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1350-911X
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Electronics Letters
Volume 44, Issue 10, 8 May 2008
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Volume 44, Issue 10
8 May 2008
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- Author(s): W. Yan and H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 609 –610
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080763
- Type: Article
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A new circuitry is introduced to maintain the constant signal behaviour for rail-to-rail input stages, and is suitable for general mixed-signal ultra-large-scale-integration and system-on-chip applications in contemporary nanoscale CMOS technologies. The constant signal performance is verified by experimental results in a 65 nm standard digital CMOS technology.
Current-mode common-mode feedback for constant signal behaviour control in rail-to-rail input realisation
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- Author(s): A. Alexopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 610 –612
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080617
- Type: Article
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Derived are asymptotic solutions to rapidly-oscillating d-dimensional integrals that have superior convergence properties than conventional numerical-quadrature techniques. The approach is analogous to the theory of steepest descent which utilises the fact that the first derivatives of a function vanish at certain critical points. The approach is demonstrated by solving the electromagnetic scattering integral for a curved surface. - Author(s): F.-S. Chang ; K.-C. Chao ; C.-H. Lu ; S.-W. Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 612 –613
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080742
- Type: Article
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A new compact patch antenna, which is arranged perpendicular to a circular ground plane, for WLAN operation is presented. The antenna consists mainly of one driven patch and one shorted parasitic patch, both of which wind along two concentric circles. A constructed prototype covering the 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands is demonstrated. Good broadside radiation characteristics are obtained across the operating bands. Details of the proposed patch antenna and experimental results are presented and discussed. - Author(s): M.-E. Chen and J.-H. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 613 –615
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080505
- Type: Article
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A novel printed antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. The antenna consists of an open annulus strip as a ground plane and an open crescent patch in the inner space of the annulus as a radiating element. The antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide with a central strip connected to the crescent patch. The antenna has a compact structure, and the total size is 33×30×1.57 mm. A relative impedance bandwidth of 129% is achieved, which covers 3–14 GHz. - Author(s): Y. Zhang ; B.P. Ng ; Q. Wan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 615 –616
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080415
- Type: Article
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To suppress the sidelobe level of adaptive beamforming, sparse constraint on beam pattern is added to the conventional minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer. The sparse constraint is an Lp-norm which can be explained as a diversity measure to evaluate the sparsity of the beam pattern. The proposed beamformer can not only reduce the sidelobe level, but also increase robustness against the mismatch problem caused by imprecise knowledge of the desired source.
Asymptotic solutions to multidimensional rapidly-oscillating integrals
Compact vertical patch antenna for dual-band WLAN operation
CPW-fed crescent patch antenna for UWB applications
Sidelobe suppression for adaptive beamforming with sparse constraint on beam pattern
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- Author(s): J. Jeong ; Y. Hong ; S.H. Baek ; L. Tutt ; M. Burburry
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 616 –618
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080610
- Type: Article
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The wavy edge in printed narrow line electrodes is modelled by using a sequence of semi-ellipses and its effect on the electrical performance of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (a-Si:H TFT) when the wavy patterns exist in its printed source and drain (S/D) electrodes is analysed. Based on ATLAS 3D simulation, it is found that peak-to-peak magnitude of the S/D wavy edge had large, period had small, and phase shift between S/D wavy patterns had negligible effects on the TFT performance change. A transmission line method was used to explain the S/D wavy edge effect in terms of an increase of the effective channel length.
Modelling and numerical analysis for wavy edge in printed source and drain electrodes of thin-film transistors
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- Author(s): H.Y. Fu ; H.L. Liu ; X. Dong ; H.Y. Tam ; P.K.A. Wai ; C. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 618 –620
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080859
- Type: Article
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A novel high-speed fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor interrogator using dispersion-compensating fibre is proposed and demonstrated. The wavelength shift measurement of the FBG sensor is converted to time-domain measurement. The high-speed potential of this scheme was investigated experimentally, demonstrating an effective sampling speed of 2.44 megasamples per second.
High-speed fibre Bragg grating sensor interrogation using dispersion-compensation fibre
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- Author(s): X. Yang ; Y. Zhou ; T. Zhang ; E. Zheng ; J. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 620 –621
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080089
- Type: Article
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An effective gait recognition approach based on the gait energy image (GEI) representation is proposed. Synthetic GEIs are first created to address the problem of lacking training data. Then the Gabor phase spectrum of the GEI which was ignored in previous works is utilised as an input feature, and it is subsequently projected into a low dimensional space by linear discriminant analysis to perform classification. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms other algorithms in terms of recognition accuracy. - Author(s): Z. Li ; Q.L. Tang ; N. Sang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 622 –623
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080064
- Type: Article
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Occlusion pedestrian tracking is still a difficult problem in video surveillance, while traditional mean shift tracking algorithms fail to track these kinds of targets. Proposed is an improved mean shift tracking approach to solve this problem. Two aspects are improved for the traditional mean shift tracking algorithm. First, occlusion layers are used to represent pedestrian occlusion relation and the non-occlusion part of each pedestrian which is obtained according to occlusion relation is used for the mean shift tracking algorithm. Secondly, the states of the related occlusion pedestrians are gradually adjusted one by one to eliminate the occlusion effect, during the tracking process. The contrast experiment results show that the improved algorithm is real time for well tracking the occlusion pedestrians which cannot be tracked by the traditional mean shift tracking algorithm. - Author(s): C. Martinez-Ortiz and J. Žunić
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 623 –625
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080157
- Type: Article
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A new method for computing shape orientation is introduced. The advantage of the method is that it could control the impact of the shape points position (with respect to the shape centroid) to the computed shape orientation.
Gabor phase based gait recognition
Improved mean shift algorithm for occlusion pedestrian tracking
Points position weighted shape orientation
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- Author(s): F.-R. Liao and S.-S. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 625 –626
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080605
- Type: Article
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A 30 GHz VCO, using a transformer as the tank load and inter-stage coupling of the divider, is proposed such that the inductive load of the buffer between the VCO and the divider is eliminated and therefore chip area and power consumption can be reduced. The transformer is further reused by feedback to enhance the output swing of the VCO. Phase noise performance of the VCO can also be improved by the injection-lock mechanism from the reverse coupling of the divider. Measured results show that output phase noises of the VCO with (without) the divider are −125.1 (−118.6) dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset frequencies from around 29.2 GHz carrier frequency. The power consumption of the VCO alone is 2.32 mW, while that of the VCO/divider increases only to 4.65 mW. - Author(s): S.H. Paluchowski ; B. Cheng ; S. Roy ; A. Asenov ; D.R.S. Cumming
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 626 –628
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080447
- Type: Article
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Sub-circuit motifs are proposed as a methodology for simulating the performance of sub-45 nm circuits exhibiting atomistic device fluctuations. Motifs allow the reduction of the problem space and create a standard motif library as a step in the design hierarchy for logic circuits. Device variability information from 3D simulation results is used that is incorporated into families of BSIM4 models. It is demonstrated how a thorough understanding of circuit behaviour can be obtained and the impact on current drive is illustrated by examining the effect of additional parasitic resistances. - Author(s): D.Y. Jung and C.S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 628 –630
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080527
- Type: Article
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A 27 GHz cross-coupled LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using a standard 0.13 µm CMOS technology is presented. The VCO using a high-Q LC resonator with a micro-strip inductor (µ-strip L) provides a phase noise of −113 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset frequency. The figure-of-merit (FoM) is −194.6 dBc/Hz. To obtain high output power, it also uses a common source amplifier as a buffer and it shows the output power of −3.5 dBm at an oscillation frequency of 26.89 GHz. This is believed to be the lowest phase noise and FoM with the highest output power of a millimetre-wave VCO in CMOS technology.
30 GHz transformer-coupled and reused injection-locked VCO/divider in 0.13 µm CMOS process
Investigation into effects of device variability on CMOS layout motifs
Power efficient Ka-band low phase noise VCO in 0.13 µm CMOS
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- Author(s): H. Luo ; S.R. Laframboise ; Z.R. Wasilewski ; H.C. Liu ; J.C. Cao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 630 –631
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080726
- Type: Article
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Experimental results are presented on the effects of extraction barrier on the performance of resonant phonon terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. The extraction barrier is varied from 48 to 39 Å in an otherwise identical 3.4 THz laser structure. It is found that, when the extraction barrier width decreases from 48 to 39 Å, the threshold current density at 10K increases monotonously from 900 A/cm2 to 1.4 kA/cm2, and the maximum lasing temperature increases from 95 to 110K. No optimum extraction barrier width was found for maximum lasing temperature. - Author(s): K. Otsubo ; M. Matsuda ; K. Takada ; S. Okumura ; M. Ekawa ; H. Tanaka ; S. Ide ; K. Mori ; T. Yamamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 631 –633
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080693
- Type: Article
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Uncooled 25 Gbit/s direct modulation of 1.3 µm DFB lasers is demonstrated. The 150 µm-long semi-insulating buried-heterostructure AlGaInAs quantum-well DFB lasers show clear eye-openings with dynamic extinction ratio of 5 dB up to 70°C. 13 km singlemode-fibre transmission experiments using the devices show low power penalty within 1.3 dB between 25 and 70°C. These characteristics are the first achievement by 1.3 µm directly modulated lasers.
Effects of extraction barrier width on performance of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers
Uncooled 25 Gbit/s direct modulation of semi-insulating buried-heterostructure 1.3 µm AlGaInAs quantum-well DFB lasers
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- Author(s): F. Zhang ; E. Skafidas ; W. Shieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 633 –634
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080718
- Type: Article
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A millimetre-wave Gilbert-cell up-conversion mixer using standard 130 nm CMOS technology is presented. This mixer has a power conversion gain of better than 2 dB and has the highest reported OP1 dB of −5.6 dBm when driven with a LO power of 0 dBm. The LO to RF isolation are better than 37 dB for LO from 57 to 65 GHz. Microstrip lines were employed for the matching network design at the mixer output. This is believed to be the first CMOS Gilbert-cell up-conversion mixer operating in the 60 GHz frequency band using fundamental LO. - Author(s): S.-S. Myoung ; Y.-P. Hong ; Y. Lee ; B.-J. Jang ; J.-G. Yook
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 634 –636
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080804
- Type: Article
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The varactor-tuned miniaturised hairpin tunable filter with a single control voltage is presented. The proposed tunable filter is designed and fabricated with the constant ratio rule in which the capacitances of each stage always maintain a constant ratio without any dependency to miniaturised electrical length. As a result, the filter can be tuned with the reserved equivalent condition using a single control voltage. - Author(s): N. Labrousse ; J.J. Bouny ; M. Campovecchio ; J.P. Teyssier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 636 –638
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080411
- Type: Article
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A novel transistor with four terminals (4T) directly based on the silicon LDMOS process is presented. Pulsed I–V and S characterisations are proposed to provide a straightforward method for determining the nonlinear model (NLM) of such a 4T LDMOS. On wafer measurements of devices are done on a specific three-port measurement setup. The agreement between NLM and measured performance is reported. - Author(s): J.-X. Niu and X.-L. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 638 –639
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080700
- Type: Article
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A resonant-type balanced composite right/left-handed (CRLH) coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure based on split ring resonators (SRRs) is presented. An equivalent circuit model is used to describe its complicated behaviour. As the higher cutoff frequency of the left-handed (LH) band and the lower cutoff frequency of the right-handed (RH) band are identical, a continuous transition from LH band to RH band without a bandgap can be achieved. In addition, because of the presence of SRRs, the resonant-type balanced CRLH CPW structure exhibits a very sharp cutoff in the lower edge of the transmission band.
60 GHz double-balanced up-conversion mixer on 130 nm CMOS technology
Miniaturised hairpin tunable filter with single control voltage
Pulsed characterisation and nonlinear modelling of four terminal LDMOS for smart power amplifiers
Resonant-type balanced composite right/left-handed coplanar waveguide structure
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- Author(s): W.T. Li ; H. An ; S. Fleming
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 639 –641
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080618
- Type: Article
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The Maker fringe method and second-harmonic light microscopy were applied to investigate the second-order optical nonlinearity induced in thermally poled silica thin films. It was found that the nonlinearity in Ge-doped film was more than three times that in pure silica film. Results from the second-harmonic microscopy revealed that, in the Ge-doped silica thin films with varying Ge-doping concentration along the thin film depth, the nonlinearity exhibited a multilayer distribution with peaks located at positions with highest contrast in Ge doping profile.
Second-order optical nonlinearity in thermally poled multilayer germanosilicate thin films
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- Author(s): T. Taniguchi ; N. Sakurai ; H. Kimura ; M. Tsubokawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 641 –643
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080402
- Type: Article
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A multi-wavelength optical transmitter that employs time-domain modulation of directly modulated wavelength-swept light is proposed. This scheme offers the simplicity and flexibility needed for future optical access networks based on high spectral density wavelength division multiplexing. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the generation and selective detection of four-channel 1.25 Gbit/s signals is shown.
Multi-wavelength optical transmitter based on time-domain modulation of directly modulated wavelength-swept light
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- Author(s): M.A. Marwick and A.G. Andreou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 643 –644
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080673
- Type: Article
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The design and testing of a single photon avalanche detector with integrated quenching circuit fabricated in the TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology are reported. A 78 µm2 device exhibits an average dark count rate of 100 counts/s without cooling. Photon detection probability of approximately 14% is measured at 670 nm.
Single photon avalanche photodetector with integrated quenching fabricated in TSMC 0.18 µm 1.8 V CMOS process
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- Author(s): J.-Y. Lee and S.-N. Hwang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 644 –646
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080371
- Type: Article
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A non-isolated high-gain boost converter using a voltage-stacking cell is proposed. The voltage gain can be increased by adjusting the number of voltage-stacking cells and the transformer turns-ratio. Test results with a 1 kW prototype converter show that voltage gain is three or four times higher than the conventional boost converter at the unity transformer turns-ratio and about 90% of efficiency is recorded under full load condition.
Non-isolated high-gain boost converter using voltage-stacking cell
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- Author(s): R. Kassab ; M. Lesturgie ; J. Fiorina
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 646 –648
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20083476
- Type: Article
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A study of quasi-continuous waveform and its performance in detection is presented, taking into consideration eclipsing loss and free-space decay. A genetic algorithm is then used to optimise the waveform and lower the dynamic range of the matched filtering output. The resulting waveform with high duty cycle and minimal loss at maximal range maintains good detection performance along the whole operating range of the radar.
Quasi-continuous waveform design for dynamic range reduction
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- Author(s): A.B. O'Donnell and C.J. Bleakley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 648 –649
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080525
- Type: Article
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An efficient fault tolerant digital integrated circuit implementation of a convolution is presented based on the Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) combined with the Modified Overlap Save method. The moduli used are Fermat and Mersenne numbers. A combination of number theoretic transforms (NTT) and Winograd short convolution algorithms is used for the convolution. The resulting area is compared with an NTT RRNS system using the conventional Overlap Save (OS) method. Using the new system, significant area reductions are achieved. In particular, a convolution with wordlength 24 and transform length 15 can be implemented in the proposed system with 84% less area than that of an RRNS system using the conventional OS method. - Author(s): E.H. Bae ; J.S. Kim ; B.W. Choi ; K.K. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 649 –651
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080003
- Type: Article
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A novel algorithm is presented for estimating the nominal angles and angular spreads of multiple coherently distributed sources in a uniform linear array (ULA). Based on a decoupled generalised array response vector and symmetric ULA, the proposed algorithm can estimate the nominal angles without any angular signal density model assumptions of the sources. The angular spread for each source is then estimated in one-dimensional (1-D) parameter space, and L multiple sources localised using L+1 1-D searches instead of a 2-D search.
Area efficient fault tolerant convolution using RRNS with NTTs and WSCA
Decoupled parameter estimation of multiple distributed sources for uniform linear array with low complexity
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- Author(s): J. Du ; G.X. Kang ; P. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 651 –652
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080203
- Type: Article
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A very low complexity power allocation strategy for MIMO systems with channel estimation error and channel covariance feedback is proposed. By maximising the Jensen bound on the average mutual information and using its optimiser to approximate the optimal input covariance, the strategy needs only a fraction of computational effort compared to the optimal strategy and achieves suboptimal performance. - Author(s): F. Viani ; L. Lizzi ; P. Rocca ; M. Benedetti ; M. Donelli ; A. Massa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 44, Issue 10, p. 653 –654
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20080509
- Type: Article
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The localisation of moving and transceiver-free objects is addressed by processing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) available at the nodes of a wireless sensor network. Starting from the RSSI measurements, the probability of the presence of unknown mobile objects is determined by means of a customised classification approach based on a support vector machine. Experimental results assess the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Low complexity power allocation strategy for MIMO systems with imperfect CSI
Object tracking through RSSI measurements in wireless sensor networks
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