Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 5, 26 February 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 5
26 February 2009
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- Author(s): J. Choi ; J. Park ; W. Kim ; K. Lim ; J. Laskar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 239 –240
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092874
- Type: Article
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A capacitor multiplier with a high multiplication factor and low power consumption is proposed to integrate a large capacitor of a phase-locked loop (PLL) loop filter in a small chip area. The proposed capacitor multiplier makes capacitance of 516.8 pF using an on-chip capacitor of 7.95 pF with current consumption of 100 µA. An integer-N PLL with a channel space of 1 MHz was fabricated with a 0.18 µm CMOS technology to employ the proposed capacitor multiplier. - Author(s): S.L. Jang ; C.W. Chang ; W.C. Cheng ; C.F. Lee ; M.H. Juang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 240 –241
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092027
- Type: Article
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A new divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) is proposed. The ILFD consists of a 7.6 GHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and two transformers, which are in series with the cross-coupled transistors in the VCO for signal injection. The proposed CMOS ILFD has been implemented with the TSMC 0.13 µm CMOS technology. At the supply voltage of 0.8 V, the core power consumption is 1.25 mW, and the free-running frequency of the ILFD is tunable from 7.2 to 7.87 GHz. At the input power of 0 dBm, the total divide-by-3 locking range is from 21.56 to 23.63 GHz as the tuning voltage is varied from 0.0 to 0.8 V. The phase noise of the locked ILFD output is lower than that of the free-running ILFD in the divide-by-3 mode.
High multiplication factor capacitor multiplier for an on-chip PLL loop filter
Low-power divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency dividers implemented with injection transformers
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- Author(s): M.J. Roo Ons ; S.V. Shynu ; M.J. Ammann ; S.J. McCormack ; B. Norton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 241 –243
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093617
- Type: Article
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A novel photovoltaic dipole antenna employing a solar concentrator as a reflector is proposed. Four identical emitter-wrap-through rear contact solar cells connected in series as a folded dipole are simultaneously used for power generation and as the antenna radiating element, which is located in the focal line of a parabolic solar concentrator. The parabolic structure acts as a solar concentrator for the photovoltaic cells as well as a reflector for the folded dipole antenna. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation with supportive experimental work validates this design. The measured fractional impedance bandwidth and gain were 21% and 11.1 dBi, respectively. The antenna/solar arrangement provide a power output of 73.7 mW for an irradiance of 1000 Wm−2. - Author(s): M. Ur Rehman ; Y. Gao ; X. Chen ; C. Parini ; Z. Ying
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 243 –245
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092772
- Type: Article
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The GPS antenna on mobile terminals suffers from multipath effects owing to reflection, diffraction and scattering of the incident wave in a radio environment. A traditional approach to evaluate the GPS antenna performance in a real multipath environment is therefore insufficient. Presented is a new technique to characterise these environmental effects and the system performance of GPS antennas on mobile terminals. - Author(s): J. Fostier and F. Olyslager
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 245 –246
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093122
- Type: Article
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Recent advances in the parallel multilevel fast multipole algorithm have paved the way for large-scale full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The introduction of the hierarchical partitioning technique and the use of an asynchronous parallel implementation have resulted in a scalable algorithm that runs efficiently, even on low-cost clusters. Presented is the accurate solution of the two-dimensional (2-D) transverse magnetic scattering at both a perfect electric conducting cylinder with a diameter of one million wavelengths and a dielectric cylinder with a diameter of half a million wavelengths. - Author(s): M. Pelosi ; O. Franek ; M.B. Knudsen ; G.F. Pedersen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 246 –248
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093559
- Type: Article
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The emerging trend for handset antenna design puts strong constraints on their volume occupation and user's proximity resilience. Several PIFA antenna configurations are investigated, studying the influence of substrate/superstrate dielectric loading on both absorption and mismatch loss at 900 MHz. By using high-permittivity materials and by leaving a small clearance area between the PIFA top plate and the back of the handset, both absorption and mismatch loss can be reduced at the expense of a narrower bandwidth. - Author(s): D. Sánchez-Escuderos ; M. Baquero-Escudero ; E. Antonino-Daviu ; J.I. Herranz-Herruzo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 248 –249
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092974
- Type: Article
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Use of a plane wave spectrum in the equivalent currents reconstruction of an antenna causes a poor resolution in the spatial domain. This is because the spectrum is band limited and therefore its discrete Fourier transform offers a limited resolution (λ). The use of prior discrete Fourier transform for the equivalent current reconstruction is proposed. This technique is able to obtain, by incorporating information of the antenna to the transformation, the best approximation to the ideal currents by means of the minimum weighted norm estimation. - Author(s): Z.-S. Duan ; S.-B. Qu ; Y. Wu ; J.-Q. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 249 –251
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092326
- Type: Article
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A novel wideband and broad-beam microstrip antenna loaded with gaps and stubs is proposed. The antenna is based on a two-layer stacked electromagnetic coupling microstrip patch antenna (ECMSA). The upper patch of the antenna is loaded with two arc gaps and three stubs. The ECMSA is used to achieve wide impedance bandwidth, while the gaps and stubs-loaded patch is used to obtain broad-beam. The impedance bandwidth is up to 34.6%. In this impedance bandwidth, the pattern bandwidth is 13%. In this pattern bandwidth, the 3 dB beamwidth of E-plane and H-plane remain stable and are about ±60°. Simulation results agree well with measured results.
Emitter-wrap-through photovoltaic dipole antenna with solar concentrator
Environment effects and system performance characterisation of GPS antennas for mobile terminals
Full-wave electromagnetic scattering at extremely large 2-D objects
Influence of dielectric loading on PIFA antennas in close proximity to user's body
Resolution enhancement in equivalent currents reconstruction by means of prior discrete Fourier transform
Wide bandwidth and broad beamwidth microstrip patch antenna
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- Author(s): A. Morgado ; J.M. de la Rosa ; R. del Río
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 251 –253
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093232
- Type: Article
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A novel architecture of a hybrid continuous-time/discrete-time cascade ΣΔ modulator that takes advantage of both circuit techniques, by including implicit anti-aliasing filtering and reduced sampling requirements, while presenting high robustness to circuit non-idealities, is presented. These circuital features are combined with programmable resonation to optimally distribute the zeros of the noise transfer function. In addition, the unity signal transfer function is implemented in all the modulator stages in order to reduce the integrator's output swing. All these characteristics make the proposed architecture well suited to the implementation of reconfigurable A/D conversion in future generations of wireless telecom systems.
Hybrid continuous-time/discrete-time cascade ΣΔ modulator with adaptive inter-stage resonation
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- Author(s): R. Serra and F.G. Canavero
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 253 –255
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093567
- Type: Article
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Presented are novel theoretical probability density functions (PDF) for the magnitude and phase of electromagnetic fields inside reverberation chambers (RC) operating in a ‘good-but-imperfect regime’. The derivation is based on considering two Gaussian random variables with mean values, variances and correlation between them that depart from the ideal assumptions. A multivariate approach using a complete joint Gaussian distribution of these variables is defined. Marginal distributions obtained by integration of this two-dimensional joint PDF are compared with theoretical PDFs for ideal situations, and significantly lower rejection rates are experienced for field data measured in real RCs. Additionally, these novel marginal PDFs are highly general since they are able to describe both ideal and non-ideal stirred fields. - Author(s): B. Kim and D.-W. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 255 –256
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092497
- Type: Article
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A spiral-shaped electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed to suppress simultaneous switching noise effectively when the power plane drives high-speed ICs. The new EBG structure is locally or periodically utilised on the power plane. Even with reduced unit cell size, its port-to-port transmission characteristic shows a much wider stopband than other conventional EBG structures.
Reconciling statistical models with practical experience of reverberation chambers
Spiral-shaped electromagnetic bandgap structure for simultaneous switching noise suppression
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- Author(s): P.D. Dragic
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 256 –257
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093739
- Type: Article
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A simplified model for the effect of Ge doping on the longitudinal acoustic modulus and acoustic damping coefficient of silica fibres is presented. The model provides the longitudinal acoustic velocity, Brillouin spectral width, and Brillouin gain coefficient as a function of the Ge concentration. The model only requires knowledge of high-level, easily-measurable physical properties of the bulk fictive materials. The model and experimental data were found to be in excellent agreement.
Simplified model for effect of Ge doping on silica fibre acoustic properties
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- Author(s): C. Jia ; H. Lu ; R. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 257 –259
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092891
- Type: Article
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A framework for human aggressive motion detection in image sequences captured from a single stationary camera is described. Background subtraction, connected chips linking and mean-shift estimation are used to extract target contour information. The binary rectangle containing contour points of the blob-set is transformed into a normalised Radon matrix. With labelled (normal or aggressive motion) Radon matrix as feature pools an online AdaBoost feature selection is implemented. Using the selected classifiers the human aggressive motion in a frame can be recognised. Experimental results show that the system performs well. - Author(s): K. Chung ; C.-H. Yu ; D. Kim ; L.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 259 –261
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092624
- Type: Article
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Hardware architecture of a tessellator based on a vertex shader is proposed to save memory bandwidth for a mobile 3D graphics engine. According to the appropriate separation of the tessellation process, the powerful performance of a vertex shader, 120 Mvertices/s, is utilised for floating point computations. The remaining part of the process is handled by a dedicated control unit, implementation of which requires 6.2% additional logic gates. The proposed tessellator reduces the bandwidth consumed to transfer 3D geometry data up to 1/250. - Author(s): W.A.R.J. Weerakkody ; W.A.C. Fernando ; M.B. Badem ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 261 –262
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20091992
- Type: Article
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A nonlinear quantisation algorithm for pixel domain distributed video codec (DVC) is proposed. A residual signal is generated at the encoder considering the Wyner-Ziv frame to be encoded and adjacent reference frames and this residual signal is quantised using a nonlinear quantiser. The proposed algorithm is simulated for a number of test video sequences and the results depict a significant improvement of rate distortion performance, by reducing the bit rate while keeping the same PSNR when compared with available pixel domain DVC codec that uses a linear quantiser.
Aggressive motion detection based on normalised Radon transform and online AdaBoost
Memory bandwidth saving by hardware tessellation with vertex shader
Nonlinear quantisation for pixel domain distributed video coding
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- Author(s): J.V. Galan ; P. Sanchis ; J. Blasco ; A. Martínez ; J. Martí ; J.M. Fedeli ; E. Jordana ; P. Gautier ; M. Perrin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 262 –264
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093138
- Type: Article
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Grating couplers for efficient coupling between silicon sandwiched slot waveguides and standard singlemode fibres are demonstrated. Coupling efficiency up to 20% is experimentally measured for TM polarisation and a wavelength of 1550 nm. A 20 nm 1 dB bandwidth is also obtained. Higher coupling efficiency is expected for particular designs according to simulation results.
Silicon sandwiched slot waveguide grating couplers
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- Author(s): A. Soibel ; M.W. Wright ; W. Farr ; S. Keo ; C. Hill ; R.Q. Yang ; H.C. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 264 –265
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20090079
- Type: Article
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High-speed interband cascade lasers have been fabricated and the first experimental evidence that these devices can be directly modulated at a frequency of 3.2 GHz and above is reported. - Author(s): A. Ducanchez ; L. Cerutti ; P. Grech ; F. Genty ; E. Tournié
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 265 –267
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20090134
- Type: Article
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Electrically-pumped GaSb-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers emitting up to 2.63 µm at room temperature are reported. The whole structure was grown monolithically in one run by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. This heterostructure is composed of two n-doped AlAsSb/GaSb DBRs, a type-I GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb multi-quantum-well active region and an InAsSb/GaSb tunnel junction. A quasi-CW (1 µs, 5 %) operation was obtained at room temperature for 35 µm-diameter devices with threshold current of 85 mA.
High-speed operation of interband cascade lasers
Mid-infrared GaSb-based EP-VCSEL emitting at 2.63 µm
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- Author(s): L. Li ; Z.-F. Li ; Q.-F. Wei
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 267 –268
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092120
- Type: Article
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A novel microstrip lowpass filter is proposed. It consists of a simple tapered structure using periodical compact microstrip resonant cells. Owing to the introduction of the tapered structure, the proposed lowpass filter has successfully addressed simultaneously the problems of compactness, matching, selectivity, insertion loss and the suppression of spurious frequency bands. A demonstration filter has been designed, fabricated and tested to show the validity of the proposed structure. - Author(s): L.-Y. Yang and K. Xie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 268 –270
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093134
- Type: Article
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Non-uniform coupled lines, which corrugate periodically not only on the inner edges but also on the inner and outer edges of the conductors, are proposed on longitudinally-magnetised ferrite for the first time. Compared with the conventional parallel ferrite-coupled-line (FCL) section, the corrugated structure can modify the operating frequency for non-reciprocity without changing the physical length of the conventional one. In addition, the simulated performance of a periodically non-uniform FCL section indicates a significant performance improvement of broader bandwidth. - Author(s): Y. Yun ; Y.B. Park ; K.H. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 270 –271
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092742
- Type: Article
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A short wavelength coplanar waveguide employing a periodically arrayed grounded-strip structure on a silicon substrate was developed for application to miniaturised passive components on a silicon substrate. Using the coplanar waveguide, a highly miniaturised impedance transformer was realised on a silicon substrate. The impedance transformer exhibited good RF performances from 1 to 40 GHz, and its size was 0.01 mm2, which is 6.99% of a conventional one. - Author(s): F. Bucholtz ; C.A. Villarruel ; P.F. Knapp ; J. Shue ; T.D. Andreadis ; R.T. Schermer ; J. Gil Gil ; K.J. Williams
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 272 –273
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20090009
- Type: Article
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The first measurement of the susceptibility of an off-the-shelf lithium-niobate intensity modulator to damage and disruption from high-power microwave pulses is reported. The device tested survived 1 kHz repetition rate pulses at 2.5 GHz centre frequency and 40 µs width up to 200 W peak power. The results are discussed in terms of material parameters and device characteristics.
Compact and selective lowpass filter with very wide stopband using tapered compact microstrip resonant cells
Periodically non-uniform coupled microstrip lines on longitudinally-magnetised ferrite
Short wavelength coplanar waveguide employing PAGS on silicon substrate for application to miniaturised passive components on RFIC
Susceptibility of lithium-niobate modulator to high-power microwave pulses
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- Author(s): L. Yang and Q.T. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 273 –275
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093231
- Type: Article
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The outage performance of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay system over slow frequency-nonselective fading channels, where maximal ratio transmission is adopted at both the source and relay transmitters whereas maximal ratio combining is used at relay and destination receivers, is investigated. A closed-form expression for the outage probability is presented. Numerical results are presented to verify the analysis. - Author(s): Y. Zhou ; R. Palanki ; J. Montojo ; P. Gaal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 275 –276
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093433
- Type: Article
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A simple scheme is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAPR) for multi-carrier systems with block-based channel estimation, where each user simultaneously transmits multiple traffic blocks across the frequency, and the channel estimation is done within each block. Unlike most existing schemes, the proposed scheme does not require additional side information or estimation at the receiver. Results indicate significant improvements in both the PAPR and cubic metric reduction.
Outage performance of MIMO relay channels with maximal ratio transmission
Peak-to-average ratio reduction scheme for multi-carrier systems with block-based channel estimation
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- Author(s): G. Gagnon ; F. Choquette ; J. Belzile ; F. Gagnon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 276 –278
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092690
- Type: Article
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Two recent carrier recovery loops for high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and optimisation of their parameters for minimum frequency acquisition times are analysed. All variations on the parameters were analysed and optimised to obtain optimal loop bandwidths and damping factors, for given signal-to-noise ratios. Simulation results show that after optimisation, the average acquisition time for 64-QAM is kept below 1000 symbols over the entire range of initial frequency offsets from 0 to 1/8 the symbol rate. This number increases to 3200 symbols for 256-QAM. - Author(s): M. Sybis ; P. Tyczka ; S. Papaharalabos ; P.T. Mathiopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 278 –280
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093564
- Type: Article
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A reduced-complexity modified decoding algorithm for turbo trellis-coded modulation (TTCM) is proposed and evaluated in terms of complexity and bit error rate (BER) performance in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The algorithm uses an optimal approximation of the Jacobian logarithm, used in the so-called Log-MAP decoding, by means of the max operation and three piecewise-linear terms. Further computational complexity savings are obtained by applying this approximation only to the two largest values within the decoding step. To improve performance, the algorithms are also investigated using a scaling factor for the extrinsic information. Computer-simulated BER performance evaluation results and complexity comparisons are reported showing the near-optimal performance as well as noticeable implementation advantages of the proposed algorithms with respect to the Log-MAP decoding.
Minimisation of carrier frequency acquisition time in QAM systems
Reduced-complexity algorithms for near-optimal decoding of turbo TCM codes
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- Author(s): H.C. Hansen Mulvad ; L.K. Oxenløwe ; M. Galili ; A.T. Clausen ; L. Grüner-Nielsen ; P. Jeppesen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 280 –281
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20090206
- Type: Article
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A 1.28 Tbaud data signal is demonstrated, which is the highest symbol rate yet reported. The data signal is formed by optical time-division multiplexing of 128 data channels at 10 Gbit/s OOK in a single polarisation. The generated 1.28 Tbit/s data signal is demultiplexed in a nonlinear optical loop mirror, resulting in error-free performance with a BER<10−9 for all 128 demultiplexed channels. - Author(s): X. Wu ; A. Bogoni ; M. Scaffardi ; G. Berrettini ; P. Ghelfi ; L. Potì ; G. Meloni ; A.E. Willner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 281 –283
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093614
- Type: Article
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Two 40 Gbit/s WDM signals to one 80 Gbit/s signal multiplexing based on cross-phase modulation in a 0.8 metre bismuth oxide highly nonlinear fibre, is experimentally demonstrated. Error-free operation was achieved after demultiplexing the 80 Gbit/s signal to 10 Gbit/s and less than 2.5 dB penalty was observed.
1.28 Tbit/s single-polarisation serial OOK optical data generation and demultiplexing
Multiplexing two 40 Gbit/s WDM signals into an 80 Gbit/s signal using XPM in 0.8 metre Bi-HNLF
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- Author(s): A.R. Md Zain ; N.P. Johnson ; M. Sorel ; R.M. De La Rue
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 283 –285
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092814
- Type: Article
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Resonance splitting has been demonstrated for two coupled micro-cavities with control of the free spectral range between the resonance peaks, together with a normalised transmission level of approximately 60%. Coupled micro-cavity-based structures that were separated by two closely spaced in-line coupler sections between the two micro-cavities have also been successfully fabricated and measured. The coupling strength of the two cavities was controlled via the use of hole tapering in the middle section between the two cavities. 2D finite-difference time-domain simulation shows close agreement with the results of measurements.
Coupling strength control in photonic crystal/photonic wire multiple cavity devices
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- Author(s): Y. Zhang and J. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 285 –286
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20093665
- Type: Article
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The successful design of a discrete frequency-coding waveform for MIMO radar which can achieve a lower range autocorrelation sidelobe peak and range cross-correlation peak is presented. The numerical results are presented to verify the effectiveness of this method.
Improved design of DFCW for MIMO radar
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- Author(s): A. Saleh ; G. Neveux ; D. Barataud ; J.M. Nebus ; J.P. Teyssier ; R. Quéré ; Y. Bouvier ; J. Godin ; M. Riet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 5, p. 286 –287
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20092922
- Type: Article
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A new technique and setup that enable pulsed I/V measurements of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) using very narrow 40 ns pulse widths is proposed. The characterisation methodology consists in driving the transistor base with constant direct current (DC current) while applying pulsed collector–emitter voltages (Vce). The Vce quiescent value is set to 0V. The Vce pulse peak is monitored to scan the Ic/Vce network. InGaAs/InP HBTs from Alcatel Thales III-V Lab have been measured for pulse widths varying from 300 down to 40 ns. The reported measurement results highlight the potential advantages of the proposed technique for transistor electro-thermal characterisation and modelling.
40 ns pulsed I/V setup and measurement method applied to InP HBT characterisation
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