Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 16, 31 July 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 16
31 July 2008
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- Author(s): A. Luque and A. Martí
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 943 –945
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081154
- Type: Article
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For achieving a photovoltaic penetration above one-third of the world demand for electricity in the first half of this century, the importance of a fast manufacturing learning curve that is linked to the capacity of developing cells of increasing efficiency is stressed. Progress in multijunction cells is described as well as three novel concepts promising very high efficiency. It is explained why these concepts will probably be used in concentrator systems.
Ultra-high efficiency solar cells: the path for mass penetration of solar electricity
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- Author(s): O. Renaudin and C. Oestges
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 945 –947
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081156
- Type: Article
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Tapped-delay line representations are analysed by presenting an empirical model relating the inter-tap correlation to the tap powers obtained from pedestrian radio channel impulse responses measured at 1.9 GHz. The impact of the filtering bandwidth on the parameters of this model is also investigated. - Author(s): L.-N. Zhang ; S.-S. Zhong ; S.-Q. Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 947 –949
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081253
- Type: Article
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A dielectric resonator antenna formed by a U-shaped dielectric resonator and a conformal elliptical patch feed is proposed for wideband communication applications. Simulated results agree well with measured ones, showing good performance in terms of bandwidth and radiation patterns. The measured impedance bandwidth of S11≤−10 dB is about 72%, covering the frequency range 3.82–8.12 GHz. It has a gain of 4.3–7.6 dBi over the whole operating band with a ground size of about 1.2 λ0×1.2 λ0, λ0 being the central operating frequency. - Author(s): J. Shibayama ; R. Takahashi ; A. Nomura ; J. Yamauchi ; H. Nakano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 949 –950
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081415
- Type: Article
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The Z transform (ZT) theory is newly introduced into the unconditionally stable locally one-dimensional (LOD) FDTD method, in which a complicated treatment of convolution integrals is not required. Through analysis of a surface plasmon waveguide, the accuracy of the ZT-LOD-FDTD is found to be retained for a large time step allowed in an implicit scheme. The computational time is reduced to 25% of that of the traditional explicit ZT-FDTD, maintaining comparable accuracy. - Author(s): S. Padin ; J.E. Carlstrom ; E. Chauvin ; S. Busetti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 950 –952
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081388
- Type: Article
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The reflector of the 10 m diameter, millimetre-wave, South Pole Telescope has been equipped with reflecting covers over the gaps between panels. The covers are thin metal strips that lie on the surface of the panels, with spring clip retainers that engage steps in the panel edges. Covering the gaps reduces thermal noise from the reflector by ∼2 K at the expense of increasing the surface profile error by ∼11 µm rms. - Author(s): N. Amar ; L. Cabria ; J.A. García ; A. Tazón ; J. Rodriguez-Tellez ; M. Boussouis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 952 –953
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081509
- Type: Article
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A novel reconfigurable frequency translating antenna for cost-effective wireless transceiver applications is described. The integration of a dual transistor sub-harmonic mixing topology with a five-patch series arrangement enables the system to operate in resistive mode for reception or in active mode for transmission. The printed structure behaves as an antenna in the 1850 MHz frequency band and as a stepped-impedance lowpass filter. This avoids undesired radiation of the LO component and allows IF signal extraction in the downconverting mode. Measured isotropic conversion gain (4.47 and 19.3 dB) supports the validity of the proposed solution in low-cost compact wireless transceiver applications.
Analysis of inter-tap correlation for measured mobile radio channels at 1.9 GHz
Broadband U-shaped dielectric resonator antenna with elliptical patch feed
Concise frequency-dependent formulation for LOD-FDTD method using Z transforms
Panel gap cover for millimetre-wave antenna
Reconfigurable sub-harmonic mixing antenna for low-cost wireless transceiver applications
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- Author(s): G.B. Kang ; J.M. Park ; S.G. Kim ; J.G. Koo ; J.H. Park ; Y.-S. Sohn ; Y.T. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 953 –955
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081876
- Type: Article
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A silicon nanowire (SiNW) biosensor for label-free and real-time detection has been fabricated by complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. For the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) used as a biomarker of prostate cancer the SiNW surface was modified to immobilise the antibody of PSA (anti-PSA). Real-time monitoring reveals the change in conductivity of the SiNW on specific binding of PSA to anti-PSA. For 355 nm SiNW, the response to 10 ng/ml of PSA was 7.3%. - Author(s): Y.-S. Sohn and Y.T. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 955 –956
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080720
- Type: Article
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A BioFET (biological field effect transisor) for detection of C-reactive protein has been characterised using cysteine-tagged protein G capable of site-specific immobilisation of antibody to enhance antigen detection. Drain current of the BioFET with immobilised protein G on the gate surface has been measured in different pH solutions to investigate charge effect of the protein. Antibody–antigen interaction was observed through variation of the drain current of the BioFET. The current differential ratio was linearly related to the concentration of the C-reactive protein in the range 3–20 µg/ml. - Author(s): W.L. Li and P.X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 956 –958
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080646
- Type: Article
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Based on the backstepping design and Nussbaum-type gain function methods, the tracking control problem of chaotic muscular vessel systems with parameter uncertainties and external disturbances is addressed. The derived adaptive robust tracking controller guarantees that the closed-loop system is globally and uniformly bounded, and the tracking error is convergent to a small neighbourhood of zero. In addition, the singular problem of the controller can be avoided. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of this developed controller.
Fabrication and characterisation of CMOS compatible silicon nanowire biosensor
Field-effect-transistor type C-reactive protein sensor using cysteine-tagged protein G
Tracking control of biomathematical model of muscular vessel
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- Author(s): A. Khan ; J.Ch. Fricke ; P.A. Hoeher
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 958 –960
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081084
- Type: Article
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A simple resource allocation strategy depending on BER requirements is proposed for IDM-based wireless transmission systems. It is shown that by combining application-dependent layer-wise power allocation with a reliability-based retransmission criterion a throughput gain can be achieved while the BER requirements of different applications are fulfilled.
Throughput improvement by reliability-dependent layer allocation in IDM
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- Author(s): J. Koponen ; M. Laurila ; M. Hotoleanu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 960 –961
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081448
- Type: Article
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Yb-doped silica fibres are used in lasers and amplifiers at the 1.0–1.1 µm wavelength range. Large-mode-area fibres are preferred in applications requiring high output peak powers, and are often coiled to improve beam quality. Photodarkening is a detrimental effect that under some conditions can decrease the transmittance of the Yb-doped core of the fibre, causing output power degradation. The spatial distribution of photodarkening in coiled large-mode-area fibres that are used as CW fibre laser cavities are experimentally demonstrated. Simulation results describing and supporting the results are presented. - Author(s): J.J. Fu ; W.S. Liu ; D. Chen ; S. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 961 –963
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081461
- Type: Article
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A novel ultra-long-distance (up to 76 km) fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system based on a spectrum-limited Fourier domain modelocking fibre laser is proposed. Raman pumps are employed to form a Raman amplifier to compensate the transmission loss of the long fibre and ensure ultra-long-distance sensing. Strain sensing based on such an ultra-long-distance FBG sensor system is demonstrated with a signal-to-noise ratio over 22 dB and a sensitivity of 1.03 pm/µɛ in the wavelength domain or 18.3 ns/µɛ in the time domain.
Demonstration of spatial distribution of photodarkening in Yb-doped large-mode-area fibre laser
Ultra-long-distance FBG sensor system based on spectrum-limited Fourier domain modelocking fibre laser with Raman pumps
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- Author(s): C.T.E.R. Hewage ; S.T. Worrall ; S. Dogan ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 963 –965
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081562
- Type: Article
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The timely deployment of three-dimensional (3-D) video applications requires accurate objective quality measures, so that time consuming subjective tests can be avoided. Investigated is the correlation between subjective and objective evaluations of colour plus depth map 3-D video. Subjective tests are performed to determine the overall image quality and depth perception of a range of asymmetrically coded video sequences. The subjective results are used to determine more accurate objective quality assessment metrics for colour plus depth map based stereoscopic video. - Author(s): M.B. Badem ; M. Mrak ; W.A.C. Fernando
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 965 –966
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081659
- Type: Article
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The key to good decoding performance in distributed video coding systems lies in the efficient prediction of frames using side information. Previously, this process has been performed without considering the progressive nature of the synthesis of the final frame. Observing the fact that incorrectly predicted areas of the current frame can be detected at different levels of final frame synthesis, an algorithm is proposed for refinement of side information synthesis based on an additional stage of motion estimation. The additional stage is performed on correctly decoded DC frames and is used to significantly improve the motion prediction of the final resolution frames, which leads to enhanced performance of the overall system.
Prediction of stereoscopic video quality using objective quality models of 2-D video
Side information refinement using motion estimation in DC domain for transform-based distributed video coding
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- Author(s): L.-C. Cho ; K.-H. Tsai ; C.-C. Hung ; S.-I. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 966 –968
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081426
- Type: Article
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An injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using the shunt-series inductive peaking technique is proposed. Fabricated in a 65 nm process, the proposed ILFD and a conventional one have the measured locking range of 81.5–85.9 and 71–77.4 GHz, respectively. Compared with the conventional ILFD, the measured free-running frequency of the proposed one is increased by 12.5%. Both ILFDs have core area of 0.036 mm2 and power of 12 mW for a 1.55 V supply without buffers. - Author(s): W.-C. Zhang and N.-J. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 968 –969
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080507
- Type: Article
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A CMOS voltage-mode multi-valued literal gate is presented. The ballistic electron transport characteristic of nanoscale MOSFETs is smartly used to compactly achieve universal radix-4 literal operations. The proposed literal gates have small numbers of transistors and low power dissipations, which makes them promising for future nanoscale multi-valued circuits. The gates are simulated by HSPICE. - Author(s): H.C. Freitas ; T.G.S. Santos ; P.O.A. Navaux
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 969 –971
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080854
- Type: Article
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The next generations of massive, parallel and reconfigurable multi-cluster chips need performance and flexibility, requiring new communication schemes. According to this scenario, a programmable router architecture for networks-on-chips is presented. Results indicate that the proposed router has low area occupation, low power consumption and a high data throughput.
81.5–85.9 GHz injection-locked frequency divider in 65 nm CMOS
Compact voltage-mode multi-valued literal gate using nanoscale ballistic MOSFETs
Design of programmable NoC router architecture on FPGA for multi-cluster NoCs
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- Author(s): H.S. Pang ; T.W. Lee ; M.G. Moharam ; P.L. Likamwa ; H.J. Cho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 971 –972
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081684
- Type: Article
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A novel type of integrated optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed, for which the operational principle is based on the launching efficiency of eigenmodes in the sensor head. The sensor comprises an inverted-rib-type dielectric waveguide, a portion of which is covered with a thin gold layer. Eigenmodes in the sensor head are coupled modes of a surface plasmon polariton and a dielectric guided wave. The excitation efficiency of the coupled modes varies significantly depending on the refractive index of the analyte medium on the sensor head. Following this principle, the transmission coefficient of light through the sensor head can be used as a sensitive measure of the variation in the refractive index of the analyte medium.
Integrated optical SPR sensor based on mode conversion efficiency
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- Author(s): L.-E. Cai ; J.-Y. Zhang ; B.-P. Zhang ; S.-Q. Li ; D.-X. Wang ; J.-Z. Shang ; F. Lin ; K.-C. Lin ; J.-Z. Yu ; Q.-M. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 972 –974
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081747
- Type: Article
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Blue-green GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) were fabricated with two dielectric Ta2O5/ SiO2 distributed Bragg reflectors. Lasing action was observed at a wavelength of 498.8 nm at room temperature under optical pumping. Threshold energy density and emission linewidth were 189 mJ/cm2 and 0.15 nm, respectively. The result demonstrates that blue-green VCSELs can be realised using III-nitride semiconductors. - Author(s): M. Ortsiefer ; W. Hofmann ; E. Rönneberg ; A. Boletti ; A. Gatto ; P. Boffi ; J. Rosskopf ; R. Shau ; C. Neumeyr ; G. Böhm ; M. Martinelli ; M.-C. Amann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 974 –975
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081591
- Type: Article
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High speed 1.3 µm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for optical interconnects are presented. Error-free transmission over 3 km of standard singlemode fibre at data rates as high as 12.5 Gbit/s is demonstrated for the first time.
Blue-green optically pumped GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting laser
High speed 1.3 µm VCSELs for 12.5 Gbit/s optical interconnects
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- Author(s): J.H. Choi and C.W. Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 975 –977
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081677
- Type: Article
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A compact digital phase shifter is presented utilising negative phase velocity in metamaterial technology. The phase shifter was designed and it was measured ranging from 0° to 360° with discrete increments of 60°. The measurement result shows that the average increment of phase shift was X̄=59.28° and its standard deviation was σ=6.64°. - Author(s): L.-S. Wei ; H.-I. Wu ; C.F. Jou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 977 –978
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081246
- Type: Article
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A new design is presented that combines a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with an on-chip filter instead of external filter to eliminate image signal based on TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The fully integrated 5.9 GHz LNA exhibits 15.2 dB gain, 3.2 dB noise figure, better than −15 dB input and output return loss, and −27 dB image rejection. The circuit operates at a supply voltage of 1 V and consumes only 6.1 mW power. - Author(s): H. Chen and Y.X. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 979 –980
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081224
- Type: Article
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A novel and compact dual-band filter using a microstrip/coplanar waveguide (CPW) composite structure is proposed. At the bottom of the substrate material, two CPW open-circuited resonators are broadside-coupled to the top microstrip open-circuited stubs. The proposed filter was designed, fabricated and measured. The obtained frequency responses demonstrated that the filter has good dual-band property.
Compact digital phase shifter utilising negative phase velocity
Design of low-voltage CMOS low-noise amplifier with image-rejection function
Dual-band filter using composite microstrip/CPW structure
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- Author(s): A.J. Al-Dweik ; B.S. Sharif ; R.M. Shubair
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 980 –981
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080578
- Type: Article
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An efficient feedforward blind carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with general symbol constellation is presented. The proposed estimator requires only one OFDM symbol period to blindly and accurately estimate the CFO in Gaussian and multipath fading channels. - Author(s): Y. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 981 –983
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081625
- Type: Article
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An analytical model to evaluate the performance of a secondary user for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive networks under non-saturation traffic conditions is developed. Numerical results are given to show the performance of secondary users in cognitive networks.
Blind frequency-offset estimator for OFDM with general symbol constellation
Performance of secondary users in opportunistic spectrum access
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- Author(s): T.M.H. Ngo ; P. Viland ; G. Zaharia ; J.-F. Hélard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 983 –985
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081016
- Type: Article
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All the best known space–time trellis codes (STTCs) belong to the balanced STTC class. The first method to design balanced STTCs is proposed. The exhaustive code search of optimal codes can then be reduced to this class. Finally, the proposed method is used to construct new QPSK codes for three and four transmit antennas, which outperform the best previously published codes of the same complexity.
Balanced QPSK space–time trellis codes
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- Author(s): M. Achtenhagen ; W.D. Bragg ; J. O'Daniel ; P. Young
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 985 –986
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081494
- Type: Article
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Data are presented of efficient single-pass green-light second-harmonic generation from a periodically-poled LiNbO3 waveguide crystal. Over 220 mW maximum green light output power with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of over 70% is measured. Green-induced infrared absorption is indicated to be the major absorption loss in this waveguide. A simple analytic expression is derived and used to estimate the crystal waveguide absorption coefficient, which was found to be 7×10−3 cm−1.
Efficient green-light generation from waveguide crystal
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- Author(s): D. Hofstetter ; R. Theron ; E. Baumann ; F.R. Giorgetta ; S. Golka ; G. Strasser ; F. Guillot ; E. Monroy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 986 –988
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081477
- Type: Article
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Closely spaced, monolithically integrated photodetectors in two largely different wavelengths ranges are demonstrated. The device structure was grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on an AlN-on-sapphire template, and it consists of a Si-doped AlGaN thin film, and a nearly strain compensated 40 period AlN/GaN superlattice with 1.0 nm-thick GaN quantum wells and 2.0 nm-thick AlN barriers. The entire structure is covered with an AlGaN cap. The superlattice constitutes the active region for the infrared detector, while the AlGaN buffer layer serves as active area for the ultraviolet detector. The photoconductive ultraviolet detector has a long wavelength cutoff at 250 nm, whereas the photovoltaic near-infrared detector has a centre wavelength of 1.37 µm. - Author(s): O. Raz ; J. Herrera ; N. Calabretta ; E. Tangdiongga ; S. Anantathanasarn ; R. Nötzel ; H.J.S. Dorren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 988 –989
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081303
- Type: Article
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Error-free and low penalty (<2.5 dB) 1×4 multiwavelength conversion at 40 Gbit/s in a 1550 nm quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA) is demonstrated. The suggested converter makes use of a simplified filtering scheme based on a standard telecom grade dense wavelength division multiplexing demultiplexer (Demux). By detuning the wavelength of the continuous-wave probes out of the Demux's passband, a non-inverted wavelength converted signal is available at each of the Demux's outputs. Albeit significant fibre-to-fibre losses of the non-packaged QD-SOA (∼10 dB), only a low penalty is reported, mainly due to the low noise at the amplifier's output, with similar performance for a single and multiple wavelength conversion operation of the setup. - Author(s): J. O'Dowd ; W.H. Guo ; E. Flood ; M. Lynch ; A.L. Bradley ; J.F. Donegan ; L.P. Barry
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 989 –991
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081273
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Temperature tuning of a GaAs two-photon absorption microcavity photodetector with a tuning rate of 0.125 nm per degree is demonstrated. The detector response is shown to be independent of temperature change in the range 10–50°C.
Monolithically integrated AlGaN/GaN/AlN-based solar-blind ultraviolet and near-infrared detectors
Non-inverted multiple wavelength converter at 40 Gbit/s using 1550 nm quantum dot SOA
Temperature tuning of two-photon absorption microcavity photodetectors for wavelength selective pulse monitoring
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- Author(s): J.F. Chen ; K.-S. Tian ; S.-Y. Chen ; J.R. Lee ; K.-M. Wu ; T.-Y. Huang ; C.M. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 991 –992
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080520
- Type: Article
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Hot-carrier-induced degradation in an n-type lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor is investigated. Based on experimental data and technology computer-aided-design simulations, hot-electron injection in the channel region is identified to be the driving force of device degradation. Since gate current (Ig) consists mainly of electron injection, Ig is found to correlate with device degradation well. Such Ig dependent device degradation suggests that Ig should be examined in evaluating the hot-carrier reliability of LDMOS transistors.
Gate current dependent hot-carrier-induced degradation in LDMOS transistors
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- Author(s): Y. Kim ; W. Kim ; W. Oh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 992 –994
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081007
- Type: Article
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In an uplink cable modem, it is crucial to employ a preamble pattern suitable for frame acquisition, channel estimation and coarse timing/frequency acquisition. Proposed is an oversampled constant envelope zero autocorrelation code (CAZAC) for an uplink cable modem compliant with the data over cable service interface specification. The false alarm and missing probability of the proposed preamble pattern are investigated and compared to those of the existing preamble pattern based on the extended CAZAC sequence. - Author(s): F. Babich and M. Comisso
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 994 –995
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20081505
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A theoretical method is presented for evaluating the minimum contention window that maximises the throughput of an 802.11 network in which the use of directional or smart antennas enables the simultaneous coexistence of multiple communications between different node pairs. A simplified approach, derived from the complete analysis and validated by simulations, is proposed in order to reduce the complexity of the exact calculation. - Author(s): C.J.A. Bastos-Filho ; W.H. Schuler ; A.L.I. Oliveira ; L.N. Vitorino
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 16, p. 995 –997
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080933
- Type: Article
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A search method based on Particle Swarm Optimisation to search simutaneously the energy function coefficients and the parameters of the Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) algorithm is proposed. Experiments using three differents communication networks are presented. The results show that the proposed approach achieves better results than existing algorithms that employ the HNN for routing. Some results show that the algorithm tends to be quicker than Dijkstra for larger communication networks.
Preamble pattern for uplink cable modem
Optimum contention window for 802.11 networks adopting Directional Communications
Routing algorithm based on Swarm Intelligence and Hopfield Neural Network applied to communication networks
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Absorptive frequency selective surface using parallel LC resonance
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Partial spectral search-based DOA estimation method for co-prime linear arrays
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Experimental verification of on-chip CMOS fractional-order capacitor emulators
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54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
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