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1350-911X
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0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 17, 14 August 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 17
14 August 2008
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- Author(s): J. Jin ; X.P. Yu ; J.J. Zhou ; T.T. Yan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 999 –1000
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081025
- Type: Article
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A feedback topology, improving the performance of injection locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) in terms of locking range and supply rejection, is presented. The locking range is improved by 60% compared with conventional designs. The proposed ILFD can work robustly with supply rejection since the self-resonant frequency of the proposed ILFDs is independent of the input DC voltage. Fabricated in a standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology, the proposed ILFD is able to work from 4 to 8.2 GHz with a maximum power consumption of 2.84 mW from a 1.8 V supply. - Author(s): V. Riewruja
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1000 –1002
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081739
- Type: Article
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A method to implement a square-rooting circuit is described. The proposed circuit employs operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) as the only active elements. The implementation technique is based on an electronically variable resistor formed by the OTA, where the magnitude of the resistance is controlled by the output current, to provide the square-rooting function. The proposed scheme can operate with both a voltage input and a current input signal. The purpose of the circuit is emphasised in terms of simple configuration, high accuracy and low cost. Experimental results showing the circuit performance are presented.
Gigahertz range injection locked frequency dividers with band-width enhancement and supply rejection
Simple square-rooting circuit using OTAs
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- Author(s): G. Le Fur ; P. Besnier ; A. Sharaiha
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1002 –1003
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081183
- Type: Article
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Using the reverberation chamber to obtain antenna radiation efficiency is considered. The reverberation chamber, which has for many years been used for electromagnetic compatibility measurements, can also be used with great advantage for antenna measurements since it simulates effectively a uniform multipath propagation environment. How a reverberation chamber can be used to measure the ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna efficiency in a very short time is described. The procedure based on time domain is described and some experimental results are given and compared to measurements obtained by the Wheeler cap method extended by Schantz to UWB antennas. - Author(s): D. Abed ; H. Kimouche ; B. Atrouz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1003 –1005
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081706
- Type: Article
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A novel printed monopole antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed in view of ultra-wideband applications. Its impedance bandwidth defined by a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR<2) is from 3 to 11.3 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 116%. A parametric study of the proposed antenna was carried out in order to optimise the main parameters. Details of the proposed antenna design and measured results are presented and discussed.
Efficiency measurement of UWB antennas using time reversal in reverberation chambers
Small-size printed CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband communications
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- Author(s): J. Liu and Z. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1005 –1006
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080872
- Type: Article
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A field effect transistor (FET) charge sensor is proposed to work at a special operating condition in order to become extremely sensitive to the gate charge change caused by biomolecules. A device model has been established and the simulation results justify the hypothesis. It is found that at the depletion operating condition the proposed FET charge sensor will shift a gate voltage up to 1 mV in response to every electron per square micron, which is much more sensitive than other existing FET sensors. - Author(s): H. Jiang ; L. Zhang ; C. Zhang ; Z. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1006 –1008
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081228
- Type: Article
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A wireless switch designated for battery-supplied implantable medical devices is designed and verified based on a passive RF receiver. The switch employs wireless energy recovery and wireless identification, and consumes zero standby power. Unlike the commonly used dry reed switch, the proposed switch features high tolerance to noise and disturbance, as well as compatibility with integrated circuits. The proposed wireless switch circuit has been implemented using 0.18 µm CMOS technology, and verified in a wireless capsule endoscope prototype system.
Highly sensitive field effect charge sensor for direct detection of biomolecules
Wireless switch for implantable medical devices based on passive RF receiver
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- Author(s): S.-D. Xu ; Y.-W. Liang ; S.-W. Chiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1008 –1010
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081070
- Type: Article
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A quasi-sliding-mode control law is proposed for a class of discrete-time nonlinear control systems concerning system stabilisation and chatter alleviation. An illustrative example is also given to demonstrate the use and benefits of the scheme.
Discrete-time quasi-sliding-mode control for a class of nonlinear control systems
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- Author(s): P. Benabes and R. Kielbasa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1010 –1011
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081036
- Type: Article
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A new three-level D-to-A sigma–delta converter for low consumption applications is presented. The two one-bit outputs of this converter can drive a loudspeaker directly without requiring passive components and with a sufficient audio quality. The global consumption is minimised by reducing the number of active states.
Low-consumption sigma–delta DAC for audio mobile applications
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- Author(s): B. Kibler and C. Finot
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1011 –1013
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081153
- Type: Article
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The impact of structural irregularities on high bit rate pulse compression techniques is evaluated in photonic crystal fibre. Specifically, more robust pulse compression to longitudinal fluctuations in the normal dispersion regime is reported. The physical limits of these pulse compression techniques in the presence of dispersion fluctuations are identified and the fact that state-of-the-art fabrication tolerances are sufficient for future experimental applications is confirmed.
Impact of structural irregularities on high bit rate pulse compression techniques in photonic crystal fibre
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- Author(s): E.I. Krengel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1013 –1014
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081401
- Type: Article
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New perfect polyphase sequences with a small phase alphabet and some zero elements are proposed. These sequences are derived from pairs of perfect polyphase sequences with zeroes and odd-perfect ternary sequences of the same length N. They have a length of 4N and possess a peak factor close to 1 as N becomes large. The sequences can be used in digital communication, navigation and radar engineering.
Perfect polyphase sequences with small alphabet
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- Author(s): H.-Y. Yang ; Y.-S. Lin ; C.-C. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1014 –1016
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081872
- Type: Article
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A 21–27 GHz CMOS ultra-wideband low-noise amplifier (UWB LNA) with state-of-the-art phase linearity property (group delay variation is only ±8.1 ps across the whole band) is reported for the first time. To achieve high and flat gain (S21) and small group delay variation at the same time, the inductive series peaking technique was adopted in the output of each stage for bandwidth enhancement. The LNA dissipated 27 mW power and achieved input return loss (S11) of −13 to −20.1 dB, output return loss (S22) of −8.2 to −30.2 dB, flat S21 of 9.3±1.3 dB, reverse isolation (S12) of −52.7 to −73.3 dB, and noise figure of 4.9–6.1 dB over the 21–27 GHz band of interest. The measured 1 dB compression point (P1 dB) and input third-order intermodulation point (IIP3) were −14 and −4 dBm, respectively, at 24 GHz. - Author(s): C.-P. Liu and H.-P. Huang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1016 –1017
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080587
- Type: Article
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Based on the CMOS proportional to absolute temperature principle, a combined device for voltage reference and temperature sensors is successfully implemented using a fully digital process. For a temperature range from 20 to 120°C, the experimental results show that the voltage reference has a temperature stable output of 717 mV and the associated temperature sensor has the sensitivity of 2.3 mV/°C with linearity up to 95%. They are independent of the variation of supply voltage.
0.18 µm 21–27 GHz CMOS UWB LNA with 9.3±1.3 dB gain and 103.9±8.1 ps group delay
Experimental validation of PTAT for in situ temperature sensor and voltage reference
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- Author(s): J.P. Engelstaedter ; B. Roycroft ; B. Corbett
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1017 –1019
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081439
- Type: Article
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A single growth 1545 nm laser integrated with a distributed slot reflector is presented. The reflector consists of five slots etched into a ridge waveguide and provides a power reflectivity of 5%. The distributed reflector allows integration of the laser with a detector with a responsivity of up to 1.76 A/W.
Laser and detector using integrated reflector for photonic integration
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- Author(s): B. Jokanovic ; V. Crnojevic-Bengin ; O. Boric-Lubecke
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1019 –1020
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081543
- Type: Article
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A novel miniature high selectivity filter designed using a metamaterial resonator based on four grounded spirals (ForeS) is presented. This enables extreme size reduction together with high out-of-band rejection and low insertion loss. A fabricated third-order filter has overall dimensions of λg/4 by λg/15, a 3 dB bandwidth of 3.7% at 1.63 GHz, insertion loss of −3 dB, attenuation greater than 75 dB in the lower stopband and greater than 40 dB up to 2.6 times the centre frequency. - Author(s): M. Neshat ; S. Gigoyan ; D. Saeedkia ; S. Safavi-Naeini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1020 –1022
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081445
- Type: Article
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A high sensitivity sensor with a simple structure is presented for analysis of (bio)chemicals in liquid or solution form. The proposed technique is based on the travelling-wave whispering gallery resonance perturbation method in the millimetre-wave range. The resonance modes are launched inside a dielectric disk through coupling into a dielectric image waveguide. The top surface of the disk is used as the sensing area where the resonance mode interacts with the sample. Theoretical analysis and experimental results for the proposed sensor are discussed.
Miniature high selectivity filters using grounded spiral resonators
Travelling-wave whispering gallery resonance sensor in millimetre-wave range
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- Author(s): Y. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1022 –1024
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081287
- Type: Article
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Based on the theory of the partially observable Markov decision process, an opportunistic spectrum access scheme that minimises the completion time and maximises the throughput of secondary users is proposed. Numerical results are provided to show the performance improvement of the proposed scheme in cognitive networks. - Author(s): K. Chang and Y. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1024 –1025
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080937
- Type: Article
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A simple symbol timing synchronisation (STS) scheme is proposed, based on replica correlation robust to frequency offset in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The proposed scheme applies a sequence and its modified sequence to total feasible frequency resources used in STS. A comparison is made with the current long-term evolution scheme.
Opportunistic spectrum access in congnitive networks
Robust replica correlation-based symbol synchronisation in OFDM systems
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- Author(s): C. Fortier ; J. Fatome ; S. Pitois ; J.-P. Couvercelle ; M.-L. Leonard ; E. Pincemin ; F. Reynaud
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1025 –1027
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081279
- Type: Article
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In this work, the potential efficiency of a low-loss, tunable second- and third-order dispersion compensating module based on a stretched optical fibre for ultra high-speed telecommunication systems is analysed. Experimental results at a repetition rate of 640 GHz show that precise dispersion compensation could be achieved in the range of ±0.038 ps/nm by means of an 11.3 cm maximum stretching of a 48 m long dispersion compensating fibre.
Stretched fibre based dispersion compensating module for ultra high-speed telecommunication systems
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- Author(s): C.-A. Cheng ; K.-J. Lin ; Y.-M. Kao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1027 –1029
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080824
- Type: Article
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A novel cost-effective and acoustic-resonance-free electronic ballast used to drive automotive high intensity discharging (HID) lamps that utilise a constant lamp power control scheme is proposed. The presented ballast is comprised of a buck-boost flyback converter to provide negative DC voltages and a half-bridge-type inverter to supply the lamp with low-frequency, square-wave AC voltage/current. Owing to its low-frequency operation, no acoustic resonance occurs on the automotive HID lamps. Design guidelines and experimental results are demonstrated for a 35 W automotive HID lamp prototype ballast operating at 400 Hz switching frequency with battery input DC voltage of 12 V. - Author(s): B.-R. Lin and J.-J. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1029 –1030
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081937
- Type: Article
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A novel zero voltage switching (ZVS) isolated converter is presented. The output voltage doubler is used on the output side to achieve the boost type of voltage conversion ratio. Active-clamping technique is adopted to realise the ZVS turn-on of all switches. The proposed circuit has no large output inductor such that the adopted circuit has a simpler structure, lower cost and no effective duty loss. Finally experimental results based on a 300 W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. - Author(s): R. Chudamani ; K. Vasudevan ; C.S. Ramalingam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1030 –1032
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080265
- Type: Article
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A nonlinear least-squares approach for measuring the power system frequency is presented, wherein the voltage at the point of common coupling is modelled using the Fourier series. The fundamental frequency is estimated by performing a one-dimensional search over the range of allowed frequency variation. The robustness of this algorithm is studied and validated by hardware implementation using an FPGA. The performance of this method is also compared with that of the phase-locked loop.
Acoustic-resonance-free electronic ballast for automotive HID lamps
Analysis of voltage doubler ZVS converter
Power system frequency estimation method
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- Author(s): Y. Liu ; H. Meng ; G. Li ; X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1032 –1034
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081608
- Type: Article
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A novel algorithm for estimating the ranges and velocities of multiple moving targets in randomised stepped-frequency pulse-train radar is presented. By using the iterative alternating projection technique, this algorithm can achieve high range-velocity resolution and estimation accuracy close to the Cramer-Rao bounds. The sidelobe pedestal problem of randomised stepped-frequency waveforms can also be mitigated. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated with simulation results.
Range-velocity estimation of multiple targets in randomised stepped-frequency radar
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- Author(s): G.S. Chung ; J.M. Chung ; T.W. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1034 –1035
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081366
- Type: Article
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Aluminium nitride (AlN) thin films were deposited on a polycrystalline (poly) 3C-SiC layer by a pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering system. The columnar structure of AlN thin films was observed by FE-SEM. The surface roughness of AlN films on the 3C-SiC layer was 9.3 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern of AlN films on SiC buffer layers was highly oriented at (002). Full width at half maximum of the rocking curve near (002) reflections was 1.3°. The infrared absorbance spectrum indicated that the residual stress of AlN thin films grown on SiC buffer layers was nearly negligible. The 3C-SiC intermediate layers are promising for the realisation of nitride based electronic and mechanical devices. - Author(s): B. Gershgorin ; V.Yu. Kachorovskii ; Y.V. Lvov ; M.S. Shur
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1036 –1037
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080737
- Type: Article
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A theory of nonlinear response of the channel of a field effect transistor subjected to two terahertz beams (measured signal and local oscillator) with the close frequencies has been developed. It is shown that electric current flowing in the transistor channel drastically increases heterodyne efficiency. Also, it is demonstrated that such a heterodyne detector is capable of operating effectively with very high intermediate frequencies up to 10÷100 GHz. - Author(s): H. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1037 –1039
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081771
- Type: Article
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Reactive ion etching (RIE) in unintentionally doped GaN and damage recovery by post-etch treatment (rapid thermal annealing followed by KOH treatment) were investigated. Induced surface damage by RIE etching degraded the rectifying I-V behaviour and increased the interface state density. Post-etch treatment on the RIE etched sample improved the rectifying characteristics and reduced the interface state density. Although the electrical properties did not restore to those of the as-grown sample, post-etch treatment is effective in removing surface damage by RIE etching in n-GaN.
Deposition of AlN thin films on Si substrates using 3C-SiC as buffer layer by reactive magnetron sputtering
Field effect transistor as heterodyne terahertz detector
Reactive ion etching damage in n-GaN and its recovery by post-etch treatment
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- Author(s): V.F.S. de Alencar and A. Alcaim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1039 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20089650
- Type: Article
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A digital filter interpolation of decoded line spectral frequencies (LSFs) that significantly outperforms linear interpolation for large vocabulary distributed continuous speech recognition systems is presented. Experiments were conducted using linear predictive coding (LPC) and LSF-derived speech recognition features, CDHMM acoustic models, triphone units and trigram language models for Brazilian Portuguese. - Author(s): Y. Cho and D. Yook
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1040 –1042
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081503
- Type: Article
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Embedded speech recognisers are typically used in unknown mobile environments where the acoustic conditions frequently change. Since a large amount of adaptation data is not usually available for such environments, the adaptation methods for the acoustic models of these recognisers must improve the recognition performance with only a small amount of adaptation data. In this Letter, we show that maximum likelihood linear spectral transformation provides the advantage of rapid adaptation using a very limited amount of adaptation data for the embedded acoustic models. - Author(s): S. Jeong ; H. Yang ; M. Hahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1042 –1043
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081811
- Type: Article
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A powerful two-channel noise reduction algorithm for car noise environments is proposed. The algorithm estimates the target spectrum by using time–frequency masking based on the inter-channel time delay. Then, remaining background noises are subtracted to enhance the estimated spectrum further. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves speech recognition performance in car noise environments.
Digital filter interpolation of decoded LSFs for distributed continuous speech recognition
Rapid adaptation using linear spectral transformation for embedded speech recognisers
Two-channel noise reduction for robust speech recognition in car environments
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- Author(s): X. Yin ; J. Bauwelinck ; G. Torfs ; P. Demuytere ; J. Vandewege ; H. Tubbax ; J. Wouters ; P. Debacker ; J. Olbrechts ; P. Spiessens ; F. Stubbe ; J. Danneels
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 17, p. 1043 –1045
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081157
- Type: Article
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A new embedded ranging system in the ISM band is described. The proposed indoor ranging system combines the advantages of both broadband and narrowband signals to achieve high ranging accuracy in the presence of strong multipath reflections to achieve a good link budget and to be compliant with spectral regulations. The system is based on a WLAN transceiver (with embedded ranging specific circuits) and uses the same frequency band for both communication and ranging purposes so that no separate dedicated ranging transceiver is needed. A prototype has been implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in a realistic environment. Experimental results show ranging accuracies of less than 20 cm.
Embedded ranging system in ISM band
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