Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 19, 15 September 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 19
15 September 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, page: 1054 –1054
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2779
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): David Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, page: 1054 –1054
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2776
- Type: Article
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Dr David Smith from National ICT Australia (NICTA) talks about the research behind the Letter ‘Cooperative receive diversity for coded GFSK body-area communications’ on page 1098. - Author(s): J. Baldwin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, page: 1055 –1055
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2777
- Type: Article
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Researchers in the US have demonstrated a monolithically integrated attenuated counter-propagating optical phase-locked loop photonic integrated circuit (ACP-OPLL PIC) as a highly linear coherent receiver. Their results show that such devices can realise a high dynamic range in future phase-modulated RF/photonic links. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, page: 1056 –1056
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2781
- Type: Article
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A travelling-wave micropump that increases transport efficiency by 35% has been demonstrated by researchers in China. A team from Nankai University have replaced the traditional straight microchannel with a sawtooth-shaped microchannel that acts as a cascaded diffuser element. This micropump design has the potential to be fabricated on biosensor chips.
Interview
Non-spurious reception
A fine set of teeth
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- Author(s): K.-J. Lee ; K.-I. Jeon ; Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1059 –1060
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2043
- Type: Article
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A new aperture-coupled active antenna with a push–pull oscillator is proposed. The generated power of the push–pull oscillator is electromagnetically coupled to the radiating patch via a coupling aperture. By changing the DC bias voltage, the linear frequency tuning range is achieved. The even-order modes in the radiated harmonics are noticeably suppressed owing to the odd mode excitation via the symmetry of the push–pull circuit and the shorting wall of the radiating patch. - Author(s): X.H. Tang ; Y.L. Long ; H. Wong ; K.L. Lau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1060 –1062
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3358
- Type: Article
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A wideband single-fed circularly-polarised patch antenna is presented. It is implemented by using a 3D meandering strip to feed a square patch antenna. This antenna has very good circular-polarisation characteristics with wide axial ratio bandwidth, stable radiation patterns and high antenna gain across the operating bandwidth. Results show that the proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth (SWR2) of 25.2% (2.18–2.81 GHz), an axial ratio bandwidth (AR3 dB) of 22.4% (2.18–2.73 GHz) and a peak gain of 8.2 dBic. - Author(s): M.J. Almalkawi and V.K. Devabhaktuni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1062 –1063
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1862
- Type: Article
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A simple design of multilayered quad band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented. The antenna is compact in size, suitable for UWB applications, and exhibits quad narrow band frequency notches to suppress the interference of the nearby wireless communication systems within a UWB frequency range. The narrow band notches are realised by adding closed-loop ring resonators designed to cover the 3.3–3.7 GHz, 4.5–4.8 GHz, 5.15–5.35 GHz, and 5.725–5.825 GHz bands. The antenna has been fabricated and tested for demonstrating the desired characteristics. - Author(s): S.-J. Lee ; J.-M. Seo ; C.-W. Park ; Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1063 –1065
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1357
- Type: Article
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A dual-band mobile phone antenna with dual feeders is proposed to improve antenna radiation efficiency in the CDMA band of 824–894 MHz and the GSM band of 880–960 MHz. The proposed antenna consists of two planar inverted-F antennas and a common ground plane with a slot. The electric fields are more confined on each radiating element region at each band in this configuration. Measured results show that radiation efficiencies of the proposed antenna are improved by up to 20% compared to those of the antenna without a slot.
Aperture-coupled active antenna with push–pull oscillator
Broadband circularly-polarised patch antenna with 3D meandering strip feed
Quad band-notched UWB antenna compatible with WiMAX/INSAT/lower–upper WLAN applications
Radiation efficiency improvement for dual-mode mobile phone using a slot on a ground plane
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- Author(s): W. Zhang ; C. Wang ; Z. Yue ; C.N. Zhan ; W.D. Geng ; G.H. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1065 –1066
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2035
- Type: Article
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Driven by a travelling wave, a piezoelectric micropump with a sawtooth microchannel is presented. An easy fabrication method is proposed, and the characteristics of the micropump are tested at different frequencies. Compared to the micropump with a straight microchannel, the micropump with a sawtooth microchannel has higher flow rate and back pressure (33.36 μl/min and 1.13 kPa) at low voltage because of the low resistance of the microchannel. Meanwhile, the relationship of the flow rate to the back pressure of the micropump is in inverse proportion.
Travelling-wave piezoelectric micropump with low resistance microchannel
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- Author(s): C.A. Barnes ; A. Hati ; C.W. Nelson ; D.A. Howe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1066 –1067
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1863
- Type: Article
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The measurement of close-to-carrier phase modulation (PM) noise of state-of-the-art oscillators is always challenging. Quite often the residual noise of the phase detector used in these measurements is higher than the noise of the source at Fourier offset frequencies between 5 and 100 Hz. A conventional double balanced mixer using 2N2222A transistors as the nonlinear components of a diode ring was constructed for use as a phase detector. Residual single-sideband PM noise measurements at 5 MHz for this device have shown a low flicker noise floor of L(10 Hz)=−163 dBc/Hz. When this mixer design is implemented in a dual-channel measurement system, a cross-correlated PM noise floor of better than L(10 Hz)=−170 dBc/Hz is expected. - Author(s): J.H. Wu ; J.H. Gu ; L.Z. Zhang ; M. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1067 –1069
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1660
- Type: Article
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A novel mixed-mode 50% duty cycle corrector (DCC) based on a digital process is proposed. The DCC adopts both digital and analogue correction methods in which a half cycle delay line is used for coarse correction, and an analogue feedback loop based on full-MOSFETs for further fine tuning to achieve fast settling and high precision. The rising edge of the output clock has a constant delay compared to the input clock, which makes the DCC easy to cooperate with a delay locked loop. Simulated results using 0.13 µm CMOS technology show that the output duty cycle is corrected to 50±0.22% throughout the input duty cycle range from 20 to 80% in the frequency range 200 MHz–2 GHz. - Author(s): F. Colodro and A. Torralba
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1069 –1070
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1524
- Type: Article
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A new frequency-to-digital architecture based on a phase-locked loop (PLL) is presented, where the voltage controlled oscillator output is sampled before being fed back to one of the phase-frequency detector inputs. A frequency discriminator, located at the PLL sampled output, generates the converter output. Simple analytical models show that the sampling error is shaped by a third-order transfer function just like the quantisation error is shaped in a third-order sigma-delta modulator. The proposed architecture is suitable for integration in modern nanometre CMOS technologies, and it can be used as a FM demodulator. - Author(s): S. Bashiri ; S. Aouini ; C. Plett ; N. Ben-Hamida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1070 –1072
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2226
- Type: Article
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All-digital bang-bang phase-locked loops (PLLs) are prone to spurious output tones. In this reported work, a programmable bit-sequence is generated and used as a time-mode dithering signal. The bit-stream can be programmed to emulate the required order of a ΣΔ modulator operating in the time-domain without need for any hardware change. This method leads to a low-cost, compact, low-power and versatile phase noise-shaping scheme.
5 MHz phase detector with low residual flicker
Full-MOSFET mixed-mode duty cycle corrector
Frequency-to-digital conversion based on sampled phase-locked loop with third-order noise shaping
Spur reduction in bang-bang PLLs using programmable bit-stream
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- Author(s): J.-I. Won ; J.-W. Jung ; I.-S. Yang ; Y.-S. Koo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1072 –1073
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2186
- Type: Article
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A floating body electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit positioned between and coupled to an I/O pad and an internal circuit is presented. A small NMOS transistor is used to control the body of a main NMOS transistor. When the small NMOS transistor is triggered, the body of the main NMOS transistor remains grounded. If the small NMOS transistor has not been triggered, the body of the main NMOS transistor remains in a floating state, lowering the range of the snapback voltage. As a consequence the ESD protection circuit is able to function more rapidly. The proposed ESD protection circuit is designed in 65 nm CMOS technology.
Design of ESD protection device using body floating technique in 65 nm CMOS process
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- Author(s): A. Chatterjee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1073 –1075
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2094
- Type: Article
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A two-dimensional, motion planning approach that derives inspiration from the formation of shadows by opaque objects in the presence of a Gaussian light source is presented. It utilises the ‘potential field’-like varying intensity of a Gaussian light source coupled with the rectilinear property of light. The method borrows advantages of artificial potential field (APF) methods, such as single path generation and scope of feedback control. At the same time, with the selection of adequate parameters, this method is immune to the formation of critical points in the configuration space – a drawback associated with most APF-based methods. Simulations are carried out and results are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the approach. - Author(s): J. Lee ; K. Roh ; D. Wagner ; H. Ko
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1075 –1076
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1832
- Type: Article
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A robust local feature extraction algorithm comprised of two key steps is proposed. The first step is the extraction of feature point candidates from a multi-scale fast Hessian detector at 0° and 45° based on Gabor rotation angles and a multi-scale Harris corner detector based on the Gabor phase. The second step is a MAX operation for selecting points from the outputs of the three feature point detectors used in the previous step. Performance analysis shows that the proposed algorithm significantly enhances the recognition rate and is better than SIFT and SURF.
Motion planning approach that produces critical point-free configuration space
Robust local feature extraction algorithm with visual cortex for object recognition
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- Author(s): Z.B. Pan ; X.P. Wu ; Y. Li ; F. Gao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1076 –1078
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2059
- Type: Article
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The encoding process of vector quantisation is computationally very expensive. To reduce distortion computation between the input vector and candidate codewords, the well-known partial distortion search (PDS) algorithm has been proposed. To reduce further its computational cost, a new PDS algorithm is proposed by making current dmin decrease as quickly as possible. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed PDS algorithm in terms of both the computing dimensions and arithmetical operations per input vector. - Author(s): H.-W. Li ; J. Wang ; H.-T. Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1078 –1079
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1825
- Type: Article
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Resampling schemes for a particle filter based on the differential evolution (DE) algorithm are presented. By using these schemes, several types of differential evolution particle filters (DEPFs) are proposed. In the proposed filters, the unscented Kalman filter is utilised to generate the importance proposal distribution and the different DE algorithms are used as the resampling scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DEPFs outperform the sequential importance resampling algorithm, the regularised particle filter, and the unscented particle filter. - Author(s): A.P. Almeida ; P.C. Silva ; M.M. Torres
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1079 –1081
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2415
- Type: Article
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Using a reduced number of distinct permutations, an efficient method to generate Sidel'nikov M-ary sequences and their spectra from an initial seed sequence is presented. The unfolded structure allows an all-digital and low complexity implementation of a maximum likelihood sequence detector.
Partial distortion search algorithm based on two-step dmin updating
Improved particle filter based on differential evolution
Generation of Sidel'nikov sequences and their spectra via permutations
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- Author(s): H.-X. Xu ; G.-M. Wang ; X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1081 –1083
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2135
- Type: Article
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A novel composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) is proposed, for the first time using the Wunderlich-shaped dentiform capacitor and meandered-line short-circuited stub inductor (SSI). The CRLH TL features a larger value of CL and in turn a lower resonance relative to the previous one employing an interdigital capacitor and an SSI. The unique feature of the CRLH TL is applied to engineer a compact Butler matrix. Consistent numerical and measurement results of the matrix prototype centred at 1.8 GHz are shown. The Butler matrix with comparable performance is only 45% of the area that a conventional matrix occupies and can easily facilitate a planar integrated circuit. - Author(s): T.Y. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1083 –1084
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2066
- Type: Article
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A millimetre-wave radiometer in the range 140–220 GHz using dual-channel superheterodyne receivers is described. The dynamic range of the radiometer is estimated to be 163 dB. The linearity of the receiver is traceable to a low-frequency voltage ratio standard. A 10–120 dB synthesised rotary vane attenuator has been measured with uncertainties of 0.022–0.90 dB at 220 GHz to verify the accuracy of the radiometer. - Author(s): D. Deschrijver ; G. Avolio ; D. Schreurs ; T. Dhaene ; G. Crupi ; L. Knockaert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1084 –1086
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2394
- Type: Article
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An effective approach based on a multi-parameter rational fitting technique is proposed to model the microwave small-signal response of active solid-state devices. The model is identified by fitting multi-bias scattering-parameter measurements and its analytical expression is implemented in a commercial microwave circuit simulator. The approach has been applied to the modelling of a silicon-based FinFET, and an excellent agreement is obtained between the measured data and model predictions.
Compact Butler matrix using composite right/left handed transmission line
High dynamic range 140–220 GHz radiometer using dual-channel superheterodyne receivers
Microwave small-signal modelling of FinFETs using multi-parameter rational fitting method
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- Author(s): J. Kim ; Q. Le ; H. Bang ; C.S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1086 –1087
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1618
- Type: Article
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A 2.5 Gbit/s burst-mode receiver with power-level burst-detection and a time-critical control circuit is presented. With its unique topology, this receiver is successfully operated as a long-reach XG-PON1, where the quiet-window for ranging operation exceeds the time variation of the round-trip propagation delay for up to 40 km. - Author(s): W. Lim ; Z. Ghassemlooy ; K. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1087 –1089
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3581
- Type: Article
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The focus of this reported research is on the optimisation of input RF power in SCM-based free space optical (FSO) systems to minimise the average BER because higher input RF power does not always provide FSO systems with better performance, due to the effect of the third-order intermodulation (IM3) product. Analysis results demonstrate the optimum input RF power and the minimum average BER.
2.5 Gbit/s burst-mode receiver with power-level burst-detection for XG-PON1 systems
Analysis of RF power optimisation for SCM-based free space optical systems for IM3
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- Author(s): R. Li ; J. Li ; L. Shterengas ; S.D. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1089 –1090
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2426
- Type: Article
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A highly efficient Ho3+-doped fluoride glass fibre laser operating at 2.08 µm is demonstrated using diode pumping at a 1.94 µm wavelength. A maximum slope efficiency of 78% and output power of 516 mW has been obtained. - Author(s): A. Bhardwaj ; Y. Li ; R. Wang ; S. Jin ; P. Herczfeld ; J.E. Bowers ; L.A. Coldren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1090 –1092
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1507
- Type: Article
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The first monolithically integrated attenuated counter-propagating optical phase-locked loop based coherent receiver is presented. A spurious-free dynamic range of 131.3 dB Hz2/3 is measured in the detector shot-noise limit at 100 MHz, which is the highest reported for a single-chip device. - Author(s): L. Naehle ; C. Zimmermann ; S. Belahsene ; M. Fischer ; G. Boissier ; P. Grech ; G. Narcy ; S. Lundqvist ; Y. Rouillard ; J. Koeth ; M. Kamp ; L. Worschech
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1092 –1093
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1986
- Type: Article
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Widely-tunable monolithic two-section lasers emitting at around 3.3 µm have been developed. The devices are based on GaInAsSb quantum wells with quinary AlGaInAsSb barrier layers. Tuning is achieved by adjusting the currents injected into two segments with lateral binary superimposed gratings. Counter-directional current-tuning of the segments resulted in wavelength channel switching, co-directional current-tuning in wavelength tuning of a channel. The typical tuning range of the devices is around 23 nm. High-sensitivity measurements indicate that sidemode suppression ratios are usually around 45 dB. - Author(s): T. Chen ; R. Chen ; P. Lu ; Q. Chen ; K.P. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1093 –1095
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2082
- Type: Article
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A tapered fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensor is presented to simultaneously measure liquid level and temperature. The transmission spectra shift with the change in immersed liquid level and environmental temperature. The liquid level difference of 190 mm can be measured with millimetre resolution in 90 mm-long linear range. The temperature response is discriminated from level response by simultaneously monitoring different interference orders at 1520 and 1620 nm. Level sensitivities of −0.017 and −0.021 nm/mm, and temperature sensitivities of 0.074 and 0.081 nm/°C are achieved, respectively.
Highly efficient holmium fibre laser diode pumped at 1.94 µm
Monolithic integration of high linearity attenuated counter-propagating optical phase-locked loop coherent receiver
Monolithic tunable GaSb-based lasers at 3.3 µm
Tapered fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement of liquid level and temperature
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- Author(s): H. Jeon ; Y. Yoon ; H. Kim ; Y.-Y. Huang ; C.-H. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1095 –1096
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2406
- Type: Article
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A 1.95 GHz linear power amplifier (PA) in a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process is presented. The PA achieves the load insensitivity characteristic up to 2.5:1 VSWR condition and dual-mode operation with a balanced topology. The area of the PA is 1.6 × 1 mm2. With a 3.4 V power supply, the PA provides 40.4% of peak power-added efficiency (PAE) and 35% of PAE at 26.4 dBm of linear output power. - Author(s): F. Li ; B. Feuvrie ; Y. Wang ; W. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1096 –1098
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2254
- Type: Article
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A new memory polynomial/look-up table (MP/LUT) baseband digital predistorter (DPD) based on direct learning architecture is proposed for power amplifier (PA) linearisation in wideband applications. The main advantages of this DPD are high simplicity and the robust modellisation of the PA's behaviour provided by the MP model. Measurements are realised on a test bench using the PA ZFL-2500 driven by a 16QAM modulated signal with 3.84 MHz bandwidth at the carrier's centre frequency of 1.8 GHz. - Author(s): J. Dong and D.B. Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1098 –1100
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1647
- Type: Article
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Performance of cooperative communications receive diversity, with relays, for the everyday body-area-network (BAN) radio channel is determined, based on extensive BAN measurements. In accordance with an option for physical layer transmission in the IEEE 802.15.6 BAN draft standard, BCH-coded Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation is considered at 2.4 GHz carrier frequency. Large improvements over single-link communications are demonstrated with the use of one and two on-body relays, with cooperative selection combining and maximum-ratio combining. The importance of careful relay placement is also demonstrated. - Author(s): Q.M. Zhu ; X.Y. Dang ; D.Z. Xu ; X.M. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1100 –1101
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1298
- Type: Article
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A simple and highly efficient rejection method is presented for generating Nakagami-m sequences with arbitrary average power and fading factor. With a novel exponential decay hat function, the proposed method's rejection efficiency is up to 80% and the difference between theoretical and simulated distribution curves are neglectable. - Author(s): R. Arablouei and K. Doǧançay
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 19, p. 1101 –1103
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2454
- Type: Article
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A new RLS adaptive filtering algorithm has been developed by enforcing a constraint on the a posteriori error of the conventional exponentially-weighted RLS algorithm and modifying its coefficient update equation. The motivation behind the new algorithm is to attain improved tracking capability when the target system features fast variations in time. The proposed algorithm requires only slightly more computations than the conventional RLS algorithm and is specifically suitable for estimation and tracking of fast-fading MIMO channels. Simulations demonstrate that a MIMO channel estimator utilising the proposed algorithm outperforms those using the conventional RLS algorithm, the set-membership-based BEACON algorithm and the extended RLS algorithm without requiring prior knowledge of the Doppler shift.
Highly efficient balanced CMOS linear power amplifier with load immunity
MP/LUT baseband digital predistorter for wideband linearisation
Cooperative receive diversity for coded GFSK body-area communications
Highly efficient rejection method for generating Nakagami-m sequences
Modified RLS algorithm with enhanced tracking capability for MIMO channel estimation
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