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1350-911X
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0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 10, 7 May 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 10
7 May 2009
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- Author(s): C. Sawigun and W.A. Serdijn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 483 –484
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3311
- Type: Article
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A class-AB four-quadrant current multiplier constituted by a class-AB current amplifier and a current splitter which can handle input signals in excess of ten times the bias current is presented. The proposed circuit operation is based on the exponential characteristic of BJTs or subthreshold MOSFETs. The multiplier is designed using the latter devices and achieves very low power consumption. Simulation results show that from a 0.65 V supply, the proposed circuit consumes 12.4 nW static power while less than −30 dB total harmonic distortion is achieved for an input modulation index up to 10.
Ultra-low-power, class-AB, CMOS four-quadrant current multiplier
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- Author(s): Y. Zhang ; R. Mittra ; B.-Z. Wang ; N.-T. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 484 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3161
- Type: Article
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A novel methodology for ultra-thin and broadband radar absorbing material (RAM) design is proposed. The method is based on periodically arranging two different types of thin planar slabs that are both artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) with different phase characteristics that are arranged in a checkerboard configuration. By controlling the phase difference between the two types of AMC slabs, the energy which is normally incident on the screen is redirected, and the RCS along the boresight is reduced over a wide frequency range. - Author(s): J.F. Li ; B.H. Sun ; Q.Z. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 486 –487
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3652
- Type: Article
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A novel dual-band toroidal beam antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications is presented. The antenna mainly consists of six dual-band inverted-L radiating elements and a two-section six-way microstrip power divider. By inserting slots into the radiating elements, two resonant frequencies are achieved at WLAN bands. By using the two-section six-way power divider, the six radiating elements are excited with equal amplitude and phase at the two working frequency bands. A prototype has been constructed and tested. Good toroidal beam radiation patterns for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands are obtained. - Author(s): K.C. Hwang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 487 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0270
- Type: Article
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A dual-wideband fractal monopole antenna for handheld terminals is proposed. A modified half-Sierpinski gasket patch is used to cover GPS, DCS1800, PCS1800, UMTS, IMT-2000, WiBro (Wireless Broadband Internet Service), Bluetooth, S-DMB (Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcast) and WLAN bands. The proposed antenna exhibits two wideband frequency resonances. The measured −10 dB reflection bandwidths for two resonant frequencies are 55% (1517–2670 MHz) and 12.6% (5135–5828 MHz). The radiation characteristics and gain of the proposed antenna are also presented and discussed. - Author(s): Y.J. Chi ; C.W. Chiu ; S.M. Deng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 489 –491
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0482
- Type: Article
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A quad-band inverted-F antenna for PDA-phone applications is presented. The proposed antenna measures only 46×12×0.8 mm. It has an inverted-L element combined with a meander-line branch to excite two resonant modes. By using a matching element, the bandwidth can be broadened to cover GSM850/GSM900/DCS/PCS bands. Simulation was performed by HFSS to optimally design the antenna, and a practical structure was fabricated to verify the simulation results. The antenna parameters were measured and are presented to validate the proposed antenna. - Author(s): L. da Silva Mello ; M.S. Pontes ; E. Couto de Miranda ; P.V. Gonzalez Castellanos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 491 –492
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0536
- Type: Article
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Measured data of multipath fading from 20 microwave line-of-sight links, operating in the 4 and 6 GHz frequency bands, were analysed to provide statistics of fade durations as a function of the attenuation threshold. From these results, an empirical method for predicting outage intensity due to multipath propagation was derived, which shows good agreement with the measurements. - Author(s): R. Barroso ; D. Marcano ; M. Diaz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 492 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3595
- Type: Article
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A new multiband and broadband antenna based on the traditional fractal equilateral Parany monopole is presented. In general, Parany and Sierpinski monopoles are resonant, log-periodic and multi-band antennas. For example, a traditional two-stage Parany monopole antenna provides three bandwidths. In this Letter, the input impedance behaviour of this antenna is improved by adding two conductor triangles to a traditional two-stage Parany monopole and eliminating two connections between the conductor triangles that shape such an antenna. For VSWR<3, the resultant fractal two-stage Parany monopole antenna with triangular complements shows bandwidth improvements compared to the traditional two-stage Parany monopole antenna. Good agreement between simulated and measured results was observed.
AMCs for ultra-thin and broadband RAM design
Dual-band toroidal beam antenna for WLAN communications
Dual-wideband monopole antenna using a modified half-Sierpinski fractal gasket
Internal quad-band printed antenna for PDA phone
Outage intensity due to multipath fading in terrestrial links
Two-stage Parany monopole antenna with triangular complements
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- Author(s): F. Ferranti ; D. Deschrijver ; L. Knockaert ; T. Dhaene
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 493 –495
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0400
- Type: Article
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A novel hybrid technique for the macromodelling of parameterised frequency responses is presented. A more compact model representation is proposed that guarantees stability of the poles by construction. It is shown that accurate parametric macromodels can be calculated using a reduced amount of model coefficients and data samples. The obtained macromodels can be used for efficient real-time design space exploration, design optimisation and sensitivity analysis.
Hybrid algorithm for compact and stable macromodelling of parameterised frequency responses
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- Author(s): Z.F. Wang ; Q. Han ; Q. Li ; X.M. Niu ; C. Busch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 495 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0274
- Type: Article
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A novel multimodal biometric recognition algorithm based on a complex common vector (CCV) is proposed. The CCV generalises the common vector method for the complex field to perform feature fusion and classification. Theoretical analysis proves that the CCV could produce a unique common vector for every fusion feature in a given class. The iris and the face are used as two distinct biometric modals to test the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves much better performance than other conventional multimodal biometric algorithms.
Complex common vector for multimodal biometric recognition
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- Author(s): X. Zou and J. Yao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 497 –498
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0404
- Type: Article
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An approach is proposed and demonstrated to improve the measurement range and resolution of a microwave frequency measurement system. Two optical wavelengths are modulated by a microwave signal in a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). The optical output from the MZM is sent to a dispersive element to introduce different chromatic dispersions, leading to different microwave power penalties. A fixed relationship between the microwave power ratio and the microwave frequency is established. The microwave frequency is estimated by measuring the microwave powers. A new measurement range is defined with an improved measurement range and resolution. Analysis is performed and confirmed by an experiment.
Microwave frequency measurement with improved measurement range and resolution
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- Author(s): H. Yamazaki ; K. Watanabe ; M. Yanagisawa ; M. Itoh ; I. Ogawa ; A. Kaneko
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 498 –500
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3618
- Type: Article
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A compact 40-channel in-line optical power monitor was integrated on a 2.5%-Δ silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC). Two 20-channel chip-scale-packaged photodiodes were surface-mounted on the PLC, in which out-of-plane micromirror arrays were integrated. A high responsivity of 0.9–1.1 A/W was obtained. - Author(s): M. Tokushima ; J.J. Vegas Olmos ; K.-I. Kitayama
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 500 –501
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0168
- Type: Article
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A delay line of multimode Si-wire waveguide folded with 45° mirror bends is described. A 17 cm waveguide with a core size of 1×3 µm2 was integrated in an area of 0.85 mm2. The waveguide generated a constant group delay of 2 ns in the entire C-band with a typical optical loss of 14 dB. It also exhibited an error-free operation for 10 Gbit/s optical data signals.
40-channel in-line optical power monitor integrated on 2.5%-Δ silica PLC using out-of-plane micromirror arrays
Multimode Si-wire waveguides for integrated optical delay lines
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- Author(s): S.A. Blokhin ; J.A. Lott ; A. Mutig ; G. Fiol ; N.N. Ledentsov ; M.V. Maximov ; A.M. Nadtochiy ; V.A. Shchukin ; D. Bimberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 501 –503
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0552
- Type: Article
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Oxide-confined 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers operating at 40 Gbit/s at current densities ∼10 kA/cm2 are realised. The deconvoluted rise time of the device is below 10 ps and remains hardly temperature sensitive up to 100°C.
Oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs operating at bit rates up to 40 Gbit/s
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- Author(s): P. Sun and D. Heo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 503 –504
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0691
- Type: Article
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A comparison of insertion loss between a conventional clockwise and a proposed counter-clockwise SiGe pin diode SPDT switch based on an analysis of parasitic effects is presented. In a silicon-based process, the counter-clockwise switch is analytically demonstrated to have lower insertion loss than the clockwise switch owing to the alleviation of parasitic effects. Measurement data show good agreement with the presented analysis. - Author(s): L. Han ; K. Wu ; X.-P. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 504 –506
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0510
- Type: Article
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A compact filter for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is proposed and developed through quasi-equal allocation of the first three resonant frequencies of a stub-loaded resonator together with strong input/output excitation. Measured results show low insertion loss and flat group delay in the entire passband as well as a wide stopband. The size for this single-layer UWB filter without feeding lines is only 9.5×5 mm (0.53 λg ×0.28 λg in which λg is the guided wavelength of 50 Ω microstrip at the centre frequency). - Author(s): G.L. Dai and M.Y. Xia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 506 –507
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0601
- Type: Article
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A compact dual-band switchable bandpass filter is designed using two centrally-loaded open-loop resonators and six pin blocks. The pin diodes are loaded at the zero-voltage points of odd and even modes along the microstrip resonators, such that the two passbands operating at odd and even modes can be individually switched on or off. The isolations for the two passbands are greater than 20 dB. - Author(s): H.-K. Chiou and C.-F. Tai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 507 –509
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0235
- Type: Article
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A dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) with a dual-mode loop resonator is presented. In order to allow the DBBSF to exhibit high skirt selectivity and to generate a wide rejection bandwidth a capacitive coupled-line section is introduced. By properly controlling the length of the coupled-line section and the cross-coupled capacitor, more than two finite transmission zeros were inserted at the stopband and enhanced the rejection bandwidth. - Author(s): D.Y. Jung ; J.J. Lee ; C.S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 509 –510
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0833
- Type: Article
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A V-band down-converter integrating a LNA and mixer in 0.13 µm CMOS technology is presented. The LNA has a current re-use topology for low power consumption. The transistor size of the LNA is optimised by the substrate noise for the low noise figure (NF) and fmax for high gain performance. The new resistive mixer for low LO power operation is proposed. The NF of the down-converter is 4.7 dB. The conversion gain and input P1 dB are 0.67 dB and −12.5 dBm, respectively. The proposed circuit, consuming only 11.6 mW, shows the lowest NF and highest linearity among V-band down-converters. - Author(s): T.-G. Ma and Y.-T. Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 511 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0729
- Type: Article
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A miniaturised broadside coupled-line coupler is presented. The coupler is fabricated on a six-layered printed circuit board and consists of a 90° coupled slow-wave artificial transmission line section. Compared with previous works on printed circuit boards, the proposed design features the smallest occupied size. It also demonstrates a comparable operating bandwidth of 85%. The design concept, methodology and results are investigated. - Author(s): Z. Xu and L. MacEachern
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 512 –514
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0265
- Type: Article
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Proposed is the design of a multiple stage uncompensated Marchand balun. A coplanar waveguide with a ground plane is used as the coupled line structure providing tight coupling by shielding the centre line from the ground. Wide bandwidth is achieved by the combination of a wideband impedance matching L-section and multiple stages of λ/4 step transformers. Measurements indicate an approximate −20 dB return loss from 1 to 7.5 GHz, and less than 4° phase imbalance from DC to 7.2 GHz. - Author(s): J.-S. Syu ; C. Meng ; Y.-H. Teng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 514 –515
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0613
- Type: Article
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An ultra-wideband (UWB) I/Q downconverter with an LR-CR quadrature generator is demonstrated using 0.35 µm SiGe HBT technology. The I/Q outputs of this generator are always in quadrature phase at any frequency while the BJT-type active mixer inherently tolerates much LO power difference for a flat gain response. Consequently, the amplitude imbalance and phase error of the I/Q outputs are less than 1 dB and 2° in the RF frequency range 3–11 GHz.
Analysis of parasitic effects for pin diode SPDT switch
Compact ultra-wideband bandpass filter using stub-loaded resonator
Design of compact dual-band switchable bandpass filter
Dual-band microstrip bandstop filter using dual-mode loop resonator
Low-power and low NF V-band down-converter in 0.13 µm CMOS
Miniaturised broadside coupler using coupled slow-wave artificial lines
Multiple stage uncompensated Marchand balun with 7:1 bandwidth ratio on double side PCB
UWB Gilbert downconverter utilising a wideband LR-CR quadrature generator
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- Author(s): B. Bandemer ; C. Oestges ; N. Czink ; A. Paulraj
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 515 –517
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0711
- Type: Article
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To model the fast-fading statistics of the wireless transmission channel in indoor peer-to-peer scenarios, an amplitude distribution composed of three distinct components was investigated. They correspond to line-of-sight, once-reflected and twice-reflected propagation paths. It is shown experimentally that this distribution matches indoor peer-to-peer links better than the available alternatives. Furthermore, an interesting structure in the parameter space of the distribution is pointed out, leading to a simple stochastic parameterisation based on a three-modal normal distribution.
Physically motivated fast-fading model for indoor peer-to-peer channels
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- Author(s): M.R. Bhatnagar and A. Hjørungnes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 517 –518
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0465
- Type: Article
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The maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder is derived for diagonal unitary space-time block code (STBC) matrices based double-differential modulation for multiple-input multiple-output systems. The ML decoder is obtained on the basis of maximising the joint probability density function of three consecutively received data matrices. - Author(s): N. Bonello ; S. Chen ; L. Hanzo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 518 –519
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0511
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a novel technique, hereby referred to as pilot symbol assisted coding (PSAC), where a predetermined fraction of binary pilot symbols is interspersed with the channel-coded bits at the channel coding stage, instead of multiplexing the pilots with the data symbols at the modulation stage, as in classic pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM). It is demonstrated that the PSAC succeeds in gleaning more benefits from the pilot overhead investment, than just simply the capability of channel estimation such as in the PSAM technique.
ML decoder for double-differential diagonal unitary STBC
Pilot symbol assisted coding
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- Author(s): M. Asobe ; T. Umeki ; O. Tadanaga ; K. Yoshino ; E. Yamazaki ; A. Takada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 519 –521
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3672
- Type: Article
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A multiple quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 device in a four-port fibre-pigtail module for variable difference frequency generation (DFG) is described. The module structure realises DFG pumped by second-harmonic light that results in wavelength conversion with low crosstalk. The module is also used to demonstrate polarisation-insensitive conversion. This device technology will be useful for future photonic networks that employ a grouped wavelength path.
Low crosstalk and variable wavelength conversion using multiple QPM LiNbO3 waveguide module
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- Author(s): Y. Morishima ; J. Yaguchi ; A. Mukai ; T. Ohgoh ; H. Asano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 521 –522
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2684
- Type: Article
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The characteristics of broadband superluminescent diodes (SLDs) are presented. The longitudinal bandgap modulated InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells of broadband SLDs are grown by selective area metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth. The centre wavelength was 1060 nm. The 3 dB bandwidth was 130 nm and the 10 dB bandwidth was 174 nm. The output power was 0.3 mW. - Author(s): S.-C. Tan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 522 –524
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0732
- Type: Article
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There is a recent trend and growing popularity of using the technique of light pulsation for achieving the dimming control of light-emitting diodes. However, it is found that such a dimming control technique can result in a significant power loss in terms of luminous efficacy. This contradicts the original motive of energy saving through illumination dimming. Total energy consumed for lighting is an overwhelming 8% of depleting energy resources. A potential loss of 2% or more of these resources could go unnoticed owing to poor handling of dimming technology. It is demonstrated that, driving the LEDs with discretised multilevel pulsation, can achieve a quasi-optimally-efficient state of dimming control with a saving of up to 26.7% of the luminous efficacy.
Longitudinal bandgap modulated broadband (>150 nm) InGaAs/GaAs MQWs superluminescent diodes by selective area MOVPE growth
Mitigating energy wastage of light-emitting diodes using discretised multilevel pulsation
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- Author(s): O. López ; E. Levi ; F.D. Freijedo ; J. Doval-Gandoy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 524 –525
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3019
- Type: Article
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Expressions to calculate the number of switching state vectors and the number of space vectors in multilevel multiphase voltage-source converters are given.
Number of switching state vectors and space vectors in multilevel multiphase converters
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- Author(s): R. Kassab ; M. Lesturgie ; J. Fiorina
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 525 –527
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2967
- Type: Article
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A successive Fourier transform technique is applied to efficiently generate an interrupted sparse waveform for a monostatic high-frequency surface wave radar. With few iterations a good stop to passband ratio is reached, and it is show that, when using an optimised envelope, a better average and a lower standard deviation are obtained in terms of minimal contrast ratio than in the case of a simple train of pulses.
Performance analysis of interrupted sparse HFSWR waveform coded with successive fast Fourier transforms
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- Author(s): T. Sreenidhi ; K. Baskar ; A. DasGupta ; N. DasGupta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 10, p. 527 –528
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0572
- Type: Article
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A novel gate oxide deposition technique, thermal oxidation of deposited silicon (thermal-oxide), to realise a metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structure on GaN is reported. Reduced gate leakage current and less flat-band voltage drift are achieved compared to plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition to SiO2 deposited on GaN. The deposition and oxidation conditions have been optimised to achieve a high quality oxide/GaN interface.
Reduced charge trapping in GaN MIS using gate oxide deposition technique
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