Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 21, 8 October 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 21
8 October 2009
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- Author(s): F. Yuan and N. Soltani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1057 –1058
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1597
- Type: Article
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A low-voltage relaxation oscillator for passive wireless microsystems is proposed. The oscillator employs a current pulse generator to generate effective hysteresis for oscillation without using a Schmitt trigger, avoiding the drawback of the high sensitivity of the frequency of Schmitt trigger relaxation oscillators to supply voltage fluctuation. The proposed oscillator has been implemented in TSMC-0.18 µm 1.8 V six-metal one-poly CMOS technology. The performance of the oscillator is validated using measurement results.
Low-voltage low VDD sensitivity relaxation oscillator for passive wireless microsystems
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- Author(s): Y. Li and K.P. Esselle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1058 –1060
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0959
- Type: Article
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A small EBG resonator antenna (1.62λ0×1.62λ0×λ0/4 in size) with specially-located PEC sidewalls to close the resonant cavity is proposed to achieve maximum directivity. An in-phase highly-reflecting surface is installed a quarter-wavelength above the PEC ground plane. For this small EBG resonator antenna, 13.5 dBi measured directivity and 11 dBi peak gain are obtained at 11.6 GHz. - Author(s): N. Farrokh-Heshmat ; J. Nourinia ; C. Ghobadi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1060 –1061
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1887
- Type: Article
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A novel modified printed ultra-wideband (UWB) slot antenna with a square structure and a trapezoid tuning stub as well as a band-notch characteristic is presented. By embedding two L-shaped slits at the edge of the open radiating slot, a tunable notched band, for avoiding interference between the UWB and WLAN systems, is achieved. Moreover, by optimising the dimensions of the polygon-like slot and tuning stub, the impedance bandwidth and matching of the antenna can be improved. The realised slot antenna operates over 2.6–13.6 GHz for VSWR<2 and has a rejected band of 4.9–5.85 GHz. - Author(s): H. Kimouche ; H. Zemmour ; B. Atrouz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1061 –1063
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1808
- Type: Article
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A compact printed dipole antenna is proposed for radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. It consists of a combination of two kinds of fractal shapes with the aim of reducing antenna size. To ensure conjugate matching with the essentially complex impedance of the electronic chip directly embedded into the radiator, a double T-match structure is used. The antenna has been designed and optimised to cover the bi-band for the passive RFID tag at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. Details of the proposed antenna design and measured results are presented and discussed. - Author(s): V. Plicanic and B.K. Lau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1063 –1065
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1149
- Type: Article
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The throughput performance of two parallel half-wavelength dipoles with different antenna spacings and antenna gain imbalances for two frequency bands in a live High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) network is reported. It was found that an antenna spacing of 0.25 wavelengths and gain imbalances of up to 6 dB are sufficient to provide significant throughput gain for the same transmit power, or equivalently, an increase in network coverage for a given throughput, as compared to a single dipole. - Author(s): S. Myllymaki ; A. Huttunen ; M. Berg ; M. Komulainen ; H. Jantunen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1065 –1066
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1728
- Type: Article
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A method for measuring user-induced load on a triple-band GSM PIFA antenna is presented. The capacitance, total efficiency and matching of the antenna were measured in terms of the increased load of a phantom hand. Up to 10% tuning of the centre frequency occurred, with from 52 to 15% decreased total efficiency owing to the undesired hand grip. The comparable capacitance increased proportionally from 3.83 to 4.45 pF, allowing evaluation of the magnitude of the load. - Author(s): M. Koohestani and M. Golpour
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1066 –1067
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1748
- Type: Article
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A very ultra-wideband compact microstrip slot antenna targeting the 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency band is presented. The proposed antenna is a simple printed slot antenna with a novel radiator, which is fed by a 50 Ω CPW line. The measured return loss extends from 2.8–33.4 GHz, about 169%. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 24×25 mm. The measured radiation patterns confirm that the antenna shows an approximately omnidirectional radiation pattern.
Small EBG resonator high-gain antenna using in-phase highly-reflecting surface
Band-notched ultra-wideband printed open-slot antenna using variable on-ground slits
Dual-band fractal shape antenna design for RFID applications
Impact of spacing and gain imbalance between two dipoles on HSPA throughput performance
Method for measuring user-induced load on mobile terminal antenna
Very ultra-wideband printed CPW-fed slot antenna
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- Author(s): K.-H. Lee ; Y.-J. Kim ; K.-S. Kim ; S.-H. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1067 –1069
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2013
- Type: Article
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Described is a 14 bit 50 MS/s CMOS four-stage pipeline A/D converter (ADC)-based on a digital code-error calibration. The proposed calibration technique measures the capacitor mismatch errors of the front-end multiplying DAC (MDAC) with the back-end pipeline stages while the measured code errors are stored in memory and corrected in the digital domain during normal conversion. The calibration needs the increased power dissipation and chip area of 1.4% and 10.7%, respectively, compared to a 14 bit uncalibrated conventional pipeline ADC. The prototype ADC fabricated in a 0.18um CMOS process occupies an active die area of 4.2 mm2 and consumes 140 mW at 1.8 V and 50 MS/s. After calibration, the measured DNL and INL of the ADC are improved from 0.69 to 0.39 LSB and from 33.60 to 2.76 LSB, respectively.
14 bit 50 MS/s 0.18 µm CMOS pipeline ADC based on digital error calibration
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- Author(s): A.M. Hatta ; G. Rajan ; Y. Semenova ; G. Farrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1069 –1071
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1822
- Type: Article
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A singlemode–multimode–singlemode (SMS) fibre structure for temperature measurement that utilises a simple intensity-based interrogation system is proposed. The temperature dependence of the SMS fibre structure utilised as a sensor is investigated numerically and experimentally. It is found that a strong temperature dependence for the SMS fibre structure exists at selected wavelengths. The temperature characteristic at such wavelengths is linear in nature and can be used for temperature measurements. The proposed temperature sensor offers a high resolution and accuracy, and also benefits from a simple configuration and low cost when compared to other fibre-optic temperature sensors. - Author(s): M.A. Soto ; G. Bolognini ; F. Di Pasquale
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1071 –1072
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2381
- Type: Article
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Proposed and characterised is the use of multi-longitudinal mode Fabry-Pérot laser sources, in distributed optical fibre sensors based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering, for simultaneous strain and temperature measurements. Experimental results show that, by using such multi-longitudinal mode lasers, it is possible to measure the Brillouin spectrum, even if the overall laser spectral linewidth is larger than the Brillouin frequency shift. In this case, a suitable receiver scheme, combining optical and electrical heterodyne detection, is needed. Results report an increase in the threshold value of the input peak power before onset of nonlinear effects, allowing for a better sensing performance compared to single-longitudinal mode lasers.
SMS fibre structure for temperature measurement using a simple intensity-based interrogation system
Distributed optical fibre sensors based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering employing multimode Fabry-Pérot lasers
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- Author(s): F. Dong ; G.J. Clapworthy ; H. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1072 –1074
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1871
- Type: Article
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A least squares construction method is proposed to synthesise contours for human figure portrayal. It allows the creation of novel views of a human figure from different viewing angles, or the generation of a sequence of contours to depict the movement of a human character. - Author(s): E.C. Lee and K.R. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1074 –1076
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1231
- Type: Article
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In general, the vein pattern in a finger vein image is not distinctive owing to light scattering through the skin layer, which makes detection of the finger vein region difficult. To solve this problem, a new finger vein image restoration method is proposed. Experimental results show that the equal error rate of finger vein recognition with the proposed restoration method is 0.76% and that without it is 1.35%. - Author(s): S. Park ; D.H. Kim ; M. Park ; S.-K. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1076 –1077
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1355
- Type: Article
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A novel scan matching method based on a spectral technique is proposed to estimate the robot pose by matching 2D range scans without an initial alignment. The proposed method finds consistent correspondence between two range scans, by considering how well their associated pairwise geometric relationships are satisfied.
Contour synthesis by least-squares construction
Restoration method of skin scattering blurred vein image for finger vein recognition
Spectral scan matching for robot pose estimation
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- Author(s): L. Ren and H. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1077 –1079
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1851
- Type: Article
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A novel dual-band bandpass filter based on a dual-plane structure consisting of both a microstrip and a defected ground structure (DGS) slot with an interdigital shape is proposed. The microstrip structure is connected to the ground plane by grounding vias to obtain tight coupling. By tuning the length of the fingers in the DGS, it is convenient to change the first passband operating frequency. The equivalent-circuit model is derived for the filter. A filter with two passbands centring at 2.44 and 3.28 GHz is shown with stopband attenuation of greater than 30 dB over the frequency range 3.7–9 GHz.
Dual-band bandpass filter based on dual-plane microstrip/interdigital DGS slot structure
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- Author(s): N.B. Zhang ; G.X. Kang ; Y.Y. Guo ; P. Zhang ; X. Gui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1079 –1081
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1933
- Type: Article
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An adaptive transmitted distributed antenna (DA) selection strategy in distributed antenna systems (DAS) with limited feedback (LFB) beamforming is proposed. By maximising the upper bound of ergodic capacity in DAS with LFB beamforming, the proposed strategy can adaptively adjust the number of transmitted DAs. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy achieves greater ergodic capacity than the strategy with a fixed number of transmitted DAs.
Adaptive transmitted distributed antenna selection strategy in distributed antenna systems with limited feedback beamforming
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- Author(s): C.J. Nelson ; L. Stankovic ; B. Honary
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1081 –1082
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1699
- Type: Article
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The performance of partial unit memory-based turbo codes (PUM-TC) with standard convolutional-based turbo codes (RSC-TC) are analysed and compared. Resulting extrinsic information transfer charts indicate that the proposed PUM-based codes have higher mutual information during iterative decoding than the equivalent RSC-TC for the same SNR, i.e. the output of the decoders provides a better approximation of the decoded bits. It is shown that the PUM-TC outperforms known equivalent RSC-TC at the error-floor region, with comparable performance in the waterfall region.
Partial unit memory-based turbo codes
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- Author(s): A. Armato ; L. Fanucci ; G. Pioggia ; D. De Rossi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1082 –1084
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1704
- Type: Article
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A new low-error approximation of the sigmoid function based on the piecewise linear method is proposed. The approximation results, in comparison with those of the state-of-the-art, show the lowest mean absolute and relative errors.
Low-error approximation of artificial neuron sigmoid function and its derivative
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- Author(s): S. Petit ; T. Kurosu ; M. Takahashi ; T. Yagi ; S. Namiki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1084 –1085
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.9044
- Type: Article
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A simple and efficient continuously tunable wavelength converter for any arbitrary input and output wavelengths is presented. Conversion efficiency higher than −5 dB over 30 nm, owing to a dispersion-decreasing highly nonlinear fibre with stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) suppressed by distributed strain, is reported.
Continuously tunable wavelength converter by four-wave mixing in SBS suppressed highly nonlinear fibre
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- Author(s): W. Lee ; J. Lee ; K. You
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1085 –1087
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1427
- Type: Article
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The heterodyne laser interferometer is restricted by some unwanted nonlinear and environmental errors which are caused mainly from the frequency-mixing and the non-uniformal air refraction, respectively. Such errors act as an obstacle for measurement accuracy, especially in nanometer scale. Proposed is a compensation algorithm based on the WDF (weighted least square: WLS and data fusion: DF) method to improve measurement accuracy. The WLS method has a capability of minimal reduced error to eliminate the nonlinearity error in a laser interferometer. In the DF method, two laser heads used to obtain multiple measurement data are combined together to reduce environmental errors. - Author(s): S.-I. Inoue and S. Yokoyama
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1087 –1089
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1578
- Type: Article
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An ultra-compact Mach-Zehnder (MZ) electro-optic (EO) modulator composed of nanoscale metal gap waveguides is numerically demonstrated. Propagation of surface plasmon polaritons in nano-size channels and their EO modulations is investigated by the finite-difference time-domain method considering the Lorentz-Drude model. The half-wave voltage (Vπ) of the resulting MZ modulator for push–pull operation is 1.73 V using the interference arm with a sub-micron length (500 nm).
Improved measurement accuracy in heterodyne laser interferometer using WDF
Numerical simulation of ultra-compact electro-optic modulator based on nanoscale plasmon metal gap waveguides
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- Author(s): C.J. Hill ; A. Soibel ; D.Z.-Y. Ting ; S.A. Keo ; J.M. Mumolo ; J. Nguyen ; M. Lee ; S.D. Gunapala
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1089 –1090
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1560
- Type: Article
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Superlattice (SL) photodetectors operating with a cutoff wavelength of λ = 10 µm are demonstrated to respond up to a temperature of T=140 K with a nonunity gain enabling a high responsivity of ℜ=25 A/W. The improvement in detector performance is achieved by the optimisation of SL heterodiode design in which suppression of dark current is realised without significant impact on the photocurrent. - Author(s): N.S. Johnston ; C. Stewart ; R.A. Light ; B.R. Hayes-Gill ; M.G. Somekh ; S.P. Morgan ; J.R. Sambles ; M.C. Pitter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1090 –1092
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1182
- Type: Article
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A scalable 64×64 array of feedback buffered photodiodes with column level demodulation circuitry has been fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process. The camera provides two-dimensional phase-sensitive imaging on a line-scan basis using 64 independent quad-phase demodulation channels. Using four phases suppresses even harmonics, enabling the array to be used for heterodyne demodulation.
High temperature operation of long-wavelength infrared superlattice detector with supressed dark current
Quad-phase synchronous light detection with 64×64 CMOS modulated light camera
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- Author(s): Y. Guan ; S. Gong ; Y. Xu ; F. Zha ; W. Jiang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1092 –1093
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1449
- Type: Article
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A novel technique for the monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) computation of complex targets modelled with trimmed nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces is proposed using physical optics (PO). The stationary phase method (SPM) is demonstrated to be invalid in evaluation of the PO integral over trimmed surfaces. Thus a new method, which combines SPM with the Gordon method (namely SPM-Gordon) is presented as a substitute and good candidate. Examples show that excellent accuracy is obtained. - Author(s): J.-R. Yang ; D.-W. Kim ; S. Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1093 –1095
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.9062
- Type: Article
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A quasi-circulator, composed of two branch-line couplers and an asymmetric power combiner, is proposed to effectively cancel the transmitter leakage signals in a monostatic six-port radar. The effective isolation is improved by 12.2 dB at 24 GHz. With the proposed quasi-circulator, the maximum detectable range of the six-port radar is improved by 167%, compared with that of the six-port radar with a conventional branch-line coupler.
Computation of RCS of targets modelled with trimmed NURBS surfaces
Quasi-circulator for effective cancellation of transmitter leakage signals in monostatic six-port radar
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- Author(s): M. Scarpiniti ; R. Parisi ; A. Uncini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1095 –1096
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1274
- Type: Article
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A novel, simple and effective algorithm for the estimation of the probability density function and cumulative density function is presented. The algorithm is based on an information maximisation approach. The nonlinear function involved in the algorithm is adaptively modified during learning and is implemented by using a spline function.
Flexible estimation of probability and cumulative density functions
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- Author(s): Y. Jeong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1096 –1098
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1692
- Type: Article
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A unified 2-mode analysis method is presented for a speaker adaptation method that uses bases. Different structures of training matrices produce different sets of bases in the same framework. Two forms of training matrices are investigated. Bases obtained from the same training matrix as eigenvoice express the same space as that of eigenvoice, hence producing the same recognition result; the new form of training matrix produces the bases that express a different space but also capture the variation of training speakers. In the isolated word recognition experiment, the speaker-adapted model that uses the new bases reduces the error rates of the speaker-independent model and eigenvoice by about 71 and 26% on average, respectively, for adaptation data longer than 3 s.
Unified framework for basis-based speaker adaptation using 2-mode analysis
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- Author(s): C. Shen ; S. Harte ; E. Popovici ; B. O'Flynn ; R. Atkinson ; A. Ruzzelli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1098 –1099
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1217
- Type: Article
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A mature wireless sensor network automation tool requires the implementation of different protocols for different topology and application scenarios to optimise the overall system performance. Focusing on the transport layer energy-aware routing function for the Tyndall Heterogeneous Automated Wireless Sensor (THAWS), embedding a reactive routing protocol, an energy-efficient proactive heuristic protocol and a distributed geographical routing mechanism on the Tyndall 10 and 25 mm nodes is proposed. Those protocols manage small, medium and large sensor applications adaptively, while the end users of the THAWS tool are transparent from protocol selection. - Author(s): H.-H. Choi ; O. Song ; J.-R. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1099 –1101
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1104
- Type: Article
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A new vertical handover scheme for a VoIP connection is proposed, which makes use of the on–off characteristics of voice traffic by aligning the mutual silence period of the two parties engaged in conversation with the service disruption time as much as possible during the handover procedure. From the six-state Brady model, a simplified two-state Markov model is derived, by which the characteristics of both the talk-spurt period and the mutual silence period are obtained. The result shows that the proposed scheme significantly decreases the VoIP packet loss probability, while the resulting increased total time required for the vertical handover procedure is reasonable in the context of the 3G-WLAN handover scenario.
Automated protocol selection for energy efficient WSN applications
Voice-activity-based vertical handover in 3G-WLAN interworking networks
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- Author(s): M. Hikita ; Y. Hiraizumi ; H. Aoki ; J. Matsuda ; T. Watanabe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 21, p. 1101 –1102
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1290
- Type: Article
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A novel surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor with self-temperature-compensated characteristics is proposed. Any type of piezoelectric crystal substrate irrelevant to their temperature coefficients of SAW velocities, can be adopted in this gas sensor. The sensing dynamic range can be extended utilising both the fundamental and third-harmonic frequency signals. Experimental results at the 75 MHz fundamental frequency and the 225 MHz third-harmonic frequency showed validity of the proposed sensor structure.
Experiments for self-temperature-compensated characteristics of SAW gas sensor at fundamental and third-harmonic frequencies
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