Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 23, 5 November 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 23
5 November 2009
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- Author(s): C.-W. Lu and C.-M. Hsiao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1145 –1146
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.9033
- Type: Article
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Presented is a 0.9 V rail-to-rail constant gm CMOS amplifier input stage consisting of complementary differential pairs and a gm control circuit. The gm control circuit eliminates the gm dead zone, which occurs in the conventional rail-to-rail amplifier with ultra-low supply voltages. The proposed amplifier input stage has a constant gm that varies by ±2.3% for rail-to-rail input common-mode levels. To verify the proposed amplifier design, an experimental prototype operational amplifier is also implemented using 0.35 µm standard CMOS technology. - Author(s): S. Byun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1146 –1147
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2042
- Type: Article
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A spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) with a hybrid controlled oscillator (HCO) is presented. By using the proposed HCO, the modulation ratio of an SSCG can be made insensitive to process, voltage and temperature variations without a ΣΔ fractional-N phase-locked loop. The simulated modulation ratio sensitivities are as low as −1.3%/100°C and 7.0%/V for temperature and VDD, respectively. The SSCG IC, designed in a 0.18 µm 1P4M CMOS process, operates from 40 to 90 MHz and consumes 5.5 mA from a 1.8 V supply voltage.
0.9 V rail-to-rail constant gm CMOS amplifier input stage
Spread spectrum clock generator with hybrid controlled oscillator
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- Author(s): X. Bai ; X.M. Zhang ; Q. Yang ; Y.H. Wang ; L. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1148 –1149
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1926
- Type: Article
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A four rhombic loop antenna for circular polarisation is proposed. This antenna has a high gain of about 9.7 dBi and a broad beam of more than 130° half power beam width. Four parasitic loops are added inside the original four loops to increase the axis ratio bandwidth. A broadband balun is incorporated into the antenna for impedance matching. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented. - Author(s): M. Abdallah ; L. Le Coq ; F. Colombel ; G. Le Ray ; M. Himdi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1149 –1151
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1644
- Type: Article
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A frequency tunable antenna made with an open-circuit monopole coupled loop antenna associated to a varactor diode is presented. The proposed antenna shows a 35.8% relative bandwidth, covering the 470–675 MHz frequency range. Theoretical and experimental results of S11, radiation patterns and gain have been performed and show good agreement. - Author(s): S.-G. Zhou ; B.-H. Sun ; Y.-F. Wei ; Q.-Z. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1151 –1152
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1950
- Type: Article
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A novel low profile wideband antenna for digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) indoor applications is presented. The antenna can operate in two modes (circular patch antenna mode and microstrip mode), which leads to down-tilted beams when the antenna is mounted on a wall. An antenna prototype with a height of 46 mm has been constructed and tested. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna has VSWRs less than 2.0:1 and shaped radiation beams in the DVB-H band (470–706 MHz).
Circularly-polarised four rhombic loop antennas with high gain and broad beam
Frequency tunable monopole coupled loop antenna with broadside radiation pattern
Low profile wideband antenna with shaped beams for indoor DVB-H applications
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- Author(s): F. Shi and J. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1152 –1154
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1192
- Type: Article
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A novel bilateral filter based method for vessel enhancement on medical images is presented. The proposed approach incorporates the multiscale vesselness measurement into the bilateral filter and thus can correctly remove noise while preserving distal vessel structures. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): X. Wu ; Q. Xi ; Y.W. Chen ; S.S. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1154 –1155
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2118
- Type: Article
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The orientation of the small intestine varies among frames of a cinematic-magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) sequence owing to small intestine peristalsis, which increases the complexity of its contour tracking. There are also leakage problems owing to the presence of low contrast areas in some frames. An improved fast marching method using an anisotropic Gaussian filter and a boundary penalty is presented for the contour tracking of small intestine segments. Experimental results show that the proposed method can track accurate contours of small intestine segments without leakage problems. - Author(s): J. Fridén ; H. Isaksson ; B. Hansson ; B. Thors
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1155 –1157
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2429
- Type: Article
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A robust phase-retrieval method with stable convergence and back-propagation properties for quick experimental whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) assessments is presented. A combination of a fast and coarse method and a more accurate gradient-based method is used to optimise the overall performance. To prevent the solution being trapped in a local minimum, several initial phase distributions are used. An accurate measurement procedure has been developed which reduces measurement time by roughly a factor of 2.5–4 at common mobile communication frequencies compared with a volume scan based procedure.
Multiscale vesselness based bilateral filter for blood vessel enhancement
Orientation adaptive fast marching method for contour tracking of small intestine
Robust phase-retrieval for quick whole-body SAR assessment using dual plane amplitude-only data
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- Author(s): E. Zhian Tabasy ; M. Kamarei ; S.J. Ashtiani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1157 –1158
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1500
- Type: Article
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A new mismatch insensitive 1.5-bit multiplying digital–analogue converter (MDAC) is proposed. This circuit samples the input in closed-loop form using the opamp in non-inverting configuration; hence, only the parasitic input capacitance loads the previous stage. This technique uses a fully-differential four-input OTA instead of two single-ended two-input OTAs to further improve power consumption and matching. - Author(s): J. Núñez ; M.J. Avedillo ; J.M. Quintana
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1158 –1160
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1651
- Type: Article
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A novel realisation of inverted majority gates based on a programmable MOS-NDR device is presented. A comparison, in terms of area and power consumption, has been performed to demonstrate that the proposed circuit is more efficient than a similar reported structure.
1.5-bit mismatch-insensitive MDAC with reduced input capacitive loading
Efficient realisation of MOS-NDR threshold logic gates
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- Author(s): P. Wang and H. Qiao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1160 –1161
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2344
- Type: Article
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A novel, effective probabilistic tracking method is proposed to adaptively capture the varying target appearance in a complex environment. Different from the traditional particle filter algorithms, the proposed method estimates the weight of each particle not only through similarity measurement between the target model and each hypothetical observation, but also through dissimilarity measurement between the background model and each hypothetical observation. The reliable particles with high weights are then selected to estimate the target state, and the target model is evolved over time with a novel model update strategy. Comparison experimental results demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed algorithm under challenging conditions. - Author(s): A. Ciancio ; A.L.N.T. da Costa ; E.A.B. da Silva ; A. Said ; R. Samadani ; P. Obrador
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1162 –1163
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1800
- Type: Article
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A novel algorithm for no-reference blur assessment in digital pictures is proposed. This metric is based on the evaluation of local phase coherence across the scales of an overcomplete wavelet transform. We compare the performance of the proposed method with four state-of-the art metrics using a large database containing both simulated and real blur. - Author(s): Q.W. Bian ; J.L. Wang ; Y.J. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1163 –1165
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1320
- Type: Article
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Searching out goal shapes from 3D model databases has been a hot topic in many fields. A simple and successful method called volume D2 to retrieve models by volumetric distributions is proposed. Experimental results show that the method outperforms popular surface distribution approaches. - Author(s): C. Yoon ; S. Jang ; M. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1165 –1167
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1480
- Type: Article
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A vision-based system is described for adaptive cruise control to track road signs from within a moving vehicle. The proposed system has the standard architecture with a particle filter due to its robust tracking performance in a complex environment. In the case of tracking road signs in a real environment, it has great difficulty in predicting time series data by reason of its nonlinear characteristics. To overcome this problem, proposed is a state transition model to which the differences of affine parameters and a fuzzy-autoregressive model are applied. Also, to make an observation model, the Parzen window is used at a measurement step in the particle filter.
Adaptive probabilistic tracking with reliable particle selection
Objective no-reference image blur metric based on local phase coherence
Retrieval of 3D shapes using volume D2
Road sign tracking for adaptive cruise control under nonlinear conditions
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- Author(s): N. Keil ; Z. Zhang ; C. Zawadzki ; C. Wagner ; A. Scheibe ; H. Ehlers ; D. Ristau ; J. Wang ; W. Brinker ; N. Grote
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1167 –1168
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2262
- Type: Article
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Compact 1×2 wavelength multiplexer modules employing thin-film filters integrated into polymer planar waveguide circuits are presented. The modules also feature on-chip deep-etched U-grooves for precise fibre-chip coupling. Insertion loss <1 dB, crosstalk <−30 dB, and return loss <−50 dB have been achieved by various technological optimisations.
Ultra low-loss 1×2 multiplexer using thin-film filters on polymer integration platform
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- Author(s): M. Ishihara ; T. Morimoto ; S. Furuta ; K. Kasahara ; N. Akikusa ; K. Fujita ; T. Edamura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1168 –1169
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2782
- Type: Article
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The linewidth enhancement factor (α-factor) of a commercially available 6.1 µm InGaAs/InAlAs distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser capable of continuous-wave operation with a Peltier cooler and its current dependence were investigated. α tended to increase slowly with an increase in current. α, probably affected by detuning, was still smaller than that of conventional 1.55 µm semiconductor laser diodes. - Author(s): M. Xing ; W. Chen ; W. Zhou ; A. Liu ; H. Wang ; W. Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1170 –1171
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1695
- Type: Article
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A tunable edge-emitting microlaser is realised by a chirped line-defect photonic crystal waveguide. A tunable range of 57 nm is obtained experimentally.
Linewidth enhancement factor of quantum cascade lasers with single phonon resonance-continuum depopulation structure on Peltier cooler
Tunable edge-emitting microlaser on photonic crystal slab
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- Author(s): T. Göbel ; D. Schoenherr ; C. Sydlo ; M. Feiginov ; P. Meissner ; H.L. Hartnagel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1171 –1172
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2325
- Type: Article
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Fast electro-optic modulation of the terahertz phase, single-sampling-point lock-in detection and the use of interdigitated-finger photomixers improve the dynamic range of the transceiver by several orders of magnitude compared with standard chopping techniques. This allowed the frequency range of the continuous-wave on-chip terahertz transceiver to be extended beyond 1THz, which is roughly a factor of five improvement compared to previous reports. - Author(s): G. Amendola ; E. Arnieri ; L. Boccia ; A. Borgia ; I. Russo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1173 –1174
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2250
- Type: Article
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A hybrid technology that combines striplines and E-plane metallic waveguides is proposed for creating an efficient feeding network at K band. The hybrid structures consist of stripline circuits directly connected to the radiators and of E-plane metallic waveguides that are employed for the main distribution network of the array. To investigate the characteristics of the proposed technology, a 4×4 array of circular waveguide radiators was designed and created. Both simulated and measured results demonstrate that the hybrid waveguide-stripline configuration holds promise for the creation of efficient feeding networks for arrays operating at higher frequencies. - Author(s): J.-S. Kim ; M.-J. Park ; K.-B. Kong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1174 –1175
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2126
- Type: Article
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A modified design that can reject the nth harmonic output in the Wilkinson power divider is presented. After adding transmission lines between the resistor and each output port of the traditional design, a solution of the modified Wilkinson divider can be found. Experimental results show the third harmonic suppression to be −37.0 dB, while maintaining conventional performance at the fundamental frequency. - Author(s): E.H.W. Chan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1176 –1177
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0774
- Type: Article
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A continuously tunable RF/microwave photonic bandpass filter that simultaneously achieves high skirt selectivity and high stopband attenuation is presented. It is based on controlling the signal polarisation state in a reflective amplified recirculating delay line loop with a polariser at the output. A technique to overcome the phase noise limitation in the structure is also presented. Experimental results demonstrate continuous tuning of the high-performance photonic bandpass filter and a continuously tunable photonic bandpass filter with a low-noise performance.
Continuous-wave single-sampling-point characterisation of optoelectronic on-chip terahertz transceiver
Hybrid waveguide-stripline arrays at K band
Modified design of Wilkinson power divider for harmonic suppression
Tunable photonic bandpass filter with high-frequency response performance
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- Author(s): Y. Sun ; Á. Baricz ; M. Zhao ; X. Xu ; S. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1177 –1179
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2467
- Type: Article
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The bit error probability (BEP) of DQPSK with Gray coding over an AWGN channel can be computed simply, although it is hard to integrate and derive the average BEP for fading channels. Presented are novel approximations of the average BEP of DQPSK with Gray coding over fading channels. Numerical results show that the novel formulations are quite accurate.
Approximate average bit error probability for DQPSK over fading channels
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- Author(s): D. Morales-Jiménez and J.F. Paris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1179 –1180
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.9886
- Type: Article
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An exact closed-form analytical expression is derived for the average bit error probability of dual-branch switched diversity over Rayleigh fading. A practical scheme is considered employing binary nonorthogonal signalling with noncoherent detection. The analytical results are useful to evaluate the performance–bandwidth trade-off in systems that intentionally employ nonorthogonal signalling. - Author(s): E. Liu and K.K. Leung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1180 –1182
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0943
- Type: Article
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The proportional fair scheduling (PFS) algorithm is implemented in current 3G wireless networks for high data rate delay-tolerant services. Though the algorithm has low implementation complexity, the problem of proportional fairness is NP-hard. An analytical expression is obtained to approximate the throughput of PFS in cellular networks over Rayleigh fading channels. Comparisons against simulation results show that the expression is accurate. - Author(s): G. Oliveri ; M. Donelli ; A. Massa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1182 –1183
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1927
- Type: Article
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Almost difference sets (ADSs) have important applications in cryptography, coding theory, and antenna array thinning. A new approach is proposed to derive ADSs of arbitrary lengths. Such a technique recasts the ADS design as a combinatorial optimisation problem successively solved by means of a suitable binary genetic algorithm. New ADSs are derived to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Closed-form analysis of dual-branch switched diversity with binary nonorthogonal signalling
Throughput of proportional fair scheduling over Rayleigh fading channels
Genetically-designed arbitrary length almost difference sets
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- Author(s): Y. Zhang and W. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1184 –1185
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2735
- Type: Article
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A feedforward neural-network is proposed with hidden-layer neurons activated by Gegenbauer orthogonal functions. Compared with conventional back-propagation training algorithms, a weights-direct-determination method is proposed to determine the neural-network weights directly, which avoids a lengthy iterative-training procedure. Computer simulations further substantiate the efficacy of such a Gegenbauer orthogonal basis neural network.
Gegenbauer orthogonal basis neural network and its weights-direct-determination method
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- Author(s): B. Castillo-Vázquez ; A. García-Zambrana ; C. Castillo-Vázquez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1185 –1187
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1309
- Type: Article
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An exact closed-form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) of multiple-input-single-output free-space optical (FSO) communication systems with intensity modulation and direct detection using selection transmit diversity over strong atmospheric turbulence channels is derived. Assuming channel side information (CSI) at the transmitter and receiver, the transmit diversity technique based on the selection of the optical path with a greater value of scintillation has shown to be able to extract full diversity, outperforming other alternatives in which CSI at the transmitter is not considered. - Author(s): K.E. Zoiros ; C. O'Riordan ; M.J. Connelly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1187 –1189
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1701
- Type: Article
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The feasibility of employing a Lyot filter to compensate for the pattern effect in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is experimentally demonstrated. The operation mechanism relies on the control of its comb-like transfer function by proper adjustment of the wavelength spacing and detuning to suppress the spectral components broadened owing to SOA gain saturation. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated on amplified 10 Gbit/s return to zero data.
Closed-form BER expression for FSO links with transmit laser selection over exponential atmospheric turbulence channels
Semiconductor optical amplifier pattern effect suppression using Lyot filter
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- Author(s): J. Hannon ; R. Foley ; J. Griffiths ; K.G. McCarthy ; M.G. Egan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1189 –1190
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0859
- Type: Article
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Presented is a digital pulse width modulator and dead-time circuit for a buck converter. The circuit allows the characterisation of the power converter over a wide range of operating conditions. It was implemented on a 0.35 µm CMOS process and results were measured at a number of switching frequencies.
Digital PWM with variable frequency for monolithic buck converter
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- Author(s): Y.P. Zeng ; H. Benedickter ; B.-R. Wu ; C.R. Bolognesi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1190 –1191
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1646
- Type: Article
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Reported is the first experimental microwave noise characterisation of 0.9×11.5 µm2 emitter AlInAs/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors with a ‘type-I’ AlInAs emitter. The devices feature cutoff frequencies of fT=210 GHz and fMAX=127 GHz, and achieve a minimum noise figure NFmin<3 dB with an associated gain GA=12 dB at 10 GHz. - Author(s): F. Capy ; J.P. Laur ; M. Breil ; F. Richardeau ; J.L. Sanchez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1191 –1193
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0819
- Type: Article
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A new self-controlled and self-protected integrated power switch dedicated to self-switching mode power converters is presented. To achieve this function, an original topology based on an IGBT is proposed and its operation is analysed by 2D physical simulation. The topology validates the functionality, the switching phases are instantaneous and the switch is compliant with technical specifications. These results motivate the realisation of this device, offering promising potential for a wide range of applications. - Author(s): Y. Xu ; Y. Guo ; Y. Wu ; R. Xu ; B. Yan ; W. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1193 –1194
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1573
- Type: Article
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Thermal noise caused by source parasitic impedance (Rs) is one of the most important noise mechanisms in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. A physical based frequency dependent Rs model is proposed. This model has been implemented in the PUCEL model for validation purpose, and the results show that the minimum noise figure (Fmin) of an AlGaN/GaN HEMT is not linear but nonlinear against frequency.
Microwave noise characterisation of AlInAs/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs
Self-switching circuit based on IGBT suited for monolithic integration
Source access impedance model for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
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- Author(s): N. Madhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1195 –1196
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1977
- Type: Article
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Spectral flatness is a feature of acoustic signals that has been useful in many audio signal processing applications. The traditional definition of spectral flatness is the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean of the magnitude spectrum of the signal, as obtained from the DFT. Presented is an analysis of this measure and the shortcomings. To overcome these shortcomings, a robust measure based on the concept of entropy is proposed. Although this entropy-based measure is derived from a completely different standpoint, it is closely related to the traditional measure, the relation of which is also derived here. Given the importance that spectral flatness is gaining in the field of audio signal processing, it is believed that an understanding of this measure and the development of a robust version as proposed is exigent.
Note on measures for spectral flatness
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- Author(s): D. Neculoiu ; A. Müller ; G. Deligeorgis ; A. Dinescu ; A. Stavrinidis ; D. Vasilache ; A.M. Cismaru ; G.E. Stan ; G. Konstantinidis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 23, p. 1196 –1197
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2520
- Type: Article
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The fabrication and characterisation of surface acoustic wave resonators operating in the gigahertz frequency range are presented. The devices were fabricated on thin AlN layers deposited by magnetron sputtering on high resistivity (100) oriented silicon substrates. Using direct writing e-beam lithography, well defined interdigital transducers with 300 nm finger width and spacing have been obtained. On-wafer microwave measurements have demonstrated a narrow bandstop frequency characteristic with high rejection at approximately 5 GHz and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.53%.
AlN on silicon based surface acoustic wave resonators operating at 5 GHz
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