region with the attenuation level better than −23 dB is extended from 2.06 up to 18.83 GHz. The roll-off rate of the proposed filter is 94.9 dB/GHz and, finally, the proposed filter has a high figure of merit equal to 27292.
2D augmented Hammerstein model for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers
Low-loss and high-speed transmission flexible printed circuits based on liquid crystal polymer films
Microstrip lowpass filter with high and wide rejection band
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- Author(s): S.H. Hsu ; W.P. Kang ; J.L. Davidson ; J.H. Huang ; D.V. Kerns
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1219 –1220
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1245
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Reported is a novel vacuum field emission transistor (VFET) differential amplifier (diff-amp) utilising nanocrystalline diamond emitters with self-aligned gate partitions. The integrated VFET diff-amp was fabricated by a dual-mask self-aligned mould transfer method in conjunction with chemical vapour deposited nanodiamond. Identical pairs of devices with well-matched field emission transistor characteristics were obtained, realising a negligible common-mode gain, high differential-mode gain, and large common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 55 dB. The emission current was validated by a modified Fowler-Nordheim equation in transistor configuration, and the CMRR was modelled by an equivalent half-circuit with the calculated result found to agree well with the experimental value.
Vacuum microelectronic integrated differential amplifier
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- Author(s): B. Dai ; S. Shimizu ; X. Wang ; N. Wada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1221 –1222
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2095
- Type: Article
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Proposed and demonstrated is an all-optical modulation format conversion from a non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) signal to a phase-shift keying (PSK)-Manchester format signal using a semiconductor optical amplifier based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI). In the experiment, a 2.5 Gbit/s PSK-Manchester format signal was obtained from a NRZ-OOK signal and a 50 km error-free transmission of the converted PSK-Manchester format signal was achieved. In addition, the feasibility of the conversion at a higher data rate using SOAs with fast phase recovery was investigaged. - Author(s): H.S. Chen and A.M.J. Koonen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1222 –1223
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1674
- Type: Article
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A mode crossbar switch scheme between LP01 and LP11 modes is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A spatial light modulator is used as a mode crossbar switch controller to solve the issue of LP11 mode random rotation. It is demonstrated that lower than −10dB mode crosstalk ratios can be achieved over a 10km few-mode fibre transmission for both bar and cross switch cases. - Author(s): Xuegui Song ; Z. Hassan ; Julian Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1224 –1225
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2323
- Type: Article
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Bit error rate (BER) performance is studied for a subcarrier differential quadrature phase-shift keying modulated optical wireless communication system over the Gamma-Gamma turbulence channels. A closed-form BER expression is derived using a series expansion approach. Asymptotic analysis shows that the diversity order of the considered system depends only on the smaller channel parameter.
All-optical modulation format conversion from NRZ-OOK to PSK-Manchester using SOA-MZI
LP01 and LP11 mode division multiplexing link with mode crossbar switch
Subcarrier DQPSK modulated optical wireless communications in atmospheric turbulence
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- Author(s): R. Safaisini ; K. Szczerba ; E. Haglund ; P. Westbergh ; J.S. Gustavsson ; A. Larsson ; P.A. Andrekson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1225 –1227
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2306
- Type: Article
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Error-free transmission over 1.1 km of OM4 multimode fibre is demonstrated at 20 Gbit/s bit rate using a narrow spectral width, high-speed 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. - Author(s): Lianbi Li ; Zhiming Chen ; Wentao Liu ; Wenchang Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1227 –1228
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1471
- Type: Article
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A p-Si/n+-6H-SiC heterojunction non-ultraviolet photodiode is fabricated on 6H-SiC substrate. Non-UV light operation of the SiC devices is initially realised. J-V measurement indicates that the heterojunction has good rectifying behaviour with a turn-on voltage of ∼1 V. Under non-UV light illumination of 0.6 W/cm2, the device exhibits good photo-response with a maximum open circuit voltage Voc of 92.0 mV and photocurrent Iph of 0.6 mA/cm2. - Author(s): D. Chen ; X. Cheng ; H.Y. Tam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1228 –1230
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0449
- Type: Article
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A hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a spherical end hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre with a length of several hundreds of micrometres is proposed. The pressure sensor head fabricated by a splicer is a micro-Michelson interferometer sensitive to the pressure due to the photoelastic effect. An experimental setup of the proposed hydrostatic pressure sensor is conducted and a linear relationship between the hydrostatic pressure and the wavelength shift of the relative reflection spectrum of the pressure sensor is presented. The pressure sensor demonstrated with a measurement range larger than 40 MPa and a sensitivity of −6.5 pm/MPa. - Author(s): Jinrong Yuan ; Baile Chen ; A.L. Holmes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1230 –1232
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0806
- Type: Article
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The quantum efficiency of an InGaAs/InP photodetector has increased from 50 to 70.2% at λ=1550 nm by applying a Ti/Au reflector with a SiO2 phase-matched-layer at the back of the device. The ultra-broadband mirror has a simple fabrication process and promising reflectivity (97.9% for the reference and 79% for the InGaAs/InP photodetector). These results are comparable to the other more commonly used high-reflectivity mirrors. - Author(s): S. Stanczyk ; A. Kafar ; T. Suski ; P. Wisniewski ; R. Czernecki ; M. Leszczynski ; M. Zajac ; P. Perlin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1232 –1234
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2459
- Type: Article
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InGaN laser diodes were fabricated with a tapered resonator in order to combine high quality of the lasing mode, characteristic for narrow stripe lasers, with high optical power, expected from wide area devices and to reduce current density responsible for device degradation. A number of devices were tested with taper angles between 2° and 5° and various taper lengths. It is demonstrated that, with the proper choice of device geometry, it is possible to obtain an almost singlemode operation characterised by an M2 parameter as low as 2.1 at optical power of 200 mW. - Author(s): Y. Hashizume ; S. Katayose ; T. Tsuchizawa ; T. Watanabe ; M. Itoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1234 –1235
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1564
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a low-power switch with a folded waveguide arms layout and suspended ridge structures. An extremely low power consumption of 0.40 mW / MZI and a high extinction ratio of more than 30 dB for TE polarisation were achieved.
20 Gbit/s error-free operation of 850 nm oxide-confined VCSELs beyond 1 km of multimode fibre
Electrical and photoelectric properties of p-Si/n+-6H-SiC heterojunction non-ultraviolet photodiode
Hydrostatic pressure sensor based on gold-jacketed spherical end hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre
Improved quantum efficiency of InGaAs/InP photodetectors using Ti/Au-SiO2 phase-matched-layer reflector
InGaN tapered laser diodes
Low-power silicon thermo-optic switch with folded waveguide arms and suspended ridge structures
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- Author(s): X.R. Hu ; B. Zhang ; X.R. Luo ; Y.H. Jiang ; Z.J. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1235 –1237
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1589
- Type: Article
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An SOI LDMOS with a variable-k dielectric trench (VKTLDMOS) is proposed. The low-k dielectric on the top of the trench is used to sustain high voltage and ensure the smallest cell pitch while the high-k dielectric on the bottom of the trench increases the average permittivity of the trench and increases the drift doping. The SiO2 dielectric is in the middle of the high-k and low-k materials. Moreover, the SOI TLDMOS with a different k filling dielectric is also discussed. The high-k dielectric is suitable to fill a shallow and wide trench while the low-k dielectric is suitable for a deep and narrow trench. Simulation shows the VKTLDMOS has the highest FOM BV2/Rs,on compared with that of the conventional SOI TLDMOS.
SOI LDMOS with variable-k dielectric trench
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- Author(s): XianBo Li ; Bin Li ; ZhaoHui Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1237 –1238
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2384
- Type: Article
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A compact low-power CMOS squarer with a lowpass filter (LPF) for a high-speed noncoherent ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver is proposed. The proposed squarer; used to generate two differential square outputs, is based on stacked NMOS and PMOS transistor pairs to reuse the static current, and thus save half the DC power. The proposed squarer with the LPF is designed in a 180 nm 1.5 V CMOS process. The simulated results show that the designed circuit consumes only 1.1 mA (0.56 mA for the squarer and 0.54 mA for the LPF) current and provides sufficient voltage gain in the noncoherent receiver for processing a 3–5 GHz on-off keying UWB RF signal at a baseband data rate of 250 Mbit/s. - Author(s): X. Li ; C.M. Liu ; Y. Xu ; F. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1238 –1240
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1734
- Type: Article
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The RF power amplifier is a critical component in 4G wireless communication systems. One of the main concerns of RF power amplifier design is its nonlinearity, which is more severe in OFDM modulation widely used in LTE and WiMAX systems. Nonlinearity is typically described in terms of the intercept points. It is very useful for the design to obtain coefficients of the memoryless polynomial of the power amplifier model from those intercept points. Previously, the expression of the fifth-order coefficient from the fifth intercept point IP5 was derived. This expression is low generalised to arbitrarily high order. A downlink LTE advanced signal is used for experimental verification. This result could be used for the design of power amplifiers or predistorters. - Author(s): X. Gui ; G.X. Kang ; P. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 19, p. 1240 –1242
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.1472
- Type: Article
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This reported work focuses on weighted sum-rate maximisation (WSRM) of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks, where a K user multiple-input multiple-output interference network (K-MIMO-IFN) uses the same spectrum with a licenced primary user. Because the WSRM problem in K-MIMO-IFN is non-convex and it is difficult to get an optimal solution directly, the weighted minimum mean square error (MMSE) approach is used to make the problem easier to handle. This report then proposes a dual-MMSE-algorithm, which iteratively finds a local optimal solution and only needs the local channel knowledge. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other conventional algorithms.
Compact low-power CMOS squarer for high-speed noncoherent UWB receiver
Obtaining polynomial coefficients from intercept points of RF power amplifiers
Sum-rate maximising in cognitive MIMO ad-hoc networks using weighted MMSE approach
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