Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 46, Issue 8, 15 April 2010
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Volume 46, Issue 8
15 April 2010
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, page: 544 –544
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9034
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): A. Chini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, page: 544 –544
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9032
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Professor Alessandro Chini from the Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia in Italy and author of the Letter ‘Micro-power photovoltaic harvester based on frequency-to-voltage MPPT tracker’ on page 587, gives us his perspective on the prospects of energy harvesting as a clean and green energy source. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, page: 545 –545
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9031
- Type: Article
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A robust Dy3+-doped optical fibre that lases yellow visible light when pumped with a blue semiconductor laser has been demonstrated by researchers in Japan; a result that could pave the way for compact, low cost and high quality yellow fibre lasers for use in medical applications. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, page: 546 –546
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9033
- Type: Article
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High-frequency integrated circuits that combine organic and silicon substrates are being investigated by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the US. The researchers have shown, for the first time, the integration of low-loss wideband high density interconnects in a multi-substrate for operation in the V and W bands. “The results are promising for multi-substrate integration which takes advantage of different substrate properties for each device,” said David Chung, a researcher at Georgia Tech. “For example, small ICs that are on Si or SiGe can be compactly integrated with an antenna that shows better performance on a substrate with a lower dielectric constant.”
Interview
Yellow lasers hit the spot
Making the transition
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- Author(s): C.H. See ; R.A. Abd-Alhameed ; D. Zhou ; H.I. Hraga ; P.S. Excell ; M.B. Child
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 549 –550
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3131
- Type: Article
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A novel, miniaturised, planar inverted FF antenna (PIFFA) assembly is presented. The antenna design electromagnetically couples two PIFA antennas on an air substrate, and employs a broadband rectangular plate feeding mechanism to achieve an ultra-wideband characteristic. The dimensions of the complete prototype assembly are 30×15×8 mm. Good agreement is obtained between computed and measured impedance bandwidths over the range 3.1–10.6 GHz for |S11|<−10 dB. The simulated and measured gain and radiation patterns are given also, to fully describe the antenna performance. - Author(s): K.M. Keen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 550 –552
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0372
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The relationship between the impedance match bandwidth and the structural geometry of one configuration of a resonant quadrifilar helix antenna has been established. It is shown that bandwidth is directly proportional to the diameter to height ratio of the cylindrical envelope containing the radiating elements. A useful antenna design formula is presented. - Author(s): W. Dullaert ; G. Adamiuk ; H. Rogier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 552 –553
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3366
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Rules of thumb are derived for compressing transfer functions of UWB antennas using a phase-mode/Slepian-mode based model. These are applied to measured 2D UWB radiation patterns of bowtie, log-periodic and Vivaldi antennas. A compression ratio of 5.8 with a maximal error of 10% is achieved. - Author(s): D. Petrolati ; P. Angeletti ; A. Morini ; G. Toso
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 553 –554
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0266
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A new method for optimising the directional couplers characterising a Skobelev network is presented. The method adopted succeeds in improving the performances of the related sub-array radiation patterns in terms of sidelobe level with negligible effects on the main beam. - Author(s): A.F. Morabito ; T. Isernia ; M. D'Urso
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 554 –556
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3591
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The synthesis of difference patterns via linear arrays, the elements of which are fed with the same amplitude, is proposed as a way to simplify the receiving chain and improve the efficiency of the antenna. The problem is solved by means of suitable analytical procedures based on a ‘density taper’ approach. In particular, two different techniques are introduced and compared on the basis of a set of numerical examples. It is shown that one of them definitely outperforms the other one, and that constraints of practical interest can be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Ultra-wideband planar inverted FF antenna
Bandwidth dependence of resonant quadrifilar helix antennas
Compression of measured 2D UWB antenna transfer functions
Skobelev network optimisation by sequential quadratic programming
Synthesis of difference patterns via uniform amplitude sparse arrays
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- Author(s): P. Padilla ; J.M. Górriz ; J. Ramírez ; R. Chaves ; F. Segovia ; I. Alvarez ; D. Salas-González ; M. López ; C.G. Puntonet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 556 –558
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0219
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Presented is a Gabor wavelet (GW) based analysis of functional brain images by integrating the 2D GW representation of the images for image classification applied to early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The 2D GW representation of the brain images is processed by means of a principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction and support vector machines (SVMs) for image classification. The proposed method yields up to 96% classification accuracy with 100% sensitivity, thus becoming an accurate method for image classification. Comparison between the conventional PCA plus SVM method and the proposed method is also provided. In addition, the proposed method with Gabor wavelets increases the outcomes of other methods based on voxel as features (VAF), PCA, and so on.
Alzheimer's disease detection in functional images using 2D Gabor wavelet analysis
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- Author(s): H. Hacıhabiboğlu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 558 –559
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3168
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A simple, accurate and efficient variable fractional delay (VFD) IIR filter is presented. The method is based on the interpolation of pole loci of maximally-flat allpass fractional-delay filters. The responses of the proposed VFD filter for different fractional delay values are simulated and the approximation errors are shown to be very small. - Author(s): D. Gómez and D. Mateo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 559 –561
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0163
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The use of CMOS short-channel effects for yield enhancement in analogue design is presented. Analytical and simulation results show the effectiveness of this technique applied on a 2.4 GHz CMOS LNA designed in a 65nm CMOS technology. The trade-off between yield and power consumption is discussed and a low power current-reuse alternative is presented. - Author(s): Y. Chen ; P.-I. Mak ; Y. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 561 –563
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0544
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A mixed-integrator biquad (MIB) combining the advantageous features of a gm-C integrator and a source-follower-based (SFB) integrator is proposed. Unlike the conventional pure SFB biquad suffering from significant passband gain loss, the MIB employs a linearised gm-C integrator at the front, overcoming the gain loss, and an SFB integrator at the back, guaranteeing good linearity and low-output impedance. The complex poles are synthesised through a negative feedback technique avoiding the need of a common-mode feedback circuit. An experimental fourth-order MIB-based Butterworth lowpass filter fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS shows improved figure-of-merit with respect to the state-of-the-art, while occupying a small die area. - Author(s): M.M. Bait-Suwailam and O.M. Ramahi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 563 –564
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0583
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A novel concept for mitigating switching noise propagation in high-speed printed circuit boards is proposed. By etching complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) on only one metallic layer of the printed circuit board, the electric field between the power planes can be suppressed. This behaviour is in contrast to the split-ring resonator that suppresses the magnetic field. Furthermore, by cascading CSRRs, concentrically, a wide suppression of switching noise covering a wide frequency band from sub-gigahertz to 12 GHz is achieved. The effect of the new power-plane topology on the signal integrity is also investigated and analysed. It is shown that the CSRR would result not only in significant suppression of switching noise but also in robust signal behaviour.
Allpass variable fractional delay filters by pole loci interpolation
Exploiting CMOS short-channel effects for yield enhancement in analogue/RF design
Mixed-integrator biquad for continuous-time filters
Simultaneous switching noise mitigation in high-speed circuits using complementary split-ring resonators
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- Author(s): J. Aulinas ; J. Salvi ; X. Lladó ; Y. Petillot
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 564 –566
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2271
- Type: Article
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A technique for simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) for large scale scenarios is presented. This solution is based on the use of independent submaps of a limited size to map large areas. In addition, a global stochastic map, containing the links between adjacent submaps, is built. The information in both levels is corrected every time a loop is closed: local maps are updated with the information from overlapping maps, and the global stochastic map is optimised by means of constrained minimisation.
Local map update for large scale SLAM
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- Author(s): Q.-X. Tang and L.-C. Jiao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 566 –567
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0203
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With emphasis on total variation being a reward prediction of image geometry, a modified bandlet transform is proposed. The new scheme is more conformed to human vision than the original one. It takes advantage of the sparse distribution of image geometry in the wavelet domain and retransforms wavelet coefficients in a top-to-bottom way. The point is that the searching space for optimal geometries can be refined in advance and the retransform can be constrained within the vicinity of the desired geometry except the ambient space, where it is assumed image geometries exist in all size of squares. Experimental results and complexity analysis validate the improvement of the proposed scheme especially in determination of the optimal image geometry through a decision-making strategy.
Modified bandlet transform with reward prediction of image geometry
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- Author(s): H. Lee ; J.-K. Woo ; S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 567 –569
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3416
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A low-complexity CMOS circuit is proposed for reading out monolithically integrated differential capacitive sensors. It directly converts the differential capacitance of a MEMS sensing device to a frequency by accumulating the charges produced by repeated charge integration and charge conservation. A prototype chip has been designed and fabricated in 0.35 µm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that differential capacitance is linearly converted to output frequency.
CMOS differential-capacitance-to-frequency converter utilising repetitive charge integration and charge conservation
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- Author(s): M.A. Popov ; I.V. Zavislyak ; G. Srinivasan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 569 –570
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3124
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A magnetic field tunable W-band phase shifter based on dielectric resonance in barium hexaferrite has been designed and characterised. A phase shift of 60° with low losses is demonstrated at low bias magnetic field. - Author(s): A. Ramadan ; T. Reveyrand ; A. Martin ; J.M. Nebus ; P. Bouysse ; L. Lapierre ; J.F. Villemazet ; S. Forestier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 570 –572
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0392
- Type: Article
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This presented study focuses on the impact of gate-source voltage waveforms on power added efficiency performances of GaN HEMTs for the design of class F and class F−1 amplifiers. It is shown that second-harmonic signal injection at the gate port of transistors can lead to efficiency improvements in the case of class F operation and efficiency deteriorations in the case of class F−1 operation. This work is applied to a 15 W GaN HEMT die from Cree at a fundamental frequency Fo equal to 2 GHz. Calibrated on-wafer time domain measurements are reported. - Author(s): Z. Cao and X.-H. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 572 –573
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0550
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A new push-push phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillator (PLDRO) with dual-band (C/Ku) output capability is presented. An out-of-phase Wilkinson power combiner is used to provide the fundamental (f0) output. The phase-locking is implemented at f0 as an alternative to direct locking the push-push output frequency (2f0) using prescalers. The push-push PLDRO has shown a fundamental suppression of 35.12 dBc and a second-harmonic suppression of 34.77 dBc at the 2f0 output and the f0 output, respectively. Experimental results also indicate a maximum spur level of −77.4 dBc, and phase noise values of −109.6 and −143 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz and 1 MHz offsets, respectively, from a 12.6 GHz carrier. - Author(s): J.P. Wang ; L. Ge ; Y.-X. Guo ; W. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 573 –575
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0329
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A novel miniaturised microstrip lowpass filter has been studied. With triangular and high–low impedance resonators symmetrically loaded, the proposed filter has successfully achieved size reduction and performance enhancement simultaneously. A demonstrator filter with 3 dB cutoff frequency at 1.5 GHz has been designed, fabricated and measured. Results show that a roll-off of 257 dB/GHz together with a relative stopband bandwidth of 157.4% can be obtained while achieving a high figure-of-merit of 38747.
Magnetic field tunable 75–110 GHz dielectric phase shifter
Experimental study on effect of second-harmonic injection at input of classes F and F−1 GaN power amplifiers
Fundamental wave phase-locked dual-band push-push DRO using out-of-phase Wilkinson power combiner
Miniaturised microstrip lowpass filter with broad stopband and sharp roll-off
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- Author(s): K. Takiguchi ; M. Oguma ; H. Takahashi ; A. Mori
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 575 –576
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0646
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An integrated-optic demultiplexer is realised for use with 8 × 10 Gbaud orthogonal frequency division multiplexed subcarrier channels. The device is composed of an 8 × 8 optical fast Fourier transform circuit and an array of optical gates, and is used to demultiplex a 160 Gbit/s polarisation multiplexed signal in the optical domain.
Integrated-optic eight-channel OFDM demultiplexer and its demonstration with 160 Gbit/s signal reception
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- Author(s): D.J. Chung and J. Papapolymerou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 577 –578
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0241
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Wideband 3D transitions from 60 to 110 GHz using 50 µm via technology on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) are presented. A conductor backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) transition on a homogeneous LCP sample shows less than 0.8 dB loss from 60 to 110 GHz. In addition, a CBCPW-to-CBCPW and a CBCPW-to-CPW transition on LCP bonded to silicon substrate are presented also in the range 60–110 GHz. The CBCPW-to-CBCPW transition shows less than 0.5 dB loss up to 100 GHz. The CBCPW-to-CPW transition yields less than 1 dB loss up to 110 GHz. These transitions are the first characterisation of vias in organic substrate packaged silicon in the 60–110 GHz frequency range. - Author(s): J.A. Sarmento
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 578 –580
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3473
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A fully digital clock and data recovery (CDR) architecture for multi-link applications is presented. The architecture has independent tolerance to inter-channel skew and timing jitter, and does not rely on data-embedded framing information or a specific equalisation sequence. It is therefore especially suited to low-voltage differential signalling (LVDS) video transceiver applications, and is described in that context. Attained skew tolerance is predicted in theory and successfully compared against silicon prototype measurements.
60–110 GHz low loss HDI transitions for LCP-packaged silicon substrate
Skew tolerant digital CDR architecture for LVDS video transceiver applications
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- Author(s): C.M. Schultz ; P. Crump ; H. Wenzel ; O. Brox ; A. Maaßdorf ; G. Erbert ; G. Tränkle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 580 –581
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3347
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A report is presented on how distributed feedback (DFB) lasers can achieve high optical power and power conversion efficiency together with a narrow vertical emission angle. Recently developed 976 nm DFB lasers emit 11 W, have a maximum power conversion efficiency of 58%, a spectral linewidth of ∼0.4 nm FWHM and a narrow vertical far field of 28° FWHM. This considerable enhancement was obtained with an improved epitaxy design and optimised grating fabrication process. These are DFB lasers that achieve power, efficiency and emission angle values comparable to conventional Fabry-Pérot lasers, but with spectral stabilisation. Accordingly, these lasers are particularly well suited for pumping fibre and solid-state lasers. - Author(s): D.K. Cai and A. Neyer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 581 –583
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3409
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Based on KMnO4 wet etching technology, a low-cost waveguide integration technique of polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) based electrical-optical-circuit-board (EOCB) with FR4 substrates was developed, which is quite suitable for large-scale EOCB production. The optical and mechanical properties of the PDMS waveguide layer remained unchanged before and after waveguide integration. The mechanical stability limit of the tested EOCBs is determined only by the intrinsic mechanical stability of the used PDMS materials. The optical waveguide propagation loss at 850 nm is less than 0.1 dB/cm after surviving the defined environmental test procedures. - Author(s): Y. Jiao ; P. Chen ; J. Hu ; Y. Shi ; D. Dai ; S. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 583 –584
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0152
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Two types of waveguide power splitters based on a bending multimode waveguide are demonstrated for an unbalanced power splitting ratio. An arbitrary splitting ratio is achieved by choosing the bending radius and the length of the multimode section appropriately. Experimental results show that the fabricated devices have wide bandwidth. - Author(s): K.-J. Che ; J.-D. Lin ; Y.-Z. Huang ; Y.-D. Yang ; Y. Du
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 585 –586
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0588
- Type: Article
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Two-port InGaAsP/InP square resonator microlasers with a side length of 20 µm have been fabricated by the planar technology process, which have two 1 µm-wide output ports connected to the vertices of the square resonator. Continuous-wave electrically injected microsquare lasers have been realised at room temperature with mode Q-factors of 1.75×104 at the threshold current. - Author(s): Y. Fujimoto ; O. Ishii ; M. Yamazaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 586 –587
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0488
- Type: Article
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In this reported work, the authors successfully drew a low-loss Dy-doped optical fibre (0.3 dB/m at 532 nm) of a waterproof fluoro-aluminate glass system and demonstrated yellow laser oscillation in the Dy3+-doped fluoride fibre pumped by a 398.8 nm GaN laser diode. Maximum output power was 10.3 mW and the slope efficiency was 17.1% at 575 nm. Since the fluoro-aluminate-glass system has a remarkable water resistance advantage compared to ZBLAN glass, Dy-doped fluoro-aluminate glass fibre is expected to contribute to making a solid-state yellow fibre laser with high chemical durability without a frequency doubling technique.
11W broad area 976 nm DFB lasers with 58% power conversion efficiency
Cost-effective waveguide integration method for large-scale electrical-optical-circuit-board production
Experimental demonstration of bending multimode interference couplers for arbitrary power splitting
Two-port InGaAsP/InP square resonator microlasers
Yellow laser oscillation in Dy3+-doped waterproof fluoro-aluminate glass fibre pumped by 398.8 nm GaN laser diodes
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- Author(s): A. Chini and L. Rovati
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 587 –589
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0563
- Type: Article
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A micro-power circuit for photovoltaic energy harvesting applications is presented. The system can work in different lighting power ranging from a few tens of microwatts to milliwatts maintaining tracking of the maximum output power operational conditions of the photovoltaic cells. The energy harvesting efficiency ranges from 30 to 70%. - Author(s): W. Che ; W. Chen ; D. Meng ; X. Wang ; X. Tan ; N. Yan ; H. Min
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 589 –590
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0113
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A power management unit for a battery assisted passive radio frequency identification tag is proposed. The key building block is a two-stage wake-up circuit with 23 nA sleep current and process, voltage, temperature insensitive wake-up detection performance. Wireless energy recycle is realised with up to 50 µA charge current. The circuits make it possbile to use tag package compatible thin-film batteries.
Micro-power photovoltaic harvester based on a frequency-to-voltage MPPT tracker
Power management unit for battery assisted passive RFID tag
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- Author(s): A. Pouzin ; T.P. Vuong ; S. Tedjini ; M. Pouyet ; J. Perdereau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 590 –592
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3488
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A bench test for differential radar cross-section (ΔRCS) measurement is described. The principle is to measure the power difference between the low and high modulation state of the tag and calculate the ratio with the received power. To do this, devices such as an arbitrary generator that replaces the reader, and a real-time spectrum analyser to receive and analyse the signal backscattered by the tag, are used; both devices can be configured in frequency and power. The first measurements are performed manually and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The automation of the system is carried out in order to make the measurement faster, less hardwork, more precise and more repeatable.
Bench test for measurement of differential RCS of UHF RFID tags
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- Author(s): V.-M. Kolmonen ; K. Haneda ; J. Poutanen ; F. Tufvesson ; P. Vainikainen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 592 –593
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3125
- Type: Article
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There has been extensive research about single link multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, both simulated and measured, but only a few studies have targeted multilink analysis with measured channel data. Hence, in this presented report, the authors analyse the influence of spatial separation of user terminals and the human shadowing effect on the MIMO capacity and on the signal-to-interference ratio in indoor radio channels. - Author(s): C.S. Tai ; S.Y. Tan ; C.K. Seow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 593 –595
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2955
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A robust wireless localisation system that is able to locate a mobile device in a non-line-of-sight indoor environment using only the time of arrival and angle of arrival of multipath signals received at the reference device is presented. By resolving the error variances owing to multipath signals into mutually perpendicular components, and applying weighting factors for each of these components, the location accuracy is greatly improved, especially at large distances and at high levels of angle measurement noise. - Author(s): J. Zheng ; B. Bai ; Y. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 595 –597
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2803
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Presented is a simple opportunistic amplify and forward (AF) relaying for the two-way relay channel, where two nodes want to exchange information with each other at the same transmission rate with the help of relay nodes. In particular, the opportunistic relay can be selected in a distributed manner requiring only local channel knowledge. It is shown that opportunistic AF relaying is outage-optimal among single relay selection schemes and significantly outperforms an AF strategy based on equal-power multiple-relay transmission with local channel knowledge. Numerical and simulation results verify the analysis. - Author(s): S. Rivière ; A. Douyère ; F. Alicalapa ; J.D. Lan Sun Luk
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 8, p. 597 –598
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3063
- Type: Article
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The simulation of a complete system of wireless power transportation (WPT) is presented and used to supply an energy module for wireless sensors. For the optimisation process, the different circuit blocks (antennas, medium, rectifier and DC-DC converter) and their constraints were listed. An innovative global approach was used to improve the radiofrequency/direct current (RF/DC) conversion and to test a low power operation in reception (about Pr=−10 dBm). A prototype was implemented and shows that interesting performance is obtained between the predicted output energy using the presented model and the measured one. This approach is a promising study for an RF energy scavenger as an alternative power source.
Dual-link capacity analysis of measured time-variant indoor radio channels
Robust non-line-of-sight localisation system in indoor environment
Outage-optimal opportunistic relaying for two-way amplify and forward relay channel
Study of complete WPT system for WSN applications at low power level
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