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Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 19, 10 September 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 19
10 September 2009
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- Author(s): H.K. Rouf ; F. Costen ; S.G. Garcia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 961 –962
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1940
- Type: Article
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The unconditionally stable Crank-Nicolson finite difference time domain (CN-FDTD) method is extended to incorporate frequency-dependent media in three dimensions. A Gaussian-elimination-based direct sparse solver is used to deal with the large sparse matrix system arising from the formulation. Numerical results validate and confirm that the scheme is unconditionally stable for time steps over the Courant-Friedrich-Lewy limit of classical FDTD. - Author(s): P. Deo ; A. Mehta ; D. Mirshekar-Syahkal ; P.J. Massey ; H. Nakano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 962 –964
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1788
- Type: Article
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A novel hybrid high impedance surface is presented and a beam steerable four feed square loop antenna is built on this structure. At a test frequency of 4.7 GHz, the proposed hybrid high impedance surface based square loop antenna is 4.69 mm high and has an impedance bandwidth of 650 MHz and directivity of 8.7 dBi. Compared with the earlier reported steerable square loop antenna the new antenna's performance equates to a thickness reduction of 61%, bandwidth enhancement of 150%, a directivity improvement of 2 dBi, a co-polar sidelobe reduction of 11 dB, and a cross-polarisation sidelobe reduction of 5 dB. - Author(s): V. González-Posadas ; J.L. Jiménez-Martín ; F.J. Herraiz-Martínez ; L.E. García-Muñoz ; D. Segovia-Vargas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 964 –966
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1804
- Type: Article
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An equivalent circuit approach to design dual-frequency printed dipoles is presented. This approach is based on magnetic coupled circuit characterising an antipodal printed dipole loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs). This kind of antenna allows working with any arbitrary pair of frequencies, and the equivalent circuit predicts accurately the two resulting resonance frequencies, as well as their bandwidth. Two prototypes, one working at 1.32 and 2.83 GHz and the second working at 1.2 and 2.05 GHz. have been manufactured and measured, showing excellent agreement with simulations and reasonable values for efficiencies at both frequencies.
3D Crank-Nicolson finite difference time domain method for dispersive media
Beam steerable square loop antenna over hybrid high impedance surface
Design of dual-frequency SRR-loaded dipole with equivalent circuit approach
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- Author(s): T. Poggi ; A. Sciutto ; M. Storace
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 966 –967
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1664
- Type: Article
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It is shown how to implement by a mixed-signal circuit a continuous-time dynamical system. The chosen case study is the Hindmarsh-Rose model of a biological neuron, but the design strategy can be applied to a large class of continuous-time nonlinear dynamical systems. The system nonlinearities are first approximated by using piecewise-linear functions and then digitally implemented on a field programmable gate array. The linear part of the system is completely analogue and is implemented by using operational amplifiers. Measurement results show that the circuit can reproduce the main dynamics of a biologically plausible neuron.
Piecewise linear implementation of nonlinear dynamical systems: from theory to practice
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- Author(s): Z. Xu and L. MacEachern
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 968 –969
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1131
- Type: Article
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An adaptive predistortion technique for direct modulated lasers is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The predistortion calibration is through multivariable feedback control and does not require digital signal processing or storing data in memories. Therefore, this technique suggests a potential analogue implementation with less circuit complexity. A design example is implemented using standard CMOS technology. Experimental results confirm the validity and the robustness of the feedback algorithm. Measured results show about 5–15 dB reduction of IM3 and HD2 distortion over more than 300 MHz bandwidth.
Adaptive predistortion of lasers using multivariable feedback algorithm
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- Author(s): C. Winstead
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 969 –970
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1073
- Type: Article
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A novel approach to von Neumann multiplexing is considered, in which NAND gates are replaced by Muller C-elements. The new method is developed as an application of maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimation, and is shown to be superior to NAND multiplexing in systems where transient upsets are the dominant fault species. - Author(s): W. Yu and G.C. Temes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 971 –972
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1572
- Type: Article
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Two new start-up DAC calibration techniques are proposed for double-sampling ΔΣ modulators. The first one is a modification of the existing calibration technique, while the second technique is proposed specifically for double-sampling ΔΣ modulators. Dynamic element matching is used to eliminate ‘intra-DAC’ mismatches, and digital correction for the remaining ‘inter-DAC’ mismatches.
C-element multiplexing for fault-tolerant logic circuits
Power-up calibration techniques for double-sampling ΔΣ modulators
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- Author(s): G. Rego
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 972 –974
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1767
- Type: Article
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Long period gratings arc-induced in different types of fibre were annealed at 1000°C for 24 h. During the annealing, the spectrum of the gratings written in Ge-doped fibres shifted towards longer wavelengths whereas an opposite shift was observed for gratings written in Ge-free fibres. A discussion on the mechanisms responsible for that behaviour is presented.
Annealing of arc-induced gratings at high temperatures
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- Author(s): C. Zhou ; Y.H. Tan ; J.W. Tian ; Y.H. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 974 –975
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1296
- Type: Article
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A low-complexity early termination algorithm for mode decision in H.264 is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on the statistical distribution of per-pixel motion cost, and it can skip the mode decision of the candidate macroblock modes with low probability. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can reduce the encoding time by 16.25% on average with the limited performance loss of about 0.023 dB.
3σ-rule-based early termination algorithm for mode decision in H.264
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- Author(s): L. Wu ; K. Niu ; Z. He ; W. Xu ; J. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 975 –976
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1770
- Type: Article
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The ergodic capacity of dual-hop wireless communication systems with amplify-and-forward fixed gain relays over composite multipath/shadowing fading channels is investigated. Closed-form bound based on Jensen's inequality for the capacity of a dual-hop transmissions system is derived. Numerical results show that the power allocation between the two hops may have effects on system performance.
Ergodic capacity of dual-hop transmissions over composite multipath/shadowing channels
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- Author(s): H.B. Song ; T. Yanagawa ; O. Tadanaga ; K. Magari ; M. Asobe ; H. Ishii ; H. Oohashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 977 –978
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1720
- Type: Article
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A compact and tunable difference frequency generation mid-infrared laser for gas sensing is developed using a quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3 (QPM-LN) waveguide and a tunable laser diode array (TLA). The absorption spectra of methane from the −third- to +fifth-order around 3.3 µm are observed by tuning the QPM-LN waveguide temperature and the TLA wavelength. The absorption line width is investigated with high spectral resolution scanning and the result is compared with that calculated from the HITRAN database. - Author(s): T. Sarmiento ; H.P. Bae ; T.D. O'Sullivan ; J.S. Harris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 978 –979
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1626
- Type: Article
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Electrically-pumped GaAs-based 1.53 µm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers operating in pulsed mode at room temperature and continuous wave (CW) up to 20°C are reported for the first time. The lasers employ a GaInNAsSb/GaNAs multiple quantum well active region, a selectively oxidised AlAs aperture and p- and n-doped Al(Ga)As/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors. Typical devices have room-temperature pulsed threshold current densities of 8.3 kA/cm2 and threshold voltages of 5.5 V. CW threshold currents as low as 2.87 mA for a 7 µm aperture device were observed at 15°C.
Compact and tunable mid-infrared laser using QPM-LN waveguide and TLA
GaAs-based 1.53 µm GaInNAsSb vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
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- Author(s): K. Xuan ; K.F. Tsang ; S.C. Lee ; W.C. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 979 –981
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1724
- Type: Article
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A high-performance mixer, known as the amplifier-driven double-balanced Gilbert-cell mixer, is proposed and implemented in 0.18 µm RFCMOS technology. A class-A amplifier-based current bleeding source is used to amplify the local oscillator signal and improve transconductance of the transconductor stage. The conversion gain is measured to be 17.5 dB when the LO power is −14 dBm only. The measured noise figure is better than 12.5 dB. The chip area is 1.2×1.3 mm and the power consumption is 12 mA at 1.5 V supply voltage. - Author(s): P.H. Rao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 981 –982
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1554
- Type: Article
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An ultra-wideband (1.5–40 GHz) hybrid electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) configuration with a reduced size novel unit cell structure having multiple narrow slits has been designed, fabricated and tested. The hybrid EBG is created by cascading 2×2 low-frequency unit cells with 4×4 high-frequency unit cells. This hybrid EBG structure shows better noise suppression and isolation over −60 dB on average in the ultra-wide stopband (10–40 GHz) and better than 50 dB in the low-frequency band (1.5–10 GHz). - Author(s): J.-W. Baik ; S. Pyo ; W.-S. Yoon ; Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 982 –984
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1277
- Type: Article
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A novel dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed that uses a bi-interdigital coupling structure for a single substrate configuration. The BPF consists of a microstrip feed network, ground embedded slots, and outer and inner loop resonators which are excited over bi-interdigital coupled lines with tight coupling in the two passbands. The filter design, analysis via the equivalent circuit of the proposed BPF and the experimented results are dealt with. - Author(s): Z. Brito-Brito ; I. Llamas-Garro ; L. Pradell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 984 –985
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0958
- Type: Article
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A bandpass filter able to electrically fine tune selectivity is presented. The reconfigurable filter topology has four poles and a quasi-elliptic bandpass filter response. The device is tuned by pin diodes which select tiny stubs that reconfigure filter selectivity without degrading filter return loss throughout the passband. Simulations and measurements are in good agreement.
High-performance current bleeding CMOS mixer
Hybrid electromagnetic bandgap power plane for ultra-wideband noise suppression
Dual-mode dual-band bandpass filter for single substrate configuration
Selectivity-tuned bandpass filter
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- Author(s): J.-M. Chung ; S.-C. Kim ; W.-C. Jeong ; S.-S. Joo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 985 –987
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1544
- Type: Article
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An adaptive control mechanism is proposed that enables minimum energy consuming cluster-based transmission scheduling for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). When compared to a near-optimum energy-conserving clustering scheme, the proposed scheme provides a significant reduction in power consumption as well as a large improvement in throughput and network connectivity. - Author(s): D. Mu ; Z. Qiu ; X. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 987 –988
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0980
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a novel ultra-wideband energy detection receiver based on multiple symbol differential detection (MSDD), which bypasses explicit channel estimation by using the autocorrelation principle. Simulation results show that the proposed MSDD-based receiver performs considerably better than the conventional energy detection receiver in the medium to large signal-to-noise ratio region.
Minimised power consuming adaptive scheduling mechanism for cluster-based mobile wireless networks
UWB energy detection receiver based on multiple symbol differential detection
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- Author(s): A. Murali ; R.C. Almeida ; K.M. Guild
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 988 –990
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1213
- Type: Article
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An enhanced hybrid scheme of wavelength reservation for dynamic wavelength routed optical networks is proposed. The performance of a newly introduced composite-two-phase reservation protocol (C2P-RP) is evaluated and compared with the existing hybrid reservation protocol. By offering connection requests an enhanced scope of finding an end-to-end available wavelength, the C2P-RP scheme shows improved connection-request blocking performance. - Author(s): Y. Akasaka ; I. Kim ; A. Lee ; M. Davy ; T. Naito
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 990 –992
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1706
- Type: Article
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Through long-term field fibre PMD measurement, two occurrence patterns of large instantaneous differential group delays (DGDs), of less than 10−5 probability, were observed. Most high DGD occurrences, which continue more than hours in limited bandwidth, clearly show positive correlation with ambient temperature even though most of the fibres are buried; and only an emergent spike, which seems not to relate to temperature, was also recorded. In both patterns, second-order polarisation mode dispersion on the wavelength at the same timing has local maximum values with the same occurrence patterns, but PDL does not have local maximum values on the wavelength at the same timing. - Author(s): A. Valenti ; S. Pompei ; F. Matera ; G. Tosi Beleffi ; D. Forin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 992 –993
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0686
- Type: Article
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A technique is proposed that allows achievement of logical point-to-multipoint paths in gigabit Ethernet (GbE) networks with access based on passive optical networks (PONs), guaranteeing upstream/downstream bandwidth and quality of service also in conditions of traffic congestion. Such a method is based on the combination of the virtual private LAN service (VPLS), implemented in the core network, and the VLAN tagging forwarding process used in the edge-PON segment.
Composite-two-phase wavelength reservation scheme for dynamic optical networks
Linkage between polarisation characteristics over two different patterns of instantaneous large DGD occurrence
Quality of service control in Ethernet passive optical networks based on virtual private LAN service technique
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- Author(s): X. Dong and R. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 993 –994
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1970
- Type: Article
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A new, yet simple method for fabricating high-quality bandpass filters is proposed. Utilising the CO2 laser irradition along the linearly chirped fibre Bragg grating, a D-shaped structure is engraved and a bandpass filter with nearly 100% transmissivity, >0.6 nm 3 dB bandwidth, <0.1 dB flat-top ripple and >71 dB/nm slope at 3 dB amplitude response is obtained.
Flat-top, wide-passband filter fabricated by CO2 laser engraved D-shaped structure within linearly chirped fibre Bragg grating
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- Author(s): L. Colace ; V. Sorianello ; A. De Iacovo ; D. Fulgoni ; L. Nash ; G. Assanto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 994 –996
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1647
- Type: Article
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Ge-on-glass photodetectors is fabricated by wafer bonding and layer splitting, followed by the epitaxial growth of pn structures. The detectors exhibit a remarkably low dark current density of 50 µA/cm2 at 1 V reverse bias and responsivities as high as 0.33 and 0.43 A/W at 1.52 and 1.3 µm, respectively. This approach can be readily extended to other substrates, enabling the integration of Ge on different platforms. - Author(s): R.E. Warburton ; M.A. Itzler ; G.S. Buller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 996 –997
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1508
- Type: Article
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Room-temperature operation of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode detectors operating in free-running mode, with no electrical gating, is demonstrated. An improved design of device structure permitted significantly lower dark count rates than previously reported. Free-running operation at room temperature using an incident wavelength of 1550 nm gave a noise equivalent power of 1.5×10−15 WHz−1/2 with improved photon timing jitter.
Germanium-on-glass near-infrared detectors
Improved free-running InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode detectors operating at room temperature
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- Author(s): N. McNeill ; N.K. Gupta ; S. Burrow ; D. Holliday ; P.H. Mellor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 997 –999
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0286
- Type: Article
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Inaccuracy in the measurement of current through a pulse transformer may be reduced using reset voltage feedback. A low-cost implementation using a discrete MOSFET is described. - Author(s): S.G. Burrow and L.R. Clare
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 999 –1000
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0570
- Type: Article
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Energy harvesters feature a high impedance output that complicates subsequent power conditioning because operation in the peak power region violates the stability criterion for converters with voltage regulation. By using a flyback converter in open-loop discontinuous mode and a shunt voltage regulator, it is demonstrated that a harvester can be operated in an optimal manner whilst ensuring stability. A circuit is described that draws the unity power factor from the harvester, provides output voltage regulation and consumes 180 µW of quiescent power.
Current pulse transformer circuit with reset voltage feedback implemented using discrete MOSFET
Open-loop power conditioning for vibration energy harvesters
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- Author(s): J.X. Wu ; T. Wang ; Z. Bao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 1000 –1002
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1829
- Type: Article
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Optimal target radial velocity estimation for SAR-GMTI using polynomial rooting is developed. The developed method first obtains all extreme values of the likelihood function by polynomial rooting, and then searches the maximum among these extreme values to obtain the global optimal solution. It has much lower computational complexity compared to the velocity search method when the search step is small. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Fast implementation of optimal target radial velocity estimation for multi-channel SAR-GMTI
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- Author(s): Q.H. Huang and Q.L. Zhuang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 1002 –1003
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.1865
- Type: Article
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A two-stage approach is proposed to obtain an individual head-related impulse response (HRIR). Independent component analysis is first applied to extract independent features and obtain the weight vectors which are then used as the outputs of support vector regression for constructing a personalisation model. The proposed algorithm has achieved better performance for small training samples. - Author(s): V.N. Ivanović and S. Jovanovski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 19, p. 1003 –1005
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0960
- Type: Article
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A signal adaptive method for space/spatial-frequency (S/SF) analysis is proposed. Based on a variable number of operations (only the necessary ones regarding optimal auto-terms presentation) in different S/SF points, it produces auto-terms presentation of the 2-D Wigner distribution, without the cross-terms presence, and optimises calculation complexity (critical performance of the S/SF distributions (S/SFDs)).
HRIR personalisation using support vector regression in independent feature space
Signal adaptive method for improved space/spatial-frequency representation
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