Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 22, 23 October 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 22
23 October 2008
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- Author(s): Y. Xu and Z. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1285 –1286
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081342
- Type: Article
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A regularised Capon beamformer under multipath or smart jamming environments is designed wherein the desired signal and correlated interferences are decorrelated by a modal smoothing operation. Unlike conventional spatial smoothing, modal smoothing is not limited to the arrays of spatially-coupled subarrays, and does not decrease the array aperture. By incorporating a soft subspace projection, this beamformer is still robust to the look direction error even in the presence of unknown non-uniform noise. - Author(s): S. López ; D. de la Vega ; I. Angulo ; D. Guerra ; P. Angueira ; A. Arrinda ; J.L. Ordiales
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1286 –1288
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082492
- Type: Article
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Recently developed digital radio systems for the medium wave band require accurate field strength prediction algorithms for coverage estimation. Presented is a comparison of estimation accuracy provided by the most relevant field strength prediction methods employed for ground-wave propagation at this band. Moreover, a field strength prediction method recently developed by the authors, has been considered in the analysis. Empirical values from measurement campaigns carried out in three different broadcasting networks have been used to analyse the accuracy of the prediction methods. Comparison between predicted and measured values allows objective evaluation of the estimation accuracy of each method under different reception conditions. The proposed method provides the most accurate results on field strength predictions, consequently it is a suitable method for the coverage estimation of the new digital radio systems. - Author(s): D.J. Shelton ; J.W. Cleary ; J.C. Ginn ; S.L. Wadsworth ; R.E. Peale ; D.K. Kotter ; G.D. Boreman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1288 –1289
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082119
- Type: Article
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Frequency selective surfaces using Ag dipole antenna elements have been simulated, fabricated and tested to demonstrate improved narrowband transmission compared to the current state of the art in the 1–2 THz. Several designs are presented including variations in dipole packing density, and sensitivity to a cladding layer. The sharpest resonant response was measured to have a bandwidth of 90 GHz at a centre frequency of 1.3 THz, for a Q of 14.5, which is the highest thus far reported for a terahertz narrowband filter. In addition, the sensitivity of the resonance of the structures to material properties may be exploited as a way to measure the permittivity and loss tangent of thin films in the terahertz band.
Adaptive array utilising multimode antennas for correlated non-circular arrivals
Comparative study of field strength prediction methods in medium wave band
Gangbuster frequency selective surface metamaterials in terahertz band
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- Author(s): P. Georgiou and C. Toumazou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1289 –1291
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082268
- Type: Article
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A CMOS-based PG-ISFET (programmable gate-ion sensitive field effect transistor) is presented, which compensates for large threshold voltage and device mismatch observed with ISFETs fabricated in an unmodified CMOS process. The proposed device uses a capacitively coupled floating gate to allow tunability of its operating point to counteract the presence of trapped charge, thus allowing the device to operate within a tolerable gate voltage range. Fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process, the device shows good weak-inversion operation for low-power chemical sensing. - Author(s): D. Salas-Gonzalez ; J.M. Górriz ; J. Ramírez ; A. Lassl ; C.G. Puntonet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1291 –1292
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081838
- Type: Article
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In single photon emission computed tomography images, the differences between brains of different subjects require the normalisation of the images with respect to a reference template. The general affine model with 12 parameters is usually chosen as a first normalisation procedure. Usually, the Levenberg-Marquardt or mostly the Gauss-Newton method are used in order to optimise a cost function, which presents an extreme value when the image matches with the template. In this reported work, these optimisation algorithms are compared with two alternative versions of the Gauss-Newton method. Both proposed alternatives include an additional parameter, which allows the adaptive change of the step length along the descent direction. Experimental and simulated results show that the inclusion of this parameter improves the convergence rate considerably. - Author(s): S. Srinivasan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1292 –1294
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082021
- Type: Article
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An efficient beamforming scheme for wireless binaural hearing aids is proposed that provides a trade-off between the transmission bit rate and the amount of noise reduction. It is proposed to transmit only the low-frequency part of the signal from one hearing aid to the other, which is used in a binaural beamformer to generate the low-frequency part of the output. The high-frequency part is generated by a monaural beamformer using only the locally available microphone signals. The trade-off can be attained by adjusting the cutoff frequency of the lowpass filter. For speech sources with a 8 kHz bandwidth in the presence of an interfering source, it is shown that good performance can be achieved with a cutoff frequency of 4 kHz.
CMOS-based programmable gate ISFET
Improved Gauss-Newton optimisation methods in affine registration of SPECT brain images
Low-bandwidth binaural beamforming
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- Author(s): G. Martinelli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1294 –1295
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081820
- Type: Article
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A parsimonious set of ideal circuit components is proposed for dealing with the new devices produced by the emerging technologies, in particular nanotechnology. It is shown that only one of the four (α, β) components, recently suggested by Chua, is necessary to their modelling.
Circuit modelling of nano-devices
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- Author(s): J.H. Park ; T. Chung ; J.A. Jeon ; J.E. Kim ; M. Kim ; Y.K. Kim ; G. Na ; I.H. Park ; B.W. Yoo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1295 –1297
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082051
- Type: Article
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Presented is a closed-loop feedback control of an electrostatically actuated micromirror to track a moving light source and to stabilise fast the tilting angle. The micromirror has been designed and fabricated with single crystalline silicon. Tracking and tilt-angle stabilisation has been tested using a position-sensing detector and analogue feedback control circuit. Successful tracking of a moving light source was achieved. The feedback control has been also verified to improve the tilt-angle stabilisation time of the micromirror significantly.
Tracking control of electrostatically actuated micromirror with closed-loop feedback circuit
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- Author(s): P.R. Wilson ; R. Wilcock ; B.M. Al-Hashimi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1297 –1299
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082451
- Type: Article
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A 533 MHz programmable phase-locked loop is designed for DDR applications using a switched current filter and implicit phase detection. The use of switched current technology allows a fully integrated loop filter which is much smaller than equivalent integrated passive filters, as a result the circuit occupies only 0.012 mm2 on a 0.12 µm 1.2 V digital CMOS process. - Author(s): V. Bassoo and M. Faulkner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1299 –1300
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089597
- Type: Article
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A novel all-digital approach to generate a pulse train to drive switch-mode power amplifiers is proposed. Sigma–delta (ΣΔ) techniques are used to shape time quantisation noise away from the band of interest. The proposed architecture promises greater than 10 dB improvement in adjacent channel power over an existing scheme. The key contribution is to quantise in the polar domain while performing the ΣΔ filtering in the Cartesian domain. - Author(s): J.C. Ha ; J.H. Lim ; Y.J. Kim ; W.Y. Jung ; J.K. Wee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1300 –1301
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080798
- Type: Article
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A unified all-digital duty-cycle and phase correction circuit, consisting of dual duty cycle corrector loops and one shared control block, is proposed for a quadrature data rate I/O interface. The proposed scheme makes four duty-corrected and phase-corrected phase clocks from two clocks of 0° and 90° using the sequential three steps correction. The use of a newly devised duty cycle detector, which is digitally operated without external reference voltage, is proposed. With simulated results using 0.18 µm CMOS technology, the output duty cycle is corrected to 50+0.4% as the input duty cycle ranges from 40 to 60%. The phase difference with the four-phase output clock is adjusted to 50±0.6% (250±3 ps) as the input phase-skew ranges from 40 to 60% (250±50 ps) at a frequency of 1 GHz.
Fully integrated 533 MHz programmable switched current PLL in 0.012 mm2
Sigma–delta digital drive signals for switch-mode power amplifiers
Unified all-digital duty-cycle and phase correction circuit for QDR I/O interface
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- Author(s): J.H. Kwon ; D.U. Shim ; S.I. Kwak ; J.G. Yook
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1302 –1303
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082079
- Type: Article
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The partial placement of electromagnetic bandgap unit cells only near the sources of noise is proposed as a means of both suppressing the noise propagation and minimising the effects of a discontinuous reference plane. The simultaneous switching noise suppression performance of the proposed structure is verified and investigated experimentally.
Partial placement of electromagnetic bandgap unit cells to effectively mitigate simultaneous switching noise
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- Author(s): G.A.S. Pereira ; P. Iscold ; L.A.B. Torres
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1303 –1305
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081184
- Type: Article
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The development, implementation, and validation of a simple algorithm for airplane attitude estimation, based on a video of the horizon obtained from a camera mounted on the plane, is presented. The method provides absolute attitude estimation, which makes it suitable for the calibration and testing of artificial horizon systems. Solutions for some of the difficulties encountered in the determination of roll and pitch angles are discussed and presented. Experimental results from actual flights in a light aircraft are used to compare estimates obtained by the proposed method with data obtained from a commercial attitude reference system.
Airplane attitude estimation using computer vision: simple method and actual experiments
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- Author(s): A. Mutig ; G. Fiol ; P. Moser ; D. Arsenijevic ; V.A. Shchukin ; N.N. Ledentsov ; S.S. Mikhrin ; I.L. Krestnikov ; D.A. Livshits ; A.R. Kovsh ; F. Hopfer ; D. Bimberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1305 –1306
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082006
- Type: Article
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980 nm VCSELs show under 20 Gbit/s large signal modulation clearly open eyes without adjustment of the driving conditions between 0 and 120°C. - Author(s): K. Kennedy ; D.G. Revin ; J.P. Commin ; A.B. Krysa ; M.P. Semtsiv ; M. Chashnikova ; W.T. Masselink ; J.W. Cockburn ; R.A. Hogg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1306 –1308
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082362
- Type: Article
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A distributed feedback quantum cascade laser array emitting at λ∼10 µm is reported. Utilising a ridge width dependence on emission wavelength, the array of laser ridges exhibited a tuning range in excess of 230 nm over the temperature range of 140 to 380 K. Singlemode operation with sidemode suppression ratios of ≥25 dB and a combined tuning coefficient of −0.1 cm−1 K−1 are demonstrated.
120°C 20 Gbit/s operation of 980 nm VCSEL
Single grating period quantum cascade laser array with broad wavelength tuning range
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- Author(s): C.E. Agnew
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1308 –1309
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082059
- Type: Article
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Consider the total power received from many identical, randomly scattered RF sources in a plane (that is, in Poisson fashion). If RF propagation follows a power law model with exponent α>2, the right tail of the probability distribution approximately follows a Pareto distribution with exponent 2/α. - Author(s): R. Razavi ; M. Fleury ; M. Ghanbari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1309 –1310
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080851
- Type: Article
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Energy-efficient error control for IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) video communication is proposed. The scheme is based on block-oriented incremental redundancy provided by rateless coding and receiver feedback. Results are presented for time-sensitive video streaming applications under a Markovian channel model. When the proposed algorithm is compared to variations of Bluetooth forward error control, there are improvements of around 3 dB in received video quality and of over 10% in energy efficiency. - Author(s): D. Xu ; L. Yang ; Z. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1310 –1312
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081062
- Type: Article
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An iterative linear transceiver design scheme under sum mean squared error minimisation criterion is proposed. By modifying the structure of the transceiver, the complex computation of the Lagrangian multiplier within the traditional MMSE transceiver design can be effectively obviated, and thus the whole system complexity can be greatly reduced. Because the Lagrangian multiplier has an analytical solution, the transmit precoding matrix also has a closed-form solution, and can be solved easily with fixed-point iterations. - Author(s): B.-S. Kim and S.W. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1312 –1314
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081583
- Type: Article
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While many researchers have focused on bit-loading algorithm itself, proposed here is an implementation method of the bit-allocation in terms of layer-2 protocol. A novel protocol is presented to implement a bit-allocation over time-varying wireless channels by using as small an overhead as only one OFDM symbol.
Upper tail of distribution of power received from many sources
Energy-efficient video streaming over Bluetooth using rateless coding
Linear transceiver design for multi-user MIMO downlink
Overhead reduction in rate-adaptive MAC over OFDM-based wireless networks
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- Author(s): J.Y. Chen ; L. Zhang ; J. Qin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1314 –1315
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081736
- Type: Article
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A new stopping criterion for turbo codes is proposed. Based on the entropy concept, a metric called average-entropy to measure the average uncertainty of the estimated bits of each iteration is derived. This metric has a close relation to the bit error rate (BER). The average-entropy decreases as BER reduces and vice versa. The proposed stopping criterion stops the iterative algorithm when there is not a, or little, reduction of the average-entropy. Compared with other well-known criteria, this new criterion reduces the average number of iterations while maintaining error correction performance. - Author(s): Nasruminallah and L. Hanzo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1315 –1317
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081698
- Type: Article
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Short block codes designed for guaranteed convergence in soft-bit assisted iterative joint source and channel decoding are proposed, which assist iterative soft-bit source decoding to attain an infinitesimally low bit error ratio.
Average-entropy variation in iterative decoding of turbo codes and its application
Short block codes for guaranteed convergence in soft-bit assisted iterative joint source and channel decoding
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- Author(s): I. Elhanany ; C. Niedzwiedz ; Z. Liu ; S. Livingston
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1317 –1319
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081346
- Type: Article
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A method for consolidating the traditionally separate actor and critic neural networks in temporal difference learning for addressing partially-observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) is presented. Simulation results for solving a five-state POMDP problem support the claim that the consolidated model achieves higher performance while reducing computational and storage requirements to approximately half those of the traditional approach.
Consolidated actor–critic model for partially-observable Markov decision processes
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- Author(s): M. Yoshino ; N. Miki ; N. Yoshimoto ; M. Tsubokawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1319 –1320
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082360
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an easy technique for overlaying multiple wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) signals on optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) signals. The approach results in a broad coding spectrum for OCDM signals, and thus provides highly secure services in WDM-based networks. The technique is validated experimentally using an OCDM signal and two WDM signals.
Simultaneous OCDM signal transmission over multiple WDM channels using Mach-Zehnder interferometric selector
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- Author(s): A. Beck ; G. Ducournau ; M. Zaknoune ; E. Peytavit ; T. Akalin ; J.F. Lampin ; F. Mollot ; F. Hindle ; C. Yang ; G. Mouret
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1320 –1322
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082219
- Type: Article
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The fabrication of InGaAs/InP uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes integrated with broadband horn antennas and demonstration of photomixing up to 1.8 THz are reported. A radiated power of 1.1 µW at 940 GHz was measured for a photocurrent of only 2.75 mA (50 mW optical power), demonstrating the high efficiency of the device. The conversion efficiency obtained has been increased by more than a decade compared to the best reported values in the literature. The photomixer is used to identify the 1411 GHz water vapour absorption line at atmospheric pressure.
High-efficiency uni-travelling-carrier photomixer at 1.55 µm and spectroscopy application up to 1.4 THz
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- Author(s): H.S. Kang ; J. Hur ; B.K. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1322 –1323
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080753
- Type: Article
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A cost-effective three-phase flux reversal machine (FRM) drive topology, which consists of four main switches with bootstrap gate control circuitry, is proposed. A design guide for a proper profile of bootstrap charging and discharging voltages is proposed by considering the switching sequence for four-switch drives. The proposed design scheme, which considers the switching sequence of a four-switch drive, is verified by a laboratory prototype 100 W FRM.
Cost-effective three-phase FRM drive with four switches and bootstrap gate control circuitry
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- Author(s): V. Kumar ; A. Basu ; D.-H. Kim ; I. Adesida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1323 –1325
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082040
- Type: Article
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To complement the gate scaling of HEMTs and also to reduce access resistance, self-aligned devices with a gate-length of 0.18 µm have been fabricated on 6H-SiC substrates using a single-step ohmic process. An Mo/Al/Mo/Au-based ohmic contact, requiring annealing temperatures around ∼550°C, was utilised. These 0.18 µm devices exhibited maximum drain current density of 900 mA/mm at a gate bias of 0 V and a drain bias of 10 V. The knee voltage was less than 2 V, showing the excellent nature of the ohmic contact. A peak extrinsic transconductance (gm) of 290 mS/mm was measured at Vgs=−2.6 V and a drain bias of 8 V. A unity gain cutoff frequency, fT of 92 GHz, and unilateral power gain frequency, fmax, were measured on these devices. - Author(s): W. Stillman ; D. Veksler ; T.A. Elkhatib ; K. Salama ; F. Guarin ; M.S. Shur
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1325 –1327
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089418
- Type: Article
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The difference in the terahertz response of Si MOSFETs with identical above threshold characteristics but different values of the leakage current in the below threshold regime is demonstrated. The results show that the terahertz response test can be used as a complementary testing technique of a Si MOS VLSI under bias.
Self-aligned AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with 0.18 µm gate-length
Sub-terahertz testing of silicon MOSFET
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- Author(s): V. Zarzoso
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1327 –1328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082581
- Type: Article
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A second-order criterion for blind signal extraction in instantaneous linear mixtures has recently been proposed. It is proved that, with an adequate choice of autocorrelation time lags, the criterion leads indeed to a successful source extraction in the noiseless case. Using this criterion, the source identifiability conditions turn out to be the same as in the popular second-order blind identification method for blind source separation. - Author(s): W. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1328 –1329
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082379
- Type: Article
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An improved adaptive blind decision feedback equaliser (DFE) scheme in the presence of rapidly time-varying channels is proposed by utilising a soft decision feedback sample generator for reduction of error propagation and, at the same time, for enhancement of (re)initialisation and tracking ability of the DFE. - Author(s): N. Kalyanasundaram and P. Palanisamy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1329 –1331
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081432
- Type: Article
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The target-detection problem in the context of two-dimensional active bearing estimation of an underwater (mobile) target from a fast-moving planar array of sensors is addressed. A modified version of the method of adaptive noise cancellation, which adopts a novel approach for securing the requisite estimates of reference-noise samples, is proposed to solve the detection problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of performing target-detection and signal-arrival time estimation with a high degree of reliability even at SNRs as low as −70 dB.
Second-order criterion for blind source extraction
Soft decision approaches in adaptive blind decision feedback equalisers
Target detection by adaptive noise cancellation
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- Author(s): X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1331 –1333
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081376
- Type: Article
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A set of 16 binary sequences of length eight, applied to reducing the peak-to-mean-envelope-power-ratio (PMEPR) of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, is reported. The reported result can be used in conjunction with the existing 48 binary Golay sequences of length eight.
Set of binary sequences of length eight applied to reducing OFDM PMEPR
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- Author(s): Z. Wu and S. Cochran
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 22, p. 1333 –1334
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082264
- Type: Article
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Multilayer piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers in which the layers were bonded together with epoxy adhesives were tested at resonance under various duty cycle driving conditions. Experimental results from surface displacement and temperature measurements on these multilayer transducers are compared to results from a single-layer device. The effects of self-heating resulting from high duty cycle excitation of multilayer ultrasonic transducers are characterised and analysed.
Characterisation of self-heating effects on multilayer ultrasonic transducers with adhesive bondlines
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