Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 24, 20 November 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 24
20 November 2008
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- Author(s): Y.-F. Lin ; H.-M. Chen ; F.-H. Chu ; S.-C. Pan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1383 –1384
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082579
- Type: Article
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A novel single-layer, dual-fed technique for a bidirectional radiated circularly polarised square-ring antenna operated in the UHF band is presented. The two feed ports of the square-ring radiating element are placed in orthogonal directions and connected to a feeding network with a Wilkinson power divider in the same plane. Properly adjusting the size of the capacitive coupling groundplane results in good impedance matching and circularly polarised radiation, and a broad impedance bandwidth (S11≤−10 dB) of about 45.2% and a 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of about 8.7% were obtained. - Author(s): N. Marais and D.B. Davidson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1384 –1385
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081861
- Type: Article
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A new method for constructing H(curl) or H(div) conforming hexahedral/tetrahedral hybrid meshes of arbitrary discretisation order is presented. Tetrahedral elements that conform directly to hexahedral elements are constructed, avoiding the need for pyramidal or other joining element types. The effectiveness of this method is investigated in a finite-element framework, and some caveats pertaining to higher-order pyramidal elements are raised. - Author(s): S. Genovesi ; A. Monorchio ; S. Saponara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1385 –1387
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081887
- Type: Article
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The design of a double-loop antenna operating at two distinct frequencies is presented for wireless tyre pressure monitoring systems. The radiation properties of the printed antenna, placed inside the wheel and with the tyre rubber, are discussed as well as the performance in terms of gain and power handling. - Author(s): H.-J. Zhou ; B.-H. Sun ; Q.-Zh. Liu ; J.-Y. Deng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1387 –1388
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082661
- Type: Article
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The design and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) aperture antenna with dual band-notched characteristics are presented. The antenna consists of a circular exciting stub on the front side and a U-shaped aperture on the back ground plane. By inserting a slot and a parasitic strip to the antenna, dual notched frequency bands are achieved. A conceptual circuit model, which is based on the measured impedance of the proposed antenna, is also shown to investigate the dual band-notched characteristics. The measured impedance bandwidth defined by VSWR<2 of 9.0 GHz (2.2–11.2 GHz), with the dual bands of 3.25–4.25 and 5.0–6.05 GHz notched, is obtained. - Author(s): A. Pal ; A. Mehta ; D. Mirshekar-Syahkal ; P.J. Massey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1389 –1390
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082350
- Type: Article
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Theoretical and experimental investigations of a beam steerable square loop antenna (SLA), including a four-port practical feeding mechanism, is presented. Exciting one of the feeds and short-circuiting the other three results in a linearly polarised beam tilted up from the ground plane and directed away from the active feed. Thus, by exciting one feed at a time, the antenna steers the beam in four different quadrants. A qualitative explanation of the radiation characteristics is also presented using the current distribution. The SLA is designed to operate at 4.5 GHz and has a gain of 6.7 dBi.
Bidirectional radiated circularly polarised square-ring antenna for portable RFID reader
Conforming arbitrary order hexahedral/tetrahedral hybrid discretisation
Double-loop antenna for wireless tyre pressure monitoring
Implementation and investigation of U-shaped aperture UWB antenna with dual band-notched characteristics
Short-circuited feed terminations on beam steering square loop antennas
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- Author(s): M. Chae ; J. Kim ; W. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1390 –1391
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089097
- Type: Article
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A highly versatile and programmable bio-potential recording amplifier is presented. The amplifier achieves low-power operation with minimal size by using a fully-differential self-biased operational amplifier and the Miller capacitance technique. The experimental results of recording various biological signals are provided. - Author(s): N. Pala and M.S. Shur
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1391 –1393
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082886
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the biodetection capabilities of plasmonic terahertz detectors. Large changes in the terahertz response of plasmonic detectors loaded with solutions of globulin-free bovine serum albumin, arginine and heparin were measured for concentrations that did affect the device transfer characteristics. The consistent change of the response characteristics with specimen type and concentration can be used to identify and quantify biological and chemical substances. The device structure makes it suitable for use as a building block of a biochip with integrated processing capabilities. - Author(s): I.-H. Jang ; H.-G. Yeom ; K.-B. Sim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1393 –1394
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082666
- Type: Article
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A ring-type pulse oximeter sensor attached to the finger and its 24-hour ambulatory heart rate monitoring system are presented. The PCB has been designed with a light-to-frequency converter and the CPU with a built-in Zigbee stack for simple and low power consumption. Also designed is the algorithm using a least square estimator to calibrate various signal distortions caused by motion artefacts for a proper accuracy.
Fully-differential self-biased bio-potential amplifier
Plasmonic terahertz detectors for biodetection
Ring sensor and heart rate monitoring system for sensor network applications
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- Author(s): P. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1394 –1396
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082126
- Type: Article
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A novel high-performance decoding architecture for H.264 context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) is presented, where several efficient techniques such as speculative decoding, table-based calculation, logic balancing, mathematic reordering and optimal retiming are adopted to reduce the critical timing path. Simulation and implementation results show that the architecture can achieve a fixed decoding rate of up to 247.5 Mbin/s, which is 67% faster than conventional architectures. - Author(s): F. Vargas ; M.J. Meco ; J.R. Heredia ; A. Ruiz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1396 –1398
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081697
- Type: Article
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A novel pulse-width-modulation (PWM) technique, based on linear functions that are easy to implement over FPGA and take up little hardware resources, is presented. The technique generates high-quality voltages with very few commutations per cycle and is highly efficient in reducing commutation loss. It has been implemented, tested and compared to other PWM techniques and results show that it yields a better quality signal with only a quarter of commutations per cycle.
Fast CABAC decoding architecture
Highly efficient PWM strategy over FPGA
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- Author(s): D. Grobnic ; S.J. Mihailov ; C.W. Smelser
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1398 –1399
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081756
- Type: Article
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Inscription of Bragg grating structures is reported for the first time in multimode borosilicate fibres using femtosecond pulse duration 800 nm infrared radiation and a phase mask. Thermal annealing of the gratings up to 700°C reveals a behaviour similar to type I-IR gratings made in silica fibre with ultrafast infrared radiation. - Author(s): G.A. Miller ; G.M.H. Flockhart ; G.A. Cranch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1399 –1401
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081896
- Type: Article
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A simple technique for correcting systematic phase errors introduced during the holographic inscription of fibre Bragg gratings is presented. The technique involves characterising the fabrication errors associated with the phase mask and writing medium (i.e. the fibre). This is accomplished by measuring the phase of the coupling coefficient of a weak, uniform ‘trace grating’ written in the fibre. This phase is then used to generate a phase-corrected profile by combining the inverse of the measured phase with the phase of a target grating's profile. The trace grating is then overwritten with the stronger phase-corrected grating. Using this technique, a dual phase-shifted grating has been fabricated successfully and the overall phase error in reduced by a factor of 13.
Bragg gratings written in multimode borosilicate fibres using ultrafast infrared radiation and phase mask
Technique for correcting systematic phase errors during fibre Bragg grating inscription
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- Author(s): R.-J. Zhang ; H.-C. Lu ; C.-H. Jia ; Y.-W. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1401 –1402
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082412
- Type: Article
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A novel tri-tracking method for tracking objects is proposed. The tracker trains three support vector machines with labelled frames, in which an object is represented using three independent feature histograms. Based on the confidence map created by each classifier, the object position is given by the mean shift. Experiments on several video sequences show the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method.
Tri-tracking method for robust object tracking
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- Author(s): X.P. Yu ; W.M. Lim ; M.A. Do ; X.L. Yan ; K.S. Yeo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1402 –1404
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081871
- Type: Article
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A divide-by-55/56 phase switching prescaler based on odd phase signals is proposed. The odd phase signals for phase switching are generated by a divide-by-7 injection-locked frequency divider. A simple topology with a high operating frequency and a low power consumption is obtained. Implemented with a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process, the prescaler is able to work from 3.2 to 6.1 GHz with a maximum measured power consumption of 4.6 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage. - Author(s): H. Moon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1404 –1406
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082673
- Type: Article
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A new integrated inductor structure suitable for multiband application is proposed and used to implement a CMOS multiband low-noise amplifier. Its occupied silicon area can be decreased by more than 40% while its performance is almost the same as those of LNAs using the conventional inductor structure. It is fabricated in a 0.13 µm CMOS process and its measured results show gains of 16.8, 15.8 and 15.5 dB, with NFs of 1.4, 1.8 and 1.9 dB, and IIP3 of 4, 0 and −2 dBm for the 850, 1800/1900 and 2100 MHz bands, respectively.
6.1 GHz 4.6 mW CMOS divide-by-55/56 prescaler
CMOS multiband low-noise amplifier using inner diameter shared inductors
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- Author(s): A.A. Semenov ; P.Yu. Beljavski ; A.A. Nikitin ; S.F. Karmanenko ; B.A. Kalinikos ; G. Srinivasan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1406 –1407
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082122
- Type: Article
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A novel microwave resonator of yttrium iron garnet and ferroelectric barium strontium titanate films in a slotline structure is proposed. The resonator is electric field tunable, by 75 MHz for E=5 V/μm applied to the slotline electrodes, and has several advantages: (i) a low cutoff frequency of a few megahertz compared with several gigahertz for open-dielectric waveguides, and (ii) a high degree of hybridisation of magnetostatic surface spin waves and electromagnetic modes that results in excellent tunability. - Author(s): Y. Wu ; Y. Liu ; X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1407 –1409
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082420
- Type: Article
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A novel dual-frequency power divider with isolation stubs is presented. To reduce the parasitic effects between the two stubs that are connected by the isolation resistor in traditional Wilkinson power dividers, a structure consisting of isolation stubs is proposed. The corresponding design equations are obtained to calculate the design parameters of the desired dual-frequency power divider. Finally, this design concept is validated by experimental results on a 0.95/2.09 GHz dual-frequency power divider. - Author(s): A. Douyère ; J.D. Lan Sun Luk ; F. Alicalapa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1409 –1410
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081794
- Type: Article
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An equivalent circuit approach used for the modelling of a system consisting of an antenna and an RF/DC rectifying circuit (rectenna) is presented. It is shown that using this approach, no electromagnetic simulation tool is required for the simulation and optimisation of the overall circuit. The realised rectenna operates at 2.45 GHz, and shows very good agreement between the predicted efficiency using the presented model (about 75%) and the measured one. - Author(s): H.W. Liu and W.M. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1410 –1412
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082463
- Type: Article
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A miniaturised elliptic-function-response bandpass filter using octagonal double-hairpin-shape resonators with side-coupled stubs has been designed and fabricated. Measured results are in good agreement with the electromagnetic simulation results and verify that the central frequency and the passband range of the proposed filter are 968 and 950–990 MHz, respectively. Also, its electric coupling characteristics and field distributions are investigated. The circuit size of the proposed filter occupies only 22.6×14.3 mm (≃0.13λg×0.085λg).
Dual tunable thin-film ferrite-ferroelectric slotline resonator
Dual-frequency power divider with isolation stubs
High efficiency microwave rectenna circuit: modelling and design
Miniaturised microstrip bandpass filter using octagonal hairpin resonators with side-coupled technique
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- Author(s): A. Lecointre ; D. Dragomirescu ; R. Plana
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1412 –1414
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089501
- Type: Article
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A new model is proposed giving the channel capability of a multiband impulse radio ultra-wideband (MB-IR-UWB) system against the number of subband and the duty cycle. The architecture simulated shows a data rate ranging from 1434–0.9 Gbits/s for 16–10 subbands and a duty cycle ranging from 20–12%. - Author(s): N.F. Kiyani and J.H. Weber
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1414 –1415
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089129
- Type: Article
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The performance analysis of a system employing co-ordinate interleaving and constellation rotation, over Nakagami-m fading channels, in the presence of phase noise as well as additive white Gaussian noise, is presented. An upper bound for the average probability of bit error for M-ary phase shift keying is derived. It is shown that the derived upper bound is tight for high signal-to-noise ratios and in the presence of phase noise the optimum rotation angle does not change. Furthermore, it is shown that a system employing co-ordinate interleaving and constellation rotation is more robust against phase estimation errors.
Methodology to design advanced MR-IR-UWB communication system
Performance analysis of partially coherent SSD systems
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- Author(s): G. Falcão ; V. Silva ; L. Sousa ; J. Marinho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1415 –1417
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081927
- Type: Article
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A novel, flexible and scalable parallel LDPC decoding approach for the WiMAX wireless broadband standard (IEEE 802.16e) in the multicore Cell broadband engine architecture is proposed. A multicodeword LDPC decoder performing the simultaneous decoding of 96 codewords is presented. The coded data rate achieved a range of 72–80 Mbit/s, which compares well with VLSI-based decoders and is superior to the maximum coded data rate required by the WiMAX standard performing in worst case conditions. The 8-bit precision arithmetic adopted shows additional advantages over traditional 6-bit precision dedicated VLSI-based solutions, allowing better error floors and BER performance.
High coded data rate and multicodeword WiMAX LDPC decoding on Cell/BE
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- Author(s): E. Yamada ; A. Sano ; H. Masuda ; E. Yamazaki ; T. Kobayashi ; E. Yoshida ; K. Yonenaga ; Y. Miyamoto ; K. Ishihara ; Y. Takatori ; T. Yamada ; H. Yamazaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1417 –1419
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082584
- Type: Article
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Spectrally efficient (2bit/s/Hz) 1 Tbit/s DWDM transmission of 111 Gbit/s no-guard-interval PDM CO-OFDM signals with 50 GHz spacing over DSF is demonstrated. The record transmission distance of 2100 km was achieved for a 100 Gbit/s-data-rate CO-OFDM system.
1 Tbit/s (111 Gbit/s/ch × 10 ch) no-guard-interval CO-OFDM transmission over 2100 km DSF
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- Author(s): A. Beling ; H. Pan ; H. Chen ; J.C. Campbell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1419 –1420
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089792
- Type: Article
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Third-order intermodulation distortions of an InGaAs/InP partially depleted absorber photodiode (PDA-PD) using high doping levels for both p-type and n-type absorbers are characterised using a two-tone measurement technique. The third-order local intercept point (IP3) of the device increases only slightly with frequency, and remains as high as 39 dBm up to 20 GHz. The frequency characteristics of the IP3 can be well explained by an equivalent circuit model.
Measurement and modelling of high-linearity partially depleted absorber photodiode
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- Author(s): J. Marcuz ; S. Binczak ; M. Rossé ; J.C. Levêque ; J.M. Bilbault
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1420 –1422
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082024
- Type: Article
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Experimental results on low-voltage surge protection under fast pulses in realistic wiring systems are presented. A fast voltage pulse generator is designed to provide fast voltage pulses with short steep fronts. The effective residual voltage of protected equipment is then investigated and compared with simulation results.
Experimental study of low-voltage surge protection device response in realistic systems
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- Author(s): C. Jinli ; G. Hong ; S. Weimin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1422 –1423
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089089
- Type: Article
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Recently, it has been shown [Duofang et al.] how the ESPRIT algorithm exploited the invariance property of both the transmit array and the receive array for target direction estimation in a bistatic MIMO radar. However, this method estimates the transmit angles and the receive angles separately in each dimension, and then requires pair matching between the two-dimensional angle estimation, which requires additional computational load. In this reported work, the interrelationship between the two one-dimensional ESPRIT is utilised to obtain automatically paired transmit angles and receive angle estimation without debasing the performance of angle estimation in a bistatic MIMO radar. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): Y. Oh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1423 –1425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082731
- Type: Article
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The radar backscatter from standing rice stubble in a harvested rice field is computed numerically using the method of moments with the equivalence principle and impedance sheet theory. The radar backscatter from a bare surface is also computed based on an empirical model, and combined with the numerical results from the standing rice stubble. Based on the analyses of the radar backscatter for various conditions of standing stubble, it is found that the effect of the standing stubble in a typical harvested rice field is negligible when the water content of the stubble is less than about 40%. - Author(s): V.N. Bringi ; M. Thurai ; D.A. Brunkow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1425 –1426
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082899
- Type: Article
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The canting angle distribution of raindrops derived separately from a 2-D video disdrometer and from an S-band advanced polarimetric radar are presented. In the former case, measurements were made in both natural and artificial rain. The canting angles showed a symmetric distribution about 0° with a standard deviation (σβ) of 7°–8° in low wind conditions and 12° in moderate wind conditions. In the radar-based estimates, the histogram of σβ derived from data obtained during a light stratiform rain event with embedded convection shows the mode to be around 7°, with a significant positive skewness. Around 16% of occurrences exceeded 10° and 3.3% exceeded 15°. - Author(s): B.-G. Lim and Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1427 –1428
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081790
- Type: Article
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An alternative method of SAR signal processing which can be used to simultaneously reduce sidelobes and grating lobes of synthetic wideband waveforms (SWW) is proposed. The method applies the super spatially variant apodisation technique to each subpulse image of the SWW, and then cuts appropriate portions of the expanded spectra of the subpulses to effectively realise a nonlinear SWW with much better characteristics.
Angle estimation using ESPRIT without pairing in MIMO radar
Effect of standing stubble on radar backscatter from harvested rice fields
Measurements and inferences of raindrop canting angles
Simultaneous reduction of sidelobes and grating lobes by realising nonlinear synthetic wideband waveforms in SAR processing
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- Author(s): S. Seo ; E. Cho ; D. Pavlidis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1428 –1429
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081998
- Type: Article
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The DC and RF characteristics of AlN/GaN metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistors (MISFETs) on sapphire substrate with in situ deposited Si3N4 is presented. A 2 nm-thick Si3N4 was in situ deposited directly on the AlN barrier layer by the same metal organic chemical vapour deposition system as the one used for growth of the epitaxial layers. Large improvements of AlN/GaN MISFET DC and RF characteristics were observed with in situ deposited Si3N4. Fabricated AlN/GaN MISFETs with 1 µm gate length and 200 µm width showed a maximum drain current density of 403 mA/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 206 mS/mm. Current gain cutoff frequency (fT) and maximum oscillation frequency (fMAX) were found to be 10.2 and 32.3 GHz, respectively. - Author(s): N.-H. Kim ; P.-G. Jung ; S.-H. Shin ; J.-H. Kim ; H.-Y. Lee ; W.-S. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 24, p. 1429 –1431
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082036
- Type: Article
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Polishing pressure in the damascene process for BLT thin films improves the removal rate and surface roughness; however, the electrical properties of BLT capacitors fabricated by the damascene process with high pressure worsened. Therefore, low pressure was suitable for BLT capacitors fabricated by the damascene process when considering the electrical properties.
Improvements of AlN/GaN MISFET DC and RF characteristics with in situ deposited Si3N4
Polishing damages to electrical properties of BLT thin-film capacitors fabricated by damascene process
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