Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 9, 28 April 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 9
28 April 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 524 –524
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9037
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Sung Woo Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 524 –524
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9038
- Type: Article
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Professor Sung Woo Chung from Korea University talks about his Letter ‘Latch-based FPGA emulation method for design verification: case study with microprocessor' on page 532. - Author(s): Radha Nagarajan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 525 –525
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9039
- Type: Article
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Infinera Fellow Dr Radha Nagarajan manages Infinera's advanced photonic integrated circuit development for next generation telecom equipment. Here he talks about their latest PIC receiver for optical coherent QPSK applications. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 526 –526
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9040
- Type: Article
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A highly integrated W-band passive imager has been built that boasts the highest responsivity and lowest power consumption so far for CMOS technology. The 100 GHz single chip imager, which incorporates a low noise amplifier, a Dicke switch, a detector and a baseband programmable gain amplifier, was developed as part of a collaborative project between US and Taiwan-based research laboratories.
Interview
Inside View
A passive view
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- Author(s): Y.-H. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 529 –530
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0512
- Type: Article
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A subspace based adaptive beamforming method is presented which efficiently obtains the weight vector from a submatrix of the received signal covariance matrix without eigen-decomposition, thereby significantly reducing computational complexity. Simulation shows that the proposed beamformer virtually has the same performance as the complex eigen-based one.
Subspace based adaptive beamforming method with low complexity
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- Author(s): S. Zhu ; Y. You ; D. Heo ; J.-H. Kim ; B.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 530 –531
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0063
- Type: Article
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Current-reuse and gate-modulation techniques have been presented for ultra-low power and low phase noise quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) design. The proposed topology overcomes the trade-off between low phase noise and low power consumption. Results demonstrate a phase noise of −123.7 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while consuming only 680 uW (including output buffers) with a 1.1 V supply. - Author(s): M. Kim ; J. Kong ; T. Suh ; S.W. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 532 –533
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0462
- Type: Article
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Using latches in a digital design is considered wrong owing to the timing issue. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) vendors also recommend flip-flops instead of latches in emulation. In this reported work, however, the usefulness and benefit of utilising latches in FPGA emulation for processor design verification is demonstrated. The study shows that a latch-based register file provides the seamless capability of functionality validation, whereas the flip-flop based one requires modification to the original design, potentially harming the completeness of functional verification. Experiment results with Xilinx and Altera devices show marginal differences in terms of emulation performance and area requirement in both approaches. This study reveals that replacing SRAM with latches rather than flip-flops is appealing and preferable in emulation with FPGAs. - Author(s): P. Zhang ; F. Ye ; B. Yu ; L. Luo ; J. Ren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 533 –535
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0547
- Type: Article
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A mixed-signal scheme is presented to calibrate sample-time error in time-interleaved (TI) analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). Based on the information collected by the timing error detection subsystem through digital processing, sample-time error is corrected using the proposed voltage-controlled bootstrapped switch. A two-channel TI-ADC system of 14-bit 200 MS/s has been implemented to evaluate the performance of the technique. Simulation results show that the ADC system achieves a 77.4 dB SNDR and an 84.3 dB SFDR at 97.7 MHz after calibration.
Current-reuse and gate-modulation techniques for sub-1 mW QVCO
Latch-based FPGA emulation method for design verification: case study with microprocessor
Mixed-signal calibration of sample-time error in time-interleaved ADCs
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- Author(s): Z.Y. Zong ; W. Wu ; D.G. Fang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 535 –536
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0262
- Type: Article
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A simplified partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) model for low frequency is presented by opening the partial self capacitors in the traditional modified loop analysis (MLA) PEEC model when the frequency is lower than a threshold determined by the setup rank of the impedance matrix produced by MLA formulations. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the MLA model combined with the simplified model can also give a stable simulation from DC to high frequencies with fewer unknowns compared with the modified nodal analysis method.
Simple approach solving low-frequency breakdown problem in MLA PEEC method
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- Author(s): J.-B. Ryu ; H.-H. Park ; J. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 536 –538
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0594
- Type: Article
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An efficient corner type classification method derived from the general Harris corner detector is presented. The key idea is using the property that the gradient magnitudes of two isophotes in a second-order corner are the same but those in higher-order corners are different. A computational framework for post corner type classification led by the general Harris corner detector is devised. It can be implemented with a few additional computations. - Author(s): H. Nam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 538 –540
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0258
- Type: Article
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A new low power active dimming algorithm in LCD applications with high resolution backlights such as 1-D and 2-D is demonstrated. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm in a 2-D backlight outperforms 0-D dimming with respect to power consumption by 12% on average over 24 KODAK images without any visible block artefacts. - Author(s): Z.F. Wang ; Z.H. Wang ; W.J. Xie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 540 –541
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0501
- Type: Article
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A tree-structured Bayesian network is one of the best probabilistic models for scene classification. A simple and successful learning algorithm for a tree-structured Bayesian network classifier is presented without taking arc reversal into account. A systematic performance study on the Lazebnik 15 dataset shows the proposed method is more efficient than the traditional learning scheme.
Corner classification using Harris algorithm
Low power active dimming liquid crystal display with high resolution backlight
Tree-structured Bayesian network learning with application to scene classification
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- Author(s): S.L. Xie and H.R. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 541 –542
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0251
- Type: Article
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The problem of distributed least mean-square (D-LMS) on a network with a limited communication data rate is addressed. Each node in the network has a quantiser consisting of a first-order dynamical encoder/decoder and can only communicate with its neighbours. Simulation results demonstrate that for Gaussian data and small step-sizes the proposed cooperative D-LMS with quantisation is mean-square stable in all quantisation levels including the 1-bit case, and its performance approaches unquantised cooperative D-LMS when the quantisation level is fairly small. - Author(s): G. Falcao ; J. Andrade ; V. Silva ; L. Sousa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 542 –543
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0201
- Type: Article
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A new strategy is proposed for implementing computationally intensive high-throughput decoders based on the long length irregular LDPC codes adopted in the DVB-S2 standard. It is supported on manycore graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures, for performing parallel multi-threaded decoding of multiple codewords with reduced accesses to global memory. This novel approach is flexible and scalable, and achieves throughputs superior to the 90 Mbit/s required by the DVB-S2 standard, while at the same time it improves error-correcting performances such as BER and error floors regarding conventional VLSI-based decoders.
Distributed LMS with limited data rate
GPU-based DVB-S2 LDPC decoder with high throughput and fast error floor detection
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- Author(s): Q.J. Gu ; Z. Xu ; H.-Y. Jian ; A. Tang ; M.-C.F. Chang ; C.-Y. Huang ; C.-C. Nien
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 544 –545
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0213
- Type: Article
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Presented is a 100 GHz fully differential CMOS passive imager for system-on-chip integration, which features high gain, high sensitivity and high resilience to flicker noise and gain variation. It integrates a low-noise amplifier, a Dicke switch, a detector and a baseband programmable gain amplifier in a single chip, and achieves the best noise equivalent power (NEP) (23fW / √Hz/26fW / √Hz for without/with Dicke switch) in CMOS, the highest responsivity (>100 MV/W) in silicon. It also demonstrates 1.96 K noise-equivalent temperature difference in 30 ms integration time. - Author(s): X. Shang ; M.L. Ke ; Y. Wang ; M.J. Lancaster
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 545 –547
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0525
- Type: Article
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Presented is a micromachined WR-3 waveguide filter with two embedded H-plane back-to-back bends fabricated using thick SU-8 photoresist micromachining technology. The filter was constructed with four silver-coated SU-8 layers with a thickness of 0.432 mm for each layer. These layers were then bonded on top of each other to form the filter. This layered WR-3 waveguide filter with bends exhibited a minimum insertion loss of 3.3 dB and an 8.8% 3 dB fractional bandwidth at a central frequency of 293.2 GHz. The measured return loss is better than 16 dB across the whole passband. - Author(s): A.M. Abbosh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 547 –549
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0733
- Type: Article
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A closed-form method for designing a microstrip coupler that has a simple planar structure, tight coupling, practical dimensions, and ultra-wideband performance is presented. According to the proposed method, the coupled microstrip structure is divided into three sections. A theoretical model based on the even-odd mode analysis of four-port networks is derived and used to find the optimum length and coupling factor for each of those sections to get an ultra-wideband performance. According to the model, the central section is designed to have a tight coupling by utilising a slotted ground plane and one lumped capacitor, whereas the two side sections have loose coupling. The presented method is validated by building a compact 3 dB coupler that has more than 116% fractional bandwidth. - Author(s): O. Sydoruk
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 549 –550
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0410
- Type: Article
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Addressing the need for passive magneto-inductive components, a lumped-element symmetric power divider has been designed and realised for a magneto-inductive cable with the resonant frequency of 95 MHz and the passband between 73 and 174 MHz. In agreement with the theory, the measured coupling loss is 6 dB for most of the passband independent of the input port. Having proved useful for magneto-inductive waveguides, the approach can be employed for the design of further passive components. - Author(s): L. Oberto ; L. Brunetti ; M. Sellone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 550 –551
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0089
- Type: Article
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Presented is a proof-of-concept experiment to realise the microwave primary power standard with a true-twin microcalorimeter. Double feeding line microcalorimeters are widely used by national metrology institutes. A drawback concerns the system calibration: traditional processes change measurement conditions between system characterisation and the measurement stage. Nevertheless, if the feeding lines are made twin, a measurement scheme that avoids separate characterisation can be applied, equations simplified and time consumption is halved. Here the feasibility of the idea is demonstrated. The result of an effective efficiency spectroscopy of a thermoelectric power sensor is compared with figures obtained with well-established methods. - Author(s): M.A. Nikravan and Z. Atlasbaf
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 551 –553
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7452
- Type: Article
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A simple and successful design for matching complex impedance loads with different values at two different frequencies is presented. The explicit closed-form equations for the transformer parameters are derived analytically. The validity of the proposed design is verified by a numerical example of designing the input matching network of an amplifier. - Author(s): M. El-Gibari ; D. Averty ; C. Lupi ; H. Li ; S. Toutain
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 553 –555
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3745
- Type: Article
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Back-to-back grounded coplanar-microstrip transitions with an unpatterned bottom ground plane and without via-holes are analysed. Theoretical results are compared to experimental ones. In addition to the very broad measured bandwidth of 40 GHz, they have a remarkably lower cutoff frequency of only 200 MHz. Such transitions are suitable, for instance, for on-wafer characterisation of very wideband microwave photonic packaged components built on thin film materials.
100 GHz integrated CMOS passive imager with >100 MV/W responsivity, 23fW / √Hz NEP
Micromachined WR-3 waveguide filter with embedded bends
Closed-form design method for tight parallel-coupled microstrip coupler with ultra-wideband performance and practical dimensions
Resistive power divider for magneto-inductive waveguides
True-twin microcalorimeter: proof-of-concept experiment
T-section dual-band impedance transformer for frequency-dependent complex impedance loads
Ultra-wideband GCPW-MS transitions for characterising microwave and photonic components based on thin polymer
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- Author(s): R. Nagarajan ; D. Lambert ; M. Kato ; V. Lal ; G. Goldfarb ; J. Rahn ; J. McNicol ; K.-T. Wu ; M. Kuntz ; J. Pleumeekers ; A. Dentai ; H.-S. Tsai ; R. Malendevich ; M. Missey ; J. Tang ; J. Zhang ; O. Khayam ; T. Butrie ; H. Sun ; A. Nilsson ; V. Dangui ; M. Mitchell ; M. Reffle ; F. Kish ; D. Welch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 555 –556
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0427
- Type: Article
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The details of a monolithically integrated, five-channel, dual carrier/wavelength per channel, polarisation multiplexed, coherent QPSK receiver on InP operating at 114 Gbit/s per channel are discussed.
Five-channel, 114 Gbit/s per channel, dual carrier, dual polarisation, coherent QPSK, monolithic InP receiver photonic integrated circuit
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- Author(s): D. Simeonov ; M.Y. Tsai ; H.T. Chen ; C. Weisbuch ; J. Speck
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 556 –558
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0514
- Type: Article
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A process for fabrication of flip chip LEDs based on SnO2-GaN wafer bonding is reported. Typical LED characteristics have been measured and no detrimental effect of the bonding interface has been observed. The forward voltage at 20 mA is 3.96 V and differential resistance at 100 mA is as low as 16 Ω. - Author(s): S.A. Wade ; D.F. Robertson ; A.C. Thompson ; P.R. Stoddart
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 558 –559
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0816
- Type: Article
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The effects of bending on the spectral characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings have been investigated at relatively small bend diameters for small form factor applications. Tests undertaken on Bragg gratings written in different types of singlemode optical fibre indicate that the fibre type influences the magnitude of observed changes. Shifts in the centre wavelength of ∼0.35 nm have been measured for a low bend loss fibre when the bend diameter was reduced to 6 mm. In contrast, no consistent trend could be observed for Bragg gratings in standard SMF-28 optical fibre as a function of bend diameter, despite the higher losses exhibited in this case. - Author(s): D.G. Revin ; K. Kennedy ; J.P. Commin ; Y. Qiu ; T. Walther ; J.W. Cockburn ; A.B. Krysa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 559 –561
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0656
- Type: Article
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Reported is the development of λ∼4 µm highly strain-compensated In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.34Al0.66As/InP quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. 10 µm-wide and 3 mm-long devices with as-cleaved facets deliver more than 2.4 W of peak optical power from both facets at 300 K with threshold current density of 2.5 kA/cm2. The lasers operate up to at least 400 K with characteristic temperature of 153 K. - Author(s): R.P. Dionísio ; G. Parca ; C. Reis ; A.L. Teixeira
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 561 –562
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0128
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A methodology for achieving the best-fit set of parameters for a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a semiconductor optical amplifier (MZI-SOA) static model is proposed. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is exploited and the quality of the approach is validated by applying it in an existing sample. Optimisation of performance and determination of operational limits are enabled by the proposed methodology and good agreement was obtained between simulated and practical results.
Bonding of nitride based LEDs on tin oxide templates for advanced optoelectronic devices
Changes in spectral properties of fibre Bragg gratings owing to bending
High temperature λ∼4 µm In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.34Al0.66As quantum cascade lasers grown by MOVPE
Operational parameter optimisation of MZI-SOA using multi-objective genetic algorithms
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- Author(s): W.W. Wang ; Z.H. Shen ; X. Tan ; N. Yan ; H. Min
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 562 –564
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0095
- Type: Article
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An improved delay-line based digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM) architecture for DC-DC converters is presented to significantly enhance the area and power efficiency. In order to reuse the delay elements, the proposed scheme utilises the rising delay and falling delay to achieve the coarse and fine resolution of the DPWM, respectively. An 8-bit DPWM employing the improved architecture was implemented in SMIC standard 0.13 µm CMOS process. Simulation results indicate that a 90% of size saving is achieved for 8-bit resolution compared to the conventional method. Owing to the decrease in the number of delay elements, power consumption is also reduced.
Improved delay-line based digital PWM for DC-DC converters
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- Author(s): M. Zarre Dooghabadi ; H.A. Hjortland ; T.S. Lande
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 564 –565
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0395
- Type: Article
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A novel high precision digital delay element for use in impulse radar beamforming is presented. By using digitally tunable delay elements, a simple digital calibration procedure is possible using a novel, non-inverting ring oscillator in combination with an accurate clock reference. All process dependent errors, such as mismatch and process variations, are corrected and may be stored as a digital calibration pattern. - Author(s): G.V. Weinberg and L.J. Gunn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 565 –567
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0359
- Type: Article
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With the rising prominence of high-resolution high-grazing-angle radar, new distributions have come into use that prevent the application of techniques limited to the simulation of spherically invariant random processes. The use of the memoryless nonlinear transform for the simulation of KK-distributed clutter is considered. A truncated power series is used to control the autocorrelation of the resulting process, and its remainder is shown to diminish at worst exponentially with the order of approximation.
High precision calibrated digital delay element
Polynomial autocorrelation control for memoryless nonlinear transform
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- Author(s): D.-S. Kim ; B.-S. Kim ; S.-S. Lee ; B.-H. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 567 –569
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3751
- Type: Article
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An MPEG-4 audio lossless coding (ALS) encoder consists of a short-term predictor, a joint coder, a long-term predictor, and an entropy coder for audio signal compression. Especially, the short-term predictor is the highest complexity in MPEG-4 ALS encoder implementation because linear prediction coefficients (LPCs) for the short-term predictor are obtained from the Levinson-Durbin recursion algorithm that uses correlations of the input signals. LPCs are used for the finite impulse response (FIR) filter of the short-term predictor and its maximum coefficient order is up to 1023. Proposed is an area-efficient short-term predictor through the recursive architecture using pipeline stall and the modified radix-2 FIR algorithm is proposed. The proposed shot-term predictor has a reduction of complexity by about 95% compared to the radix-2 1024 tap FIR filter. - Author(s): F. Campillo ; I. Nozhov ; E.R. Banga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 569 –570
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0315
- Type: Article
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Unit selection speech systems generate synthetic speech by concatenation of acoustic units extracted from a natural recording. Given a large speech database, the sequence of units with the best global cost is chosen by means of a Viterbi search. In this reported work, it is shown that small subcosts not related to perceptual measures can affect the sequence of units that is finally chosen, with a potential effect on the quality of synthetic speech. A segmentwise unit selection approach that minimises this effect is then proposed.
Recursive architecture using pipeline stall for low complexity MPEG-4 ALS encoder
Segmentwise unit selection
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- Author(s): C.K. Tan ; T.C. Chuah ; S.W. Tan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, p. 570 –572
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0481
- Type: Article
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An adaptive multicast scheme is proposed to overcome the spectral inefficiency problem of OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access)-based multicast networks in the presence of high link quality differences among multicast users. The proposed scheme divides a multicast group into smaller sub-groups and subcarriers are allocated to maximise the aggregate data rate. Having smaller multicast groups allows multiuser diversity to be exploited more efficiently. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve near-optimal performance whilst outperforming the conventional unicast and multicast schemes.
Adaptive multicast scheme for OFDMA- based multicast wireless systems
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- Author(s): D.W. Duan ; Y.J. Rao ; W.P. Wen ; J. Yao ; D. Wu ; L.C. Xu ; T. Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 572 –572
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9041
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- Author(s): J. Liu and Z. Qiu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 9, page: 572 –572
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9042
- Type: Article
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Erratum for ‘In-line all-fibre Fabry-Pérot interferometer high temperature sensor formed by large lateral offset splicing’
Erratum for ‘Robust sum-MSE transceiver optimisation for multi-user non-regenerative MIMO relay downlink systems’
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