Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 23, 6 November 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 23
6 November 2008
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- Author(s): A.J. Lopez-Martin ; J. Ramírez-Angulo ; R.G. Carvajal ; J.M. Algueta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1335 –1336
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082419
- Type: Article
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A novel class AB current mirror is presented. The circuit combines high current-handling capability with high accuracy, very low input resistance, low supply voltage requirements, and low standby power consumption. Measurement results of the circuit, fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology, show a THD of −60 dB for input current amplitudes 20 times larger than the bias current and a quiescent power consumption of 165 µW. - Author(s): T.G. Constandinou and J. Georgiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1336 –1338
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082306
- Type: Article
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An analogue circuit for producing an arcsine transfer based on a differential pair with source degeneration is presented. The application uses this circuit to post-process an accelerometer signal by normalising with respect to the gravitational acceleration vector to extract inclination. Using diode-connected MOS devices operating in weak inversion, the appropriate trigonometric function, i.e. an arcsine, has been realised to compute tilt. The hardware has been implemented in AMS 0.35 µm 2P4M CMOS technology.
Compact class AB CMOS current mirror
Micropower arcsine circuit for tilt processing
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- Author(s): W.-S. Chen and Y.-H. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1338 –1339
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081602
- Type: Article
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A proposal and a study of a planar dipole antenna with a multi-arm parasitic element for WiMAX applications are presented. The design of an antenna with rectangular dipole arms, which enable the reception of a single-band frequency, is presented. Furthermore, a multi-arm parasitic element is embedded to enable the operation of dual bands with a 10 dB return loss. The antenna is calibrated for WiMAX applications, which cover the 2.5–2.7, 3.3–3.8 and 5.15–5.85 GHz frequency bands. Details of the proposed antenna configuration and experimental results are discussed. - Author(s): J.-Y. Park and J.-M. Woo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1339 –1341
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082102
- Type: Article
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A miniaturised dual-band S-shaped RFID tag antenna, which is mountable on a metallic surface, and which can handle UHF bands (Korea band: 908.5–914 MHz, Europe band: 865–868 MHz), is presented. The antenna was designed with a meander and spiral structure, through modifying the microstrip feeding line and ground line, and was miniaturised to a size of 20 mm (width)×33.5 mm (length)×2 mm (height). The maximum read ranges were 1.6 m (Korea band, EIRP of reader: 4 W) and 0.75 m (Europe band, EIRP of reader: 1 W), respectively. - Author(s): S. Kwon ; I.-S. Koh ; H.-W. Moon ; J.-W. Lim ; Y.J. Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1341 –1342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081651
- Type: Article
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A model for considering the scattering effect of an inhomogeneous building facade as an effective reflection coefficient of a homogeneous surface in a ray tracing method is proposed. Hence, the computational complexity of a ray tracing method that considers the effect of inhomogeneous building facades can be preserved as in the conventional method.
Dual-band printed dipole antenna with parasitic element for WiMAX applications
Miniaturised dual-band S-shaped RFID tag antenna mountable on metallic surface
Model of Inhomogeneous building facade for ray tracing method
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- Author(s): G. Callou ; P. Maciel ; E. Andrade ; B. Nogueira ; E. Tavares
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1343 –1344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082222
- Type: Article
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Presented is a formal model and a platform, named ALUPAS, for estimating energy consumption and execution time of embedded biomedical applications. This work aims at providing, in an early design phase, a mechanism for supporting design decisions on energy consumption and the performance of embedded applications. To depict the practical usability of the proposed method, a real-world case study as well as customised examples are presented. The estimates obtained throughout the model are 91% accurate in relation to the respective measures obtained from the real hardware platform.
Estimation of energy consumption and execution time in early phases of design lifecycle: an application to biomedical systems
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- Author(s): J.-B. Lecourt ; C. Duterte ; A. Bertrand ; F. Liégeois ; Y. Hernandez ; D. Giannone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1344 –1346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082237
- Type: Article
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Co- and counter-propagative pumping schemes were experimentally compared for the amplification of ultra-short optical pulses. According to pumping direction it is shown that optical pulses with a duration of 75 fs and 100 mW of average output power can be obtained for co-propagative pumping, while pulse duration is never shorter than 400 fs for the counter-propagative case. - Author(s): H. Okamoto ; K. Kasuga ; I. Hara ; Y. Kubota
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1346 –1347
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089781
- Type: Article
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The first over-10 mW broadband fibre light source at 635 nm is reported. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectrum is 1.8 nm. By comparing the maximum amplified spontaneous emission intensity of a Pr3+-doped fibre (PDF) with that of a Pr3+-and-Yb3+ codoped fibre (PYDF) pumped by the same 448 nm GaN laser diode, it was found that the emission intensity at 635 nm was over 200 times higher for the PDF. - Author(s): J. Wang ; K. Duan ; Z. Zhao ; Y. Wang ; W. Zhao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1347 –1349
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082176
- Type: Article
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A simple and compact scheme for the phase-locking of two photonic crystal fibre (PCF) lasers is presented and studied experimentally. In the experiments, the two PCF lasers are mutually injected by direct transmission coupling of the fibre lasers. The interference strips are of high contrast ratio and stability even in high power operation. 39W coherent output power is obtained with combining efficiency of 97.2%.
Impact of pumping configuration on all-fibred femtosecond chirped pulse amplification
Over-10 mW broadband Pr3+:ZBLAN-fibre light source at 635 nm pumped by GaN LD
Phase-locking of two photonic crystal fibre lasers by mutual injection scheme
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- Author(s): Ch.-Q. Gao ; J.-W. Tian ; P. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1349 –1351
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081781
- Type: Article
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An efficient method based on generalised structure tensor is presented to detect infrared small targets under complex sky backgrounds. The second conjugate symmetry derivative of a 2D Gaussian is applied to the orientation field to model the small target and the final target detection is accomplished by adaptive segmentation. Experiments show that the method is robust. - Author(s): F. Yin ; D. Makris ; S.A. Velastin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1351 –1353
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082118
- Type: Article
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The problem of ‘ghosts’ that appear on foreground/background separation methods is investigated. The contribution provided is a fast and effective algorithm for ghost detection and removal, that can be integrated to any motion detection system that estimates a difference map between the current frame and a background model. The performance of the ghost removal algorithm is assessed using a series of urban traffic video sequences that would normally cause ghost problems.
Generalised-structure-tensor-based infrared small target detection
Time efficient ghost removal for motion detection in visual surveillance systems
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- Author(s): H.-S. Jhon ; I. Song ; J. Jeon ; H. Jung ; M. Koo ; B.-G. Park ; J.D. Lee ; H. Shin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1353 –1354
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081963
- Type: Article
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A 17/24 GHz dual-band CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) for ISM-band application is presented. The proposed LNA employs a positive feedback transmission-line-based LC-ladder network to obtain dual-band operation and reduce power consumption. For low cost, the LNA has been fabricated using a 0.18 µm mixed-signal CMOS process. The implemented LNA shows gains of 9.2 and 12 dB, and noise figures (NF) of 5.7 and 6.4 dB at 18 and 24.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed LNA exhibits 8 mW power consumption from a 0.8 V supply and the active chip area, including pad, is about 720 × 460 µm2.
8 mW 17/24 GHz dual-band CMOS low-noise amplifier for ISM-band application
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- Author(s): D. Dai and S. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1354 –1356
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081410
- Type: Article
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A low-index-material-based nano-slot waveguide based on a quasi-Bragg-reflector buffer is presented. This quasi-Bragg-reflector buffer includes alternating low and high refractive index dielectric layers. The thicknesses of these dielectric layers are chosen optimally by using a genetic algorithm so that the leakage loss of the present optical waveguide is minimised. An SiO2-based slot-waveguide is designed as an example and the quasi-Bragg-reflector buffer is formed by using several Si/SiO2 bilayers. The theoretical leakage loss for an SiO2-based slot-waveguide with three optimised Si/SiO2 bilayers is about 0.01 dB/mm (at 1550 nm). The modal analysis with a full-vectorial finite-difference method shows that the present slot waveguide has an enhancement of the field distribution in the nano-slot region. - Author(s): K. Watanabe ; Y. Hashizume ; Y. Nasu ; Y. Sakamaki ; M. Kohtoku ; M. Itoh ; Y. Inoue
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1356 –1357
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081929
- Type: Article
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Three-dimensional silica-based waveguide crossings using a triple waveguide layer structure are proposed and demonstrated. Interlayer coupling is achieved among the three waveguide layers by using adiabatic modefield converters with a tapered double/stacked-core structure. With this structure, we successfully suppress insertion loss of 30 waveguide crossings to 0.4 dB (TE and TM) for the pass-through ports, and 1.5 dB (TE) and 2.5 dB(TM) for the add ports, from 3 dB for the conventional two-dimensional waveguide crossings.
Low-index-material-based nano-slot waveguide with quasi-Bragg-reflector buffer
Low-loss three-dimensional waveguide crossings using adiabatic interlayer coupling
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- Author(s): A. Ducanchez ; L. Cerutti ; P. Grech ; F. Genty
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1357 –1359
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082845
- Type: Article
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The first electrically-pumped GaSb-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers emitting above 2.5 µm at room temperature are reported. This monolithic all-epitaxial structure is composed of two n-doped AlAsSb/GaSb DBRs, a type-I GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb multi-quantum-well active region and an InAsSb/GaSb tunnel junction. Devices with a diameter of 30 µm operate in quasi-CW (1 µs, 5%) at 2.52 µm above 300 K. A minimum threshold current of 4.7 kA/cm2 in pulsed operation (100 ns, 0.5%) was obtained at 251 K with these devices. - Author(s): M. Arai ; T. Fujisawa ; W. Kobayashi ; K. Nakashima ; M. Yuda ; Y. Kondo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1359 –1360
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082657
- Type: Article
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A 1.26 µm ridge waveguide laser diode with an InGaAs metamorphic buffer on a GaAs substrate grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy has been successfully developed. This laser has achieved the highest operating temperature (173°C) for continuous-wave operation reported for a metamorphic laser.
GaSb-based monolithic EP-VCSEL emitting above 2.5 µm
High-temperature operation of 1.26 µm Fabry-Perot laser with InGaAs metamorphic buffer on GaAs substrate
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- Author(s): T.-G. Ma and C.-F. Chou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1360 –1362
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081434
- Type: Article
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A new pulse shaper is proposed for ultra-wideband applications. The pulse shaper consists of a third-order bandstop filter and a third-derivative Gaussian pulse generator. The bandstop filter is realised by means of a cascade of three newly proposed meandered V-sickle slotted ground structures. Experimental results reveal that the new design fully complies with the FCC emission mask and demonstrates high signal attenuation capability at the desired rejection band. The proposed pulse shaper also features compact size. - Author(s): B.-Q. Lin ; X.-Y. Ye ; X.-Y. Cao ; F. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1362 –1363
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081675
- Type: Article
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A novel uniplanar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure incorporated with spiral-shaped capacitor and meandered line inductor (SC-ML-EBG) is presented. This novel structure significantly enlarges the fringe capacitance in a spiral shape to reduced-sized cells, as well as increases the equivalent inductance to widen the relative bandwidth. Its design details are given and several experimental results are presented; the improved properties of the proposed SC-ML-EBG are examined, in comparison with the conventional UC-EBG and one novel EBG incorporated only a with spiral-shaped capacitor (SC-EBG).
Pulse shaper for ultra-wideband applications
Uniplanar EBG structure with improved compact and wideband characteristics
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- Author(s): H.-G. Park ; I.-K. Kim ; S.-C. Bang ; Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1363 –1365
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081142
- Type: Article
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Two multiple antenna transmission schemes are considered for the synchronisation channel. One is a time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) and the other is a frequency switching transmit diversity (FSTD). It is shown through simulation results that the TSTD provides a beamforming gain as well as a diversity gain if it is based on a non-diagonal precoding matrix. Although the FSTD performs better than TSTD at a first detection trial in a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) case, the TSTD performs better than FSTD at all the other detection trials, which is due to beamforming gain. In addition, in an extremely low SNR case, the TSTD performs better than FSTD at all detection trials. - Author(s): E.A. Jammeh ; M. Fleury ; M. Ghanbari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1365 –1366
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081721
- Type: Article
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It is demonstrated that interval type-2 fuzzy logic control (IT2 FLC) is more robust than traditional fuzzy logic congestion control of video streaming. An IT2 FLC is compared to the well-known TFRC and TEAR congestion controllers for internet multimedia streaming. On an all-IP network with broadband wireless access, delivered video quality is improved with the IT2 FLC by about 1 dB for each client, once the offered traffic (up to 50 video streams) exceeds the capacity available to video over the wireless link. - Author(s): P. Xiao and R. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1366 –1368
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082130
- Type: Article
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A novel blind multi-user detection scheme is developed, which shows clear superiority to the conventional subspace-based blind multi-user detector by improving the condition of the signal subspace. The performance advantages are shown to be more obvious as the number of active users increases, which makes it an attractive solution in heavily loaded systems.
Efficient transmit diversity scheme for synchronisation channel in OFDM cellular systems
Fuzzy logic congestion control for broadband wireless IPTV
Multi-user detector for multi-carrier CDMA systems
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- Author(s): C.-Y. Lin and M.-K. Ku
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1368 –1370
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082236
- Type: Article
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A fast, successful decoding detection mechanism is proposed for dual-diagonal block-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The algorithm eliminates unnecessary parity check computation by exploiting the structure of dual-diagonal LDPC codes. The average number of decoding iterations can be reduced for both two-phase decoders and layered decoders with no performance degradation on the AWGN channel. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism reduces average iterations by 10–15% at 10−5 bit error rate compared with standard parity-check equations.
Early detection of successful decoding for dual-diagonal block-based LDPC codes
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- Author(s): B. Kibler ; C. Finot ; G. Gadret ; G. Millot ; J. Wojcik ; M. Szpulak ; W. Urbanczyk
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1370 –1371
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082009
- Type: Article
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A simple experimental technique to evaluate the second zero dispersion wavelength of very small core microstrutured fibres is described. Based on the effect of soliton self-frequency shift and its subsequent compensation in the vicinity of the second zero dispersion, the proposed method is applied to both standard and suspended core microstructured fibres by simply measuring the frequency stabilised soliton spectrum, avoiding any calculation and knowledge of any experimental parameters.
Second zero dispersion wavelength measurement through soliton self-frequency shift compensation in suspended core fibre
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- Author(s): T. De Ridder ; P. Ossieur ; C. Mélange ; B. Baekelandt ; J. Bauwelinck ; X.Z. Qiu ; J. Vandewege
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1371 –1373
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081433
- Type: Article
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A 10 Gbit/s burst-mode post-amplifier with automatic reset generation is presented. The reset signal is created by measuring the time since the last 1. This mechanism is suitable for high bit rate long-reach PONs where the guard time exceeds the maximum time of consecutive identical bits. The post-amplifier consists of four gain stages with automatic offset compensation and an output buffer. It obtains 40 dB gain with 7 GHz bandwidth and consumes 1.1 W from a 2.7 V supply. - Author(s): Z. Tong ; Q. Yang ; Y. Ma ; W. Shieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1373 –1374
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082050
- Type: Article
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The first experiment of 21.4 Gbit/s polarisation multiplexed coherent optical OFDM transmission over 200 km of multimode fibre is reported. The experiment signifies that multimode fibre may have a role in achieving high spectral efficiency beyond short reach. - Author(s): D. Lu ; G. Mezosi ; B. Li ; M.I. Memon ; Z. Wang ; M. Sorel ; S.S. Jian ; S. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1374 –1376
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082460
- Type: Article
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A novel all-optical multicast scheme based on cavity-enhanced four wave mixing in a monolithically integrated semiconductor ring laser (SRL) is proposed. By employing an injecting optical signal resonant with a cavity mode of the SRL, one-to-seven all-optical multicast by means of highly efficient simultaneous multi-wavelength conversion has been experimentally demonstrated up to multi-gigabit data rates. The scheme offers several advantages including low power penalty, reconfigurability, monolithic integration and low cost. - Author(s): B. Koch ; A. Hidayat ; V. Mirvoda ; H. Zhang ; M. Lichtinger ; D. Sandel ; R. Noé
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1376 –1378
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082052
- Type: Article
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A long term polarisation tracking experiment was performed to demonstrate the reliability of an automatic endless polarisation control system. The controller tracked random polarisation changes with a speed of up to 12 krad/s on the Poincaré sphere. Residual polarisation mismatch was recorded over a period of 64 h.
10 Gbit/s burst-mode post-amplifier with automatic reset
21.4 Gbit/s transmission over 200 km multimode fibre using coherent optical OFDM
Configurable all-optical multicast using cavity-enhanced four wave mixing in semiconductor ring laser
Fast optical polarisation tracking experiment with 2 Grad trajectory length
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- Author(s): M. Suita ; T. Nanjo ; T. Oishi ; Y. Abe ; Y. Tokuda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1378 –1379
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081746
- Type: Article
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AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with lightly doped drain (LDD) structures were fabricated using an Si ion implantation technique. The HEMTs show an obvious merit of enhancement of on-state breakdown voltage (Vbr) of as high as 180 V, where that of a reference device without the LDD structure was 130 V. We also confirmed that resistance values at heavily doped drain regions were not changed by the introduction of the LDD structure. - Author(s): K.R. Kim ; B.-G. Park ; R.W. Dutton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1379 –1381
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082737
- Type: Article
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The low resistive band-to-band tunnelling (BTBT) model has been developed for radio-frequency (RF) silicon negative differential resistance (NDR) device simulation on the TCAD platform. The BTBT mechanism in a forward-biased tunnel junction is modelled based on a generation–recombination term in a continuity equation by considering a spatially varying electric field through the tunnelling distance. Using this model, DC/AC characteristics of silicon NDR devices have been successfully described on a numerical device simulation platform. The calculated speed index from the junction capacitance and peak tunnelling current of the tunnel diode shows good agreement with experiments.
Application of lightly doped drain structure to AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by ion implantation technique
Numerical band-to-band tunnelling model for radio-frequency silicon tunnel diode with negative-differential resistance
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- Author(s): H. Ehara and K. Yoshida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 23, p. 1381 –1382
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081700
- Type: Article
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An interpolative concealment algorithm for parameters encoded using interframe prediction is presented. A lost parameter is concealed using information received correctly in the next frame. In the presented algorithm, a lost parameter is determined by minimising the sum of distances between the parameters decoded in the previous and current frames and the parameters decoded in the current and subsequent frames. The algorithm was applied to concealment algorithms for the immittance spectral frequency and fixed codebook gain parameters of the ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2 decoder. The effectiveness of the algorithm was confirmed in a random frame erasure condition. The algorithm was adopted as a part of the G.722.2-interoperable mode of the new ITU-T Recommendation G.718 approved in June 2008.
Interpolative frame-erasure concealment of moving-average prediction coding parameters in ITU-T Recommendation G.718
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