Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 1, 3 January 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 1
3 January 2008
Editorial
- Author(s): C. Toumazou and I. White
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, page: 1 –1
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20083501
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): S.-J. Lin and J.-S. Row
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 2 –3
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082353
- Type: Article
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A design for dual-frequency microstrip antennas with conical radiation patterns is studied. The dual-frequency operation is achieved by exciting two different resonant modes of the square microstrip patch antenna with four symmetrical shorting walls. Then, a method to enhance the impedance bandwidths of the dual-frequency antenna is proposed, and the experimental results show bandwidths are increased by 19 and 31% at the lower and higher operating frequencies, respectively. Simulation analyses are also performed to support the measured results. - Author(s): Ö. Ergül and L. Gürel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 3 –5
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082282
- Type: Article
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A hierarchical parallelisation of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) for the efficient solution of large-scale problems in computational electromagnetics is presented. The tree structure of MLFMA is distributed among the processors by partitioning both the clusters and the samples of the fields appropriately for each level. The parallelisation efficiency is significantly improved compared to previous approaches, where only the clusters or only the fields are partitioned in a level. - Author(s): B. Rembold
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 5 –7
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082597
- Type: Article
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Antenna diversity demands a sufficiently low diagram correlation factor ρ. A universal relation between ρ and the scatter parameters of a multiport antenna is derived for arbitrary numbers of ports and radiating elements. It is shown that the diagram correlation factor depends significantly on the number of ports. While for a two-port antenna a vanishing correlation factor can be achieved with port matching only, this is not possible for multiport antennas with port numbers greater than two. - Author(s): F. Viani ; L. Lizzi ; R. Azaro ; A. Massa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 7 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082840
- Type: Article
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A spline-shaped antenna for ultra-wideband communications that operates in the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) released band from 6 up to 8.5 GHz is described. Selected simulated and measured data are reported to assess the achieved impedance matching over the whole band of interest and the distortionless behaviour, as well as to show the omnidirectional radiation properties. - Author(s): W.K. Toh and Z.N. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 8 –9
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082535
- Type: Article
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A dual-band antenna design that covers the 2.26–2.54 GHz and 5.14–6.10 GHz bands is presented. The proposed antenna design consists of two patch radiators suspended above a ground plane. The performance in the lower and upper bands can be controlled with less mutual coupling effect. The antenna also features less beam squinting of the radiation patterns at boresight for both operating bands. - Author(s): Y. Ito ; M. Ameya ; M. Yamamoto ; T. Nojima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 9 –11
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082741
- Type: Article
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A study of a UWB array antenna is presented, which is composed of leaf-shaped bowtie radiating elements printed on a dielectric substrate. With the use of a flat reflector, the presented antenna has unidirectional radiation characteristics and higher directivity in comparison with omnidirectional UWB antennas. In the maximum radiation direction of the proposed antenna, the actual gain of 10.3–13.3 dBi is achieved over the frequency range of 4.1–10.0 GHz (–3 dB gain bandwidth of 91%). - Author(s): L.F. Herrán ; S. Ver Hoeye ; M. Fernández ; F. Las Heras
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 11 –12
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20083245
- Type: Article
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A topology based on mutually coupled harmonic self-oscillating mixers for beam steering purposes in a receiver configuration is presented. The use of harmonic self-oscillating mixers increases the maximum inter-element phase-shift allowing greater steering angles. A 3×1 array has been manufactured showing good agreement between experimental and simulated results.
Bandwidth enhancement for dual-frequency microstrip antenna with conical radiation
Hierarchical parallelisation strategy for multilevel fast multipole algorithm in computational electromagnetics
Relation between diagram correlation factors and S-parameters of multiport antenna with arbitrary feeding network
Spline-shaped ultra-wideband antenna operating in ECC released frequency spectrum
Tunable dual-band planar antenna
Unidirectional UWB array antenna using leaf-shaped bowtie elements and flat reflector
Use of mutually coupled harmonic self-oscillating mixers for receiving phased-array antennas
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- Author(s): S. Di Pascoli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 13 –14
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082300
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The performance of different LC oscillator topologies is evaluated, showing that their current and power requirements are fundamentally equivalent for many commonly employed single-stage circuits, and are subject to a practical lower limit dictated by the characteristics of the active devices and inductors used. Two fundamental quality indicators are defined, which can summarise their current and energy performance. An example of a two-stage circuit is provided, which is not subject to that limit.
Fundamental limits to power consumption of LC subthreshold oscillators
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- Author(s): Y.W. Lee ; S. Sinha ; M.J.F. Digonnet ; R.L. Byer ; S. Jiang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 14 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082698
- Type: Article
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The measurement of record-high photodarkening resistance in singlemode phosphate fibres doped with 12 and 6 wt.% Yb2O3 is reported. After pumping for 10 000 min at a high population inversion (∼47%), the fibre exhibited no photodarkening at 660 nm. Silica fibres pumped to the same inversion did show photodarkening, indicating that the phosphate fibre can be doped with at least six times as much Yb and still show no photodarkening. - Author(s): K.S. Abedin ; G.-W. Lu ; T. Miyazaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 16 –17
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082230
- Type: Article
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The efficient generation of slow light in a singlemode Er-doped tellurite glass fibre, which has a Brillouin gain coefficient about an order of magnitude larger than silica fibre is reported. Pulses of 60 ns width were delayed by 67 ns in a 2 m length of fibre with a pump power of 630 mW. The large Brillouin gain and relatively low loss of tellurite fibre should be useful in the realisation of compact slow light devices operable at a lower pump power.
Measurement of high photodarkening resistance in heavily Yb3+-doped phosphate fibres
Slow light generation in singlemode Er-doped tellurite fibre
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- Author(s): S. Jin ; H. Lee ; J. Jeong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 17 –19
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082872
- Type: Article
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A fast partial distortion elimination algorithm based on a Hadamard transform and its probability model is presented. Using the Hadamard transform, we obtain local block complexities, and by computing the cumulative distribution function of the local block complexities, we can accurately predict the total matching error without calculation. - Author(s): H.-S. Le and H. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 19 –20
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082182
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new version of logarithmic transform for image enhancement: fused logarithmic transform (fLog). Based on multi-resolution spline fusion technology, a composite image with a significant improvement in image contrast can be synthesised by fusing the source image and its logarithmic version. Cascaded with other image enhancement techniques, such as histogram equalisation, the fused logarithmic transform could turn the enhanced contrast into more visible details. - Author(s): H. Alzoubi and W.D. Pan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 20 –22
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082196
- Type: Article
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MPEG-4 uses a perspective model for global motion estimation. The region of support for global motion representation consists of the entire image frame. Estimating global motion parameters is very expensive computationally, since all the pixels in the frames are involved in the computation. Therefore, computationally efficient global motion estimation techniques are sought-after. It is shown that real-time global motion estimation in an MPEG-4 video codec can be achieved by using a pixel subsampling method based on regular subsampling patterns. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method was capable of speeding up the conventional all-pixel GME approach by more than 11 times, with a subsampling ratio of 1/16, without significant loss in estimation accuracy and compression efficiency.
Fast partial distortion elimination algorithm based on Hadamard probability model
Fused logarithmic transform for contrast enhancement
Reducing the complexity of MPEG-4 global motion estimation using pixel subsampling
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- Author(s): Y. Zhang and A.R.L. Travis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 22 –24
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082427
- Type: Article
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A novel approach to implement the multiview autostereoscopic display system is presented. This implementation brings together a high frame rate digital micro-mirror device (DMD) projector, an active shutter, and an optical wedge. It facilitates the modulation of the DMD to achieve extra high frame rate with a trade-off in greyscale resolution. The results have the great potential for commercialising the autostereoscopic display system.
DMD-based autostereoscopic display system for 3D interaction
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- Author(s): K.M. Kim ; S.H. Shin ; Y.K. Lee ; S.M. Choi ; Y.S. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 24 –25
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081391
- Type: Article
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An aluminium-based packaging platform with microreflector and electrical via for an interconnection electrode is first proposed for a package component of a light-emitting diode (LED). The electrode-guided interconnection with 180 µm thickness has been successfully fabricated by using the selectively anodising process, and not by either the plating or the solder paste technique. The reflector was formed during the isotropic etching process. By mainly a two-step chemical process, the LED packaging platform integrated microreflector and electrical via in one body was developed in a low-cost process. - Author(s): Y. Zhang ; P. Upadhyaya ; L. Peng ; D. Rector ; D. Heo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 26 –27
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082750
- Type: Article
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Based on the investigation of resonator phase shift, an analytical framework to compare the phase noise between two series LC quadrature voltage-controlled oscillators (QVCOs) is presented. The bottom-series QVCO is analytically demonstrated to have lower phase noise than the top-series QVCO. Simulation data show good agreement with the presented analysis. - Author(s): M. Di Federico ; P.S. Mandolesi ; P. Julián ; A.G. Andreou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 27 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082097
- Type: Article
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Experimental results of an integrated circuit implementing a simplicial cellular nonlinear network digital pixel processor are presented. The prototype has a 7×6 cells array, and works as expected at a testing clock speed of 10 MHz. - Author(s): N. Trombly and A. Mason
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 29 –30
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080912
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A low-cost post-CMOS fabrication process enabling the formation of thermally controlled and isolated microelectrode array sites suitable for biomimetic and bioelectronic protein attachment on existing CMOS circuitry has been developed and implemented in the fabrication of an electrochemical array system for biosensing applications.
Aluminium-based packaging platform for LED using selectively anodising method
Analysis of resonator phase shift for two series LC quadrature VCOs
Experimental results of simplicial CNN digital pixel processor
Post-CMOS electrode formation and isolation for on-chip temperature-controlled electrochemical sensors
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- Author(s): Y.L. Lee ; N.E. Yu ; C.-S. Kee ; D.-K. Ko ; Y.-C. Noh ; B.-A. Yu ; W. Shin ; T.-J. Eom ; K. Oh ; J. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 30 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082435
- Type: Article
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All-optical wavelength tuning in a waveguide-type Šolc filter based on a Ti:PPLN waveguide has been demonstrated for the first time by ultraviolet illumination. The measured wavelength tuning rate as a function of the UV intensity was about −26.42 nm/W cm−2.
All-optical wavelength tuning in Šolc filter based on Ti:PPLN waveguide
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- Author(s): M. Moradian and H. Oraizi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 32 –33
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082816
- Type: Article
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Application of the grooved substrate is presented for the design of an unequal Wilkinson power divider. The grooves are applied along one of its strips which requires high characteristic impedance for the purpose of overcoming its conventional narrow width. The grooves are oriented parallel to the strip and just next to it. The groove depths are selected such that, for a suitable width of the strip, the desired characteristic impedance is achieved. A 4:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider is designed, fabricated and tested, which verify the design specification of power division. - Author(s): J.-Y. Lee ; S.-H. Lee ; H. Kim ; H.-K. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 33 –35
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082997
- Type: Article
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A 60 GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a double cross-coupled negative-resistance cell is presented. The proposed double cross-coupled pair shows higher ftrans and lower input capacitance than a typical capacitive-degeneration cross-coupled pair at millimetre-wave band. The 60 GHz double cross-coupled VCO has phase noise of –84 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset from 59.2 GHz and good FOM of –188 dBc/Hz. - Author(s): M.R. Burford ; P.A. Levin ; T.J. Kazmierski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 35 –37
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082220
- Type: Article
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When used with emerging data-rates of 10 GHz and above, some standard transmission line length matching methods are shown to make mode conversion worse than without length matching. A new methodology for temporal skew management to preserve signal integrity in differential microstrip pairs to 15 GHz is proposed and validated through simulation. - Author(s): V.F. Fusco ; R. Cahill ; W. Hu ; S. Simms
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 37 –38
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082191
- Type: Article
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A dynamically adaptive radar absorber is described which is based on a periodic array of microstrip patches that are printed on a 500 µm-thick liquid crystal substrate. The measured reflectivity of the structure is less than −38 dB with a 200 MHz −10 dB bandwidth at 10.19 GHz when a +4 DC bias is applied. It is shown that a 34 dB reduction in signal loss occurs when the bias voltage is increased to 20 V.
Application of grooved substrates for design of unequal Wilkinson power dividers
Millimetre-wave VCO with enhanced ftrans
Temporal skew and mode conversion management in differential pairs to 15 GHz
Ultra-thin tunable microwave absorber using liquid crystals
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- Author(s): B.-S. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 38 –40
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082751
- Type: Article
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A new and effective Doppler effects compensation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) systems based on constellation estimation is presented with analytical descriptions that quantitatively clarify the mechanism of inter-carrier interference. The proposed compensation techniques, applicable in both frequency and time domain with remarkable accuracy, are crucial to the future OFDM system operating on ultra-high-speed mobile vehicles. - Author(s): M.H. Habaebi ; E. Abduljali ; T. Ragaibi ; N. Rhuma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 40 –42
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081529
- Type: Article
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The effect of locating wireless sensors on a monitored patient's body on the performance of routing protocols is studied. Results indicate a considerable difference in sensor node forwarding activity, power consumption, and routing load as a function of sensor height. The Results motivate exploiting this criteria to develop new energy-efficient routing strategies. - Author(s): B. Kim and I.-C. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 42 –43
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082129
- Type: Article
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A simple yet efficient technique is proposed to improve the performance of distributed sorting based K-best detection. The proposed technique is to interleave partially sorted elements so as to reduce the distribution skew that is the major cause of performance degradation of distributed sorting. Experimental results show that the proposed interleaving almost fully recovers the degradation and makes the performance close to that of the original K-best detection.
Doppler effect compensation scheme based on constellation estimation for OFDM system
Effect of sensor specific body location on wireless network routing performance
K-best MIMO detection based on interleaving of distributed sorting
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- Author(s): I. Chatzigeorgiou and I.J. Wassell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 43 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082781
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The expression for the minimum Hamming weight of the output of a constituent convolutional encoder, when its input is a weight-2 sequence is revisited. The new expression particularly facilitates the calculation of the effective free distance of recently proposed schemes, namely non-systematic turbo codes and pseudo-randomly punctured turbo codes.
Revisiting the calculation of effective free distance of turbo codes
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- Author(s): L.B. Fu ; M.D. Pelusi ; E.C. Mägi ; V.G. Ta'eed ; B.J. Eggleton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 44 –46
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082954
- Type: Article
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Using a recently established technique for tapering chalcogenide glass fibre, the nonlinearity of As2Se3 fibre is enhanced to achieve a nonlinear coefficient approaching 2500 W−1 km−1, enabling near penalty-free, wavelength conversion of a 40 Gbit/s optical signal by cross-phase modulation in a significantly shorter device length (16 cm), that reduces dispersion impact for greater broadband tuning range (> 20 nm).
Broadband all-optical wavelength conversion of 40 Gbit/s signals in nonlinearity enhanced tapered chalcogenide fibre
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- Author(s): H.G. Sandalidis and T.A. Tsiftsis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 46 –47
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082495
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The performance of a free-space optical (FSO) communication system under strong turbulence regime that follows the K distribution is evaluated. Some useful channel statistics are derived in closed form and the outage probability and ergodic capacity for a single-input single-output FSO link are evaluated. Numerical examples are further presented to verify the accuracy of the derived mathematical expressions. - Author(s): M. Fujiwara ; H. Suzuki ; H. Kimura ; M. Tsubokawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 47 –49
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082627
- Type: Article
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A frequency monitoring/stabilisation technique for dense wavelength division multiplexing access networks is proposed. To achieve more precise frequency stabilisation, the bias current used to drive each directly modulated LD is dithered. The key techniques are adding an offset bias to the detected error signal and offsetting the centre frequency of the arrayed waveguide grating port against the grid frequency to achieve effective frequency stabilisation. Experiments show that the relative frequency deviation of ±30 GHz can be suppressed to less than ±1 GHz without any BER degradation.
Outage probability and ergodic capacity of free-space optical links over strong turbulence
Precise frequency stabilisation by dithering bias current of directly modulated laser-diodes
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- Author(s): J.E. Roth ; O. Fidaner ; E.H. Edwards ; R.K. Schaevitz ; Y.-H. Kuo ; N.C. Helman ; T.I. Kamins ; J.S. Harris ; D.A.B. Miller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 49 –50
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082979
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An electroabsorption modulator using a side-entry architecture achieved a contrast ratio exceeding 3 dB over a 3.5 nm range in the C-band, using a voltage swing of 1 V and operating at 100°C. Modulation was due to the quantum-confined Stark effect from ten Ge/SiGe quantum wells epitaxially grown on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The device exploits an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonator formed between the totally internally reflecting air-SiGe interface and a frustrated total internal reflection from the buried oxide layer of the SOI substrate.
C-band side-entry Ge quantum-well electroabsorption modulator on SOI operating at 1 V swing
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- Author(s): K. De Munck ; J. Bogaerts ; D.S. Tezcan ; P. De Moor ; S. Sedky ; C. Van Hoof
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 50 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082812
- Type: Article
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Thinned backside illuminated CMOS imagers were developed, having a thick epitaxial layer with a graded doping concentration. All thin wafer processing is performed on 200 mm wafers using a specially developed temporary carrier process. Following appropriate backside treatment, high quantum efficiency above 80% between 400 and 870 nm was obtained, in agreement with simulation. - Author(s): W.-K. Huang ; Y.-C. Liu ; Y.-M. Hsin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 52 –53
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082484
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The body contact in a Si photodiode fabricated by standard CMOS technology is used to eliminate the slow diffusion photogenerated carriers to enhance the response. The proposed photodiode demonstrates significant reduction in the long tail from pulse measurement and consequently shows the electrical bandwidth of 2.8 GHz and 5 Gbit/s eye diagram.
Backside thinned CMOS imagers with high broadband quantum efficiency realised using new integration process
Bandwidth enhancement in Si photodiode by eliminating slow diffusion photocarriers
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- Author(s): C. Johansson ; X. Wang ; M. Robertsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 53 –55
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082824
- Type: Article
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The R&D in finding low-cost manufacturing of electronics and electronic components is intense. One research route is aiming at roll-to-roll printing of organic electronics but the typically low mobility in organic semiconductors results in fundamental difficulties to fabricate, e.g., diodes for operation at high frequencies. A novel diode has instead been realised by screen-printing a silicon-powder composite with the intention to utilise the high mobility and the high operation frequency potential of silicon. The current against voltage (I-V) characteristics of the printed device reveal diode behaviour but so far with a too high ideality factor and resistance to be practically useful. By optimising device geometry, composite, and printing process low-cost printed, high frequency diodes (MHz–some GHz) may be viable. - Author(s): X. Luo ; B. Zhang ; Z. Li ; W. Zhang ; Z. Zhan ; H. Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 55 –56
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082131
- Type: Article
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A new SOI high-voltage device with a step thickness sustained voltage layer (ST SOI) is proposed. The electric field in the drift region is modulated, and that in the buried layer is enhanced by the variable-thickness SOI layer, resulting in enhancement of breakdown voltage (BV). BV for the ST SOI with two steps is twice as high as that of the conventional SOI, maintaining the low on-resistance (Ron).
Printable rectifying device using Si-composite
SOI high-voltage device with step thickness sustained voltage layer
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- Author(s): J. Le Bihan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 56 –58
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082577
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SincN FIR filters resulting from a cascade of N sinc filters, each of length M, are considered. Straightforward recurrence relations are derived allowing fast computation of their impulse response coefficients. A simple general expression of the coefficients is also given, valid for all the coefficients.
Simple formulas for computing sincN FIR filter coefficients
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- Author(s): J.-H. Kim and K.-S. Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 58 –60
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081806
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A WPS (wearable personal station) and a VoiceXML-based robust multimodal fusion interface have been implemented, fusing speech and gesture-sign language for improved multimodal language processing, and improved fusion and fission rules are suggested depending on signal plus noise to noise ratio (SNNR) and fuzzy value for simultaneous multimodality. - Author(s): Y. Shiga and P.J.B. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 60 –61
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20082233
- Type: Article
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An efficient decoding algorithm for segmental HMMs (SHMMs) is proposed with multi-stage pruning. The generation by SHMMs of a feature trajectory for each state expands the search space and the computational cost of decoding. It is reduced in three ways: pre-cost partitioning, start-node (SN) beam pruning, and conventional end-node (EN) beam pruning. Experiments show that partitioning cuts computation by 20–25% for supervised training, and 40–50% for phone classification, without degradation in recognition accuracy; SN and EN beam pruning together give 80% reduction for embedded recognition on triphone SHMMs, with less than 0.1% degradation.
Distributed-computing-based multimodal fusion interface using VoiceXML and KSSL for wearable PC
Start- and end-node segmental-HMM pruning
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- Author(s): L. Hoflack ; S. De Vuyst ; S. Wittevrongel ; H. Bruneel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 61 –63
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20083020
- Type: Article
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A queueing model for the buffer between a web server and the Internet is presented. The generated traffic is modelled as a superposition of sessions started by independent users, where each session corresponds to one file download. This model leads to analytical expressions for the main performance measures (buffer occupancy, delay) of the buffer and allows rapid comparison of various alternatives. An example is presented. - Author(s): S. Monaghan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 63 –64
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081877
- Type: Article
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Exact closed-form expressions are obtained for the steady-state behaviour of a discrete-time system consisting of a buffered wireless link with correlated Bernoulli faults, serving a correlated Bernoulli frame source of the same peak bandwidth. A simple asymptotic approximation is then given for the QoS dimensioning of the link buffer requiring only the summary statistics for source and link behaviours.
Analytic traffic model of web server
Exact discrete-time analysis of wireless link with correlated faults serving correlated source
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- Author(s): E. Brzozowski and W. Soluch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 1, p. 64 –65
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20083044
- Type: Article
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The surface acoustic wave (SAW) and pseudo SAW properties of NdCa4O(BO3)3 crystal were measured for the first time in the temperature range from −10°C to 100°C. For SAW, the largest electromechanical coupling coefficient of about 0.7% was obtained for the y–x orientation, while for the pseudo SAW the above coefficient was about 1.4% for the x–y and z–y orientations. For the y–x orientation, a second-order temperature coefficient of frequency and a turnover temperature of about −50 ppb/°C2 and 43°C, respectively, were obtained. Other investigated orientations showed approximate linear frequency changes against temperature for both SAW and pseudo SAW. This crystal is promising for application in low-loss temperature stable SAW devices and for high-temperature sensors.
SAW and pseudo SAW properties of NdCa4O(BO3)3 crystal
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