Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 46, Issue 22, 28 October 2010
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Volume 46, Issue 22
28 October 2010
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, page: 1474 –1474
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9129
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Marcos Funes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, page: 1474 –1474
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9130
- Type: Article
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Dr Marcos Funes from the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata in Argentina gives some insight into the research behind the Letter ‘Reduced architecture for simultaneous correlation of orthogonal sets of complementary sequences’ on page 1502. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, page: 1475 –1475
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9131
- Type: Article
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As demand grows for more sophisticated in-vehicle communications systems, the automobile industry is facing significant challenges in the design of suitable antennas that can support the growing range of required services. Collaborating researchers from Hongik University and Hyundai-Kia Motors in Korea are now adopting a more practical approach to in-vehicle antenna design and have built a prototype printed rear-window car FM antenna that is optimised by taking the influence of the entire vehicle structure into account. They now plan to expand their research to in-vehicle multiband window, diversity and MIMO antennas to provide these systems with an improved reception reliability and throughput data capacity. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, page: 1476 –1476
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9132
- Type: Article
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A continuous-wave surface-emitting photonic crystal THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) with a monochromatic and low divergence output beam has been demonstrated. Researchers at the University Paris Sud in France in collaboration with Cambridge University in the UK combined their recently designed efficient photonic crystal resonator with a low-threshold quantum cascade material to produce an optimised 2.7 THz QCL which could be used for heterodyne detection applications such as in astronomy.
Interview
Driving on-board antennas
Bringing THz into focus
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- Author(s): W. Kang ; Y. Noh ; H. Choo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1479 –1480
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.0672
- Type: Article
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Proposed is the design of a rear on-glass antenna for a commercial saloon/sedan. It adapts the mesh-grid structure and proposes the optimum design parameters to maximise matching bandwidth and improve the average vertical gain for the entire FM radio band. The detailed design parameters are determined using the Pareto genetic algorithm with an EM simulation tool. The optimised rear on-glass antenna is built and installed on a commercial saloon/sedan. The measurement results show a half-power matching bandwidth (VSWR<5.8) of about 25%, an average bore-sight gain of about −5.43 dBi in the entire FM band, and an average gain of about −3.29 dBi along the azimuth direction. - Author(s): H. Liu ; K.L. Ford ; R.J. Langley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1480 –1481
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2345
- Type: Article
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A novel small antenna based on a microstrip line over a miniaturised artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) using lumped capacitors is presented. This antenna, measuring λ/12.5×λ/15.6×λ/47, has platform tolerant reflectivity against frequency characteristics whilst maintaining broad beam radiation performance. Operating at 1.2 GHz the miniaturised AMC antenna has a measured −10 dB bandwidth of 0.8% with radiation efficiency of 27%.
Design of vehicle rear window antenna with mesh-grid structure
Miniature platform tolerant antenna composed of microstrip line and AMC surface
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- Author(s): K. Zhang ; E.K. Akpek ; R.P. Weiblinger ; D.H. Kim ; J.U. Kang ; I.K. Ilev
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1482 –1483
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.8667
- Type: Article
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A novel approach for post-surgical evaluation of clear corneal incision quality is presented. The complete volumetric information of an ex-vivo bovine cornea with incision and suture is obtained by high-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and illustrated by various computer graphics technologies. This method provides more comprehensive information to evaluate surgery quality and monitor the healing process. - Author(s): R.R. Torrealba ; J. Cappelletto ; L. Fermı́n-León ; J.C. Grieco ; G. Fernández-López
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1483 –1485
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2118
- Type: Article
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To control an intelligent knee prosthesis for above-knee amputees, an algorithm is developed to detect gait events directly from accelerometer signals captured on the prosthesis. Using this technique, several events are automatically detected along the gait cycle. The simplicity and effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated, showing automated adaptability even for amplitude and frequency variations in gait pattern, while solving problems inherent to calibration such as offsets and scale factors. Results are equally applicable to intact limbs and further applications are also possible for events detection on periodic signals with spikes.
Noninvasive volumetric quality evaluation of post-surgical clear corneal incision via high-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography
Statistics-based technique for automated detection of gait events from accelerometer signals
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- Author(s): G. Shu ; L. Luo ; C. Shu ; M. Fan ; F. Ye ; J. Ren ; J. Xu ; N. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1485 –1486
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.8724
- Type: Article
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A settling optimised sample-and-hold (SH) circuit with a wideband high-linearity input switch is presented. A proposed input switch with floating-well isolation achieves low on-resistance and high-linearity through a wide input frequency range. A method for the SH to acquire the optimised settling behaviour by choosing a feedback switch with suitable on-resistance is proposed to achieve low-power target. Simulation results show that the performance of the SH is improved considerably. - Author(s): T. Anand ; V. Chaturvedi ; B. Amrutur
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1487 –1488
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2691
- Type: Article
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An asymmetric binary search switching technique for a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC is presented, and trade-off between switching energy and conversion cycles is discussed. Without using any additional switches, the proposed technique consumes 46% less switching energy, for a small input swing (0.5 Vref P-P), as compared to the last reported efficient switching technique in literature for an 8-bit SAR ADC. For a full input swing (2 Vref P-P), the proposed technique consumes 16.5% less switching energy. - Author(s): S. Cha and H. Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1488 –1490
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1648
- Type: Article
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Error correction code (ECC) techniques have often been used to reduce the self-refresh power of dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). However, the overhead associated with the large number of check bits has prevented ECC methods from being incorporated into commercial applications. In a novel approach employed in this reported work, the number of data bits in the proposed codeword is set to have a length that is not a power of two (non-2n). Such a condition results in a substantial decrease in the number of required check bits. Compared to the use of 2n data bits in 1 Gb DRAMs, implementations that utilise the proposed codeword can achieve ECC-enhanced self-refresh schemes with 3.4 and 4.7% reductions in check bit and register overheads, respectively. - Author(s): H.-Y. Liao ; M.-W. Pan ; H.-K. Chiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1490 –1491
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2404
- Type: Article
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A broadband and low-loss 1:4 transmission-line transformer (TLT) fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS process is proposed. Using broadside-coupled and multiple-metal stacked transmission lines, the broadband impedance transformation is from 12.2±0.1 to 50 Ω within a 1.2 GHz bandwidth from 2.1 to 3.3 GHz, and the minimum insertion loss is 1.0 dB at 2.6 GHz with a 3 dB bandwidth of 180%. In addition, a fully-integrated CMOS class-E power amplifier (PA) is designed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed 1:4 TLT, which is used as the output impedance transformer of the class-E PA. The maximum output power is 24.7 dBm at 2.6 GHz, where the power-added efficiency is 33.2% and the power gain is 13.2 dB under 3.6 V supply voltage. The class-E PA achieves broadband and flat output power of 24.6±0.2 dBm from 2.4 to 3.5 GHz. - Author(s): A. Kranti ; C.-W. Lee ; I. Ferain ; R. Yan ; N. Akhavan ; P. Razavi ; R. Yu ; G.A. Armstrong ; J.-P. Colinge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1491 –1493
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2736
- Type: Article
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The design of a 6T SRAM cell with 20 nm junctionless (JL) MOSFETs is reported. It is shown that a 6T SRAM cell designed with JL MOSFETs achieves a high static noise margin (SNM) of 185 mV, retention noise or hold margin (RNM) of 381 mV and writability current (IWR) of 33 µA along with a low leakage current (ILEAK) of 2 pA at a supply voltage (VDD) of 0.9 V for cell and pull-up ratios of 1. Results offer a new opportunity to design future SRAM cells with nanoscale JL MOSFETs. - Author(s): Y. Lakys ; W. Zhao ; J.-O. Klein ; C. Chappert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1493 –1494
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2039
- Type: Article
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A new design of a non-volatile magnetic flip-flop is presented. The use of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) to store the information brings non-volatility to logic circuits and promises zero standby power. It is based on the thermally assisted switching (TAS) approach and the pre-charge sense amplifier. By using STMicroelectronics' CMOS 0.13um design kit and a precise TAS-MTJ compact model, transient functional simulations and Monte Carlo statistical analysis have been carried out to show, respectively, its low power and high reliability performances. - Author(s): M.J. Sharifi and S. Ghasemi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1494 –1495
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1901
- Type: Article
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Undoped SBCNTFETs have a unique characteristic in that they can automatically adjust themselves as p-type or n-type transistors based on the applied biases. Introduced is a new XOR gate based on the abovementioned feature for the first time and its correct function is shown using a new method and also by means of HSPICE simulation. - Author(s): M. Ding and K.G. Gard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1495 –1497
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2354
- Type: Article
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An arbitrary transfer characteristic (TC) amplifier, called the tanh cascode cell (TCC) amplifier, is reported. This novel amplifier is capable of synthesising an arbitrary TC including the ideal rectifier transfer characteristic, which is highly desirable for analogue circuits such as power amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers, mixers, op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers etc. The flexible transfer characteristic, wide dynamic range and high linearity capability of the TCC amplifier are demonstrated with a 16-cell MOSFET prototype. - Author(s): J. Kang ; S. Lee ; I. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1497 –1499
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.8526
- Type: Article
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A method for reducing the power consumption of set-associative caches is proposed. The method tracks the way information of all cache blocks and allows access of only those ways that potentially contain the requested block. When used for a 512KB eight-way 64B-block L2 cache, the method reduces the energy consumption by 79%.
Settling optimised sample-and-hold circuit with high-linearity input switch in 65 nm CMOS
Energy efficient asymmetric binary search switching technique for SAR ADC
Check-bit-reduced codewords using non-2n data bits for ECC-based self-refresh enhancement techniques in DRAMs
Fully-integrated CMOS class-E power amplifier using broadband and low-loss 1:4 transmission-line transformer
Junctionless 6T SRAM cell
Low power, high reliability magnetic flip-flop
Powerless XOR gate based on ambipolar CNT transistors
Tanh cascode cell amplifier – an arbitrary transfer characteristics amplifier
Way-tracking set-associative caches
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- Author(s): E. Akagündüz and İ. Ulusoy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1499 –1500
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1818
- Type: Article
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3D object recognition is performed using a scale and orientation invariant feature extraction method and a scale and orientation invariant topological representation. 3D surfaces are represented by sparse, repeatable, informative and semantically meaningful 3D surface structures, which are called multiscale features. These features are extracted with their scale (metric size and resolution) using the classified scale-space of 3D surface curvatures. Triplets of these features are used to represent the surface topologies invariant to transformation (scaling, rotation, translation) and geometric hashing is used for object recognition. Scaled and both scaled and occluded versions of range images from a 3D object database are tested and the experimental results are compared with other methods in the literature. - Author(s): O. Moreno ; A.Z. Tirkel ; U. Parampalli ; R.G. van Schyndel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1500 –1502
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2122
- Type: Article
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A new construction of arrays for watermarking is presented. The arrays are composed from cyclic shifts of a binary column with good autocorrelation. The sequence of shifts is obtained from a discrete logarithm of an irreducible quadratic over a finite field. This yields a large family of binary arrays with low off-peak autocorrelation and low cross-correlation in many new and desirable sizes.
3D object recognition from range images using transform invariant object representation
New families of arrays in two dimensions for watermarking applications
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- Author(s): M.A. Funes ; P.G. Donato ; M.N. Hadad ; D.O. Carrica
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1502 –1504
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2366
- Type: Article
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An architecture that enables the simultaneous correlation of four sets of complementary sequences is presented. The proposal is based on the properties of orthogonal sets as well as on the use of a recursive generation algorithm. Theoretically demonstrated, it constitutes a remarkable advance in the practical application of complementary sequences in platforms with limited resources.
Reduced architecture for simultaneous correlation of orthogonal sets of complementary sequences
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- Author(s): Y.S. Kim ; Y.H. Choi ; J.M. Lee ; J.S. Noh ; F. Bien
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1504 –1505
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1878
- Type: Article
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A displacement sensing circuit for an automobile brake switch is presented. The circuit generates a control signal for the electronic control unit of an automobile during the brake being pressed. By using the eddy current on the metal plate induced by the oscillation circuit of the sensor, high speed non-contact switching is implemented. The proposed circuit is well suited for the replacement of the conventional metallic switch for the safety of the vehicle.
Displacement sensor circuit using eddy current for automobile brake
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- Author(s): B. Liu ; F. Wei ; X. Shi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1506 –1507
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2583
- Type: Article
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A novel reconfigurable bandpass filter based on a net-type stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) is investigated. This work aims to demonstrate a new approach to implement the reconfigurable centre frequency of the bandpass filter. The approach controls the ratio of the two characteristic impedances of a quarter-wavelength microstrip SIR with pin diodes. The proposed filter is designed to be reconfigured in the three centre frequencies: 720 MHz, 900 MHz, 1 GHz. A comparison between measured and simulated results shows good agreement. - Author(s): M. Hayati ; A. Sheikhi ; A. Lotfi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1507 –1509
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2367
- Type: Article
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A compact microstrip lowpass filter based on a novel patch resonator is reported. The novel semi-circle and semi-ellipse patch resonators are loaded by rhomboid and delta-stub structures, respectively. The filter consists of three cascaded microstrip patch resonators with different dimensions. The stopband with an attenuation level better than −20 dB is obtained from 3.68 up to 19 GHz. The proposed filter has low insertion loss in the passband, sharp, high and wide rejection in the stopband, and compact size. The filter is optimally designed, fabricated and measured. Simulation and measurement results are presented and compared and good agreement with the response of simulation and measurement is demonstrated.
Reconfigurable bandpass filter based on net-type stepped-impedance resonator
Compact lowpass filter with wide stopband using modified semi-elliptic and semi-circular microstrip patch resonator
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- Author(s): M. Kang ; Y. Han ; H. Choi ; M. Jeon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1509 –1510
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2606
- Type: Article
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Optimum heat treatment processes for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) paste counter electrodes with better electrochemical performance are investigated. Half-cells were fabricated to examine the electrochemical properties of the CNT paste counter electrode. Proposed is a two-step heat treatment process and an optimum sintering temperature for CNT paste counter electrodes.
Two-step heat treatment of carbon nanotube based paste as counter electrode of dye-sensitised solar cells
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- Author(s): K.Y. Cho ; Y. Takushima ; Y.C. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1510 –1512
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2283
- Type: Article
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For the cost-effective realisation of the next-generation wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON), the possibility is evaluated of using the 4-ary pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) signal for the high-speed (>10 Gbit/s) operation of the TO-can packaged reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) having a 3 dB bandwidth of only about 2.2 GHz. The results show that, owing to the compact spectrum of the 4-ary PAM signal, the deleterious effects of this limited bandwidth as well as the sensitivity degradations caused by the chromatic dispersion can be significantly alleviated. As a result, an error-free transmission of 11 Gbit/s, 4-ary PAM signal over 20 km of singlemode fibre can be demonstrated. - Author(s): H.-J. Kim and J.-I. Song
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1512 –1513
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2450
- Type: Article
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A photonic frequency upconverter utilising an electro-absorption modulator has been experimentally demonstrated for radio-over-fibre applications. Using the upconverter, an optical radio frequency (RF) signal having RF frequencies of 19.5 and 28.5 GHz was generated by mixing a 4.5 GHz optical intermediate frequency signal with a 24 GHz electrical local oscillator signal. The compact photonic frequency upconverter requires no DC bias controller and showed high linearity and polarisation immunity. The measured spurious free dynamic range was 95.4 dB·Hz2/3.
Enhanced chromatic dispersion tolerance of 11 Gbit/s RSOA-based WDM PON using 4-ary PAM signal
Photonic frequency upconversion technique using electro-absorption modulator for radio-over-fibre applications
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- Author(s): G. Sevin ; D. Fowler ; G. Xu ; F.H. Julien ; R. Colombelli ; H. Beere ; D. Ritchie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1513 –1515
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2036
- Type: Article
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Continuous-wave laser action has been achieved in a 2.7 THz quantum cascade device operating on the modes of a two-dimensional photonic crystal resonator. The photonic structure is patterned into the device top metal contact layer. The emission is obtained from the device surface. It is single lobed and highly directional. At cryogenic temperatures the output power is ≃300 µW. - Author(s): L.Z. Duan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1515 –1516
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1653
- Type: Article
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The spontaneous length fluctuation of optical fibres caused by mechanical dissipation is analysed using a one-dimensional model based on the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem. Scale estimate shows evidence that the 1/f thermal noise originated from this fluctuation dominates at low frequencies in fibre interferometers and fibre cavities. - Author(s): Y. Ding ; D.I. Nikitichev ; I. Krestnikov ; D. Livshits ; M.A. Cataluna ; E.U. Rafailov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1516 –1518
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2336
- Type: Article
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An InAs quantum-dot external-cavity passively modelocked laser with an operation wavelength of 1.27 µm is demonstrated, based on a two-section quantum-dot superluminescent diode with bending ridge waveguide and a 96% output coupler. Stable modelocking with an average power up to 60 mW was obtained at a repetition frequency of 2.4 GHz. This performance corresponds to a 25 pJ pulse energy obtained directly from the oscillator, which represents a 55-fold increase in pulse energy when compared to the current state-of-the-art for semiconductor lasers. At a repetition frequency of 1.14 GHz, picosecond optical pulses with 1.5 W peak power are also demonstrated, representing the highest peak power achieved from an external-cavity laser at the 1.3 µm waveband, without the use of any pulse compression or optical amplification. - Author(s): F. Begum ; Y. Namihira ; T. Kinjo ; S. Kaijage
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1518 –1520
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2133
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a broad supercontinuum spectrum generated highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre which can be used in ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography and optical transmission systems. Investigation showed that it is possible to obtain longitudinal resolution in a biological tissue of 1.3, 1.2, and 1.1 µm by using picosecond continuum light at centre wavelengths 1.06, 1.31, and 1.55 µm, respectively.
Continuous-wave operation of 2.7 THz photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers
Intrinsic thermal noise of optical fibres due to mechanical dissipation
Quantum-dot external-cavity passively modelocked laser with high peak power and pulse energy
Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibres at 1.06, 1.31, and 1.55 µm wavelengths
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- Author(s): A.N. Ridge and G.A.J. Amaratunga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1520 –1521
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2479
- Type: Article
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The photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on incremental conductance is found to have an error mode which prevents its normal operation under conditions of rapidly changing/oscillating solar input (insolation). An enhancement to the algorithm is investigated and experimentally evaluated. It can be readily added around an existing MPPT algorithm to enable it to be used more reliably in mobile applications.
Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking for mobile applications
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- Author(s): J.-H. Tsai ; W.-S. Lour ; C.-H. Huang ; S.-S. Ye ; Y.-C. Ma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1522 –1523
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2078
- Type: Article
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Direct current characteristics of an InGaP/InGaAs pseudomorphic HFET employing low-to-high double doping channels are first demonstrated and compared with the conventional single doping-channel device. Because the lower InGaAs channel is heavily doped and two-dimensional electron gas is formed in this channel, the threshold voltage is extended to −3.7 V. Experimentally, the transconductance within 50% of its maximum value for gate voltage swing up to 4.5 V is achieved in the studied device, which is greater than that of 3.85 V in the single doping-channel device.
Gate voltage swing enhancement of InGaP/InGaAs pseudomorphic HFET with low-to-high double doping channels
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- Author(s): S.N. Datta ; S. Chakrabarti ; R. Roy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1523 –1525
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2155
- Type: Article
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A unified analytical framework is developed using a general two-parameter received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) model for two-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying with a multi-antenna relay, to determine error performance of binary modulation schemes over independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m faded links. The multi-antenna relay employs selection combining (SC) and the destination adopts distributed SC. Exact analytical expression is obtained for the cumulative distribution function of received SNR. A pair of generalised closed form expressions for bit error probability has been obtained for two specific AF relay configurations. - Author(s): S. Zheng ; C. Lou ; X. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 22, p. 1525 –1526
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2115
- Type: Article
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A cooperative spectrum sensing method for cognitive radio networks based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is proposed. Results show that the proposed PSO-based cooperative method is efficient and stable, and it results in higher detection probability than the modified deflection coefficient (MDC)-based method under the same probability of false alarm.
Comprehensive error performance analysis of distributed selection combining with multi-antenna amplify-and-forward relay over Nakagami-m fading channels
Cooperative spectrum sensing using particle swarm optimisation
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