Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 43, Issue 7, 29 March 2007
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Volume 43, Issue 7
29 March 2007
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- Author(s): A. Diallo ; C. Luxey ; P. Le Thuc ; R. Staraj ; G. Kossiavas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 369 –370
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073911
- Type: Article
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The design of several two-port antenna systems for mobile phones is presented. All these structures are made up of two planar inverted-F antennas closely positioned on a small ground plane and radiating in the GSM900/DCS1800 and UMTS frequency bands. First, the antennas are simply associated at the top edge of the same printed circuit board. Thus, to improve their isolation and their total efficiency, a neutralisation effect is created by means of an optimised suspended line, which links the feeding strips of the radiators. The performance of these systems is measured and compared with theoretical results. - Author(s): N. Alsindi ; B. Alavi ; K. Pahlavan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 370 –372
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070116
- Type: Article
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A novel empirical approach is presented for modelling the path loss behaviour of the direct path (DP) between the transmitter and receiver, which is important for time-of-arrival-based indoor geolocation coverage characterisation. Using ultra wideband (UWB) measurements in four sites and three ranging scenarios, pathloss models at 500 MHz and 3 GHz system bandwidths are provided, centred on 4.5 GHz for DP and total signal power. In addition, ranging coverage analysis is provided using the DP models. - Author(s): H.-K. Ryu and J.-M. Woo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 372 –374
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070398
- Type: Article
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A small rectangular loop antenna (RLA) for RFID tags has been designed and fabricated for the UHF band. As the structure of a meander line and a folded meander line is applied in a general RLA, the RLA is miniaturised. The size reduction rate of meander line RLA and folded meander line RLA are 85.4 and 92.2% compared with a general RLA, respectively. The radiation patterns are omnidirectional in the z–y plane (horizontal pol.). Also the gain of the meander line RLA and folded meander line RLA are −2.47 and −4.01 dBd, respectively. - Author(s): M. Comisso and R. Vescovo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 374 –375
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070167
- Type: Article
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A novel synthesis technique for antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry is proposed. Imposing equal excitation amplitudes and modifying only the excitation phases, the method is able to produce patterns endowed with multiple main lobes and nulls in assigned directions. The technique is quite simple and requires low CPU time.
Efficient two-port antenna system for GSM/DCS/UMTS multimode mobile phones
Empirical pathloss model for indoor geolocation using UWB measurements
Miniaturisation of rectangular loop antenna using meander line for RFID tags
Multi-beam synthesis with null constraints by phase control for antenna arrays of arbitrary geometry
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- Author(s): G. Lee and J. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 375 –377
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073717
- Type: Article
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A differential method is proposed that can reduce motion artefacts in the bipolar measurement of skin conductance response. It is based on the fact that both the conductive and the capacitive currents across the skin are proportional to the contact area while only the conductive current reflects the sweat gland activity. Experimental results with a prototype system are presented.
Differential method against motion artefacts in skin conductance response measurement
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- Author(s): G. Qin ; T. Yamashita ; Y. Ohishi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 377 –379
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073925
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a 16.5 dB all-fibre optical amplifier at 546 nm using Er3+-doped fluoride fibre for a signal power of −30 dBm by forward upconversion pumping of a 974 nm laser diode. Results show Er3+-doped fluoride fibre is a promising candidate for 0.54 µm optical amplifiers.
Optical amplification at 0.54 µm by Er3+-doped fluoride fibre
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- Author(s): M. Yang ; K. Kpalma ; J. Ronsin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 379 –380
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070076
- Type: Article
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In pattern recognition, by observing a contour extracted from a shape, the position of the points of this contour can be normalised by using a set of triangles with the same area whose vertices consist of the centroid of the contour and a pair of successive points on the contour. Contour characterisation can be obtained by lowpass filtering and observing the resulting changes in the areas of the triangles. It is proved that, for a filtered contour, the areas of the triangles are linear under affine transforms. The experimental results show that the approach is resistant to affine transformations and noise. - Author(s): J. Žunić and P.L. Rosin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 380 –382
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070280
- Type: Article
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Shape descriptors are used in many computer vision tasks. Convexity is one of the most widely used shape descriptors in practical applications and also one of the most studied in the literature. There are already several defined convexity measures. The most standard one comes from the comparison between a given shape and its convex hull, but there also other approaches. Independently of whether the convexity descriptors are area based or boundary based, all of them assume that the shape (or shape boundary) is completely known and that the measures apply to the complete data. A convexity measure is defined that can be applied to shapes with partially extracted boundaries. More formally, the new convexity measure deals with planar curves or with disconnected curves consisting of several planar curve segments. - Author(s): H. Shim and C.-M. Kyung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 382 –383
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070149
- Type: Article
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A data reuse algorithm for multiple reference frame motion estimation is described. The proposed algorithm reduces memory access by modifying the reference frame search order and search centre such that the likelihood of data reuse is increased. Experimental results show that the algorithm reduces memory access by 15–30% compared to the conventional fast reference frame selection algorithm, while maintaining similar bit rate and PSNR. - Author(s): H. Zhang ; K.H. Kim ; J.D.K. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 383 –385
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073905
- Type: Article
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An efficient image alignment algorithm for panorama modelling on a mobile platform is presented. The full degree-of-freedom (DOF) of camera roll, pitch and yaw can be estimated based on 3D rotational matrix decomposition. The time cost for four photos is only ∼3 s on a typical mobile platform (SPH-M4300). This is believed to be the first mobile solution for 3-DOF image alignment. - Author(s): A.J. Hussain ; A. Al-Fayadh ; D. Al-Jumeily ; P. Lisboa ; P. Liatsis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 385 –387
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073756
- Type: Article
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A novel image compression technique using classified vector quantiser and singular value decomposition is proposed for the efficient representation of still images. The proposed method is called improved hybrid classified vector quantisation. The proposed technique was benchmarked with the standard vector quantiser generated using the k-means algorithm, and JPEG-2000. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach alleviates edge degradation and can reconstruct good visual quality images with higher peak signal-to-noise ratio than the benchmarked techniques. - Author(s): A.B.B. Adikari ; W.A.C. Fernando ; W.A.R.J. Weerakkody
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 387 –388
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073774
- Type: Article
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A novel intra-coding technique is proposed that eliminates the requirement of a secondary coding scheme for coding the key frames in distributed video coding (DVC). The proposed technique uses the Slepian-Wolf theorem and Wyner-Ziv (WZ) coding with spatially predicted information to transmit the key-frames to the DVC decoder. Simulation results show that the proposed WZ-intra coding technique (WZ-I) can achieve up to 5 dB PSNR gain compared to MPEG-2 intra coding (MPEG-I) at the same bit rate with negligible computational cost to the encoder.
Affine invariance contour descriptor based on iso-area normalisation
Convexity measure for shapes with partially extracted boundaries
Data reuse algorithm for multiple reference frame motion estimation
Efficient 3-DOF image alignment for mobile panorama modelling
Image compression using improved hybrid classified vector quantisation
Independent key frame coding using correlated pixels in distributed video coding
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- Author(s): B. Goll and H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 388 –390
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073827
- Type: Article
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A comparator, fabricated in a 1.5 V/0.12 µm CMOS process, is presented. The commonly separated reset and active-load transistors of typical comparators are combined. In the input part two NMOS transistors are added to reduce power consumption. At a supply voltage of 0.5 V the comparator works at a maximal clock of 600 MHz and consumes 18 µW. - Author(s): A. Worapishet and P. Khumsat
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 390 –392
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070175
- Type: Article
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An R-MOSFET resistor structure that enables extension of the MOSFETs' operation into sub-threshold region while preserving good linearity performance is presented. The technique essentially relies upon a linear current division between two nonlinear branches each comprising a linear resistor and a MOSFET operating at sub-threshold inversion. The feasibility of the sub-threshold R-MOSFET structure is demonstrated via breadboard experiment using array transistors, and via simulation using a 0.18 µm CMOS process.
Low-power 600 MHz comparator for 0.5 V supply voltage in 0.12 µm CMOS
Sub-threshold R-MOSFET tunable resistor technique
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- Author(s): L.K. Rowe ; M. Elsey ; N.G. Tarr ; A.P. Knights ; E. Post
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 392 –393
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073680
- Type: Article
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p.
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The local oxidation of silicon process is shown to be an effective means of defining optical rib waveguides in silicon on insulator while maintaining the surface planarity required for CMOS integration. Experimental waveguides have shown singlemode operation and losses of less than 1 dB/cm in the telecommunications band around 1550 nm. - Author(s): M.P. Earnshaw ; M.A. Cappuzzo ; E. Chen ; L. Gomez ; A. Wong-Foy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 393 –394
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070369
- Type: Article
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p.
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An optimised ultra-low power thermo-optic waveguide switch design is presented. Under 25 mW power consumption was achieved for standard index-contrast silica-on-silicon material with reduced polarisation-dependent switching performance.
CMOS-compatible optical rib waveguides defined by local oxidation of silicon
Ultra-low power thermo-optic silica-on-silicon waveguide membrane switch
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- Author(s): Y. Wang ; M. Gong ; H. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 394 –396
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073628
- Type: Article
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p.
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With a specially constructed miniature acousto-optical Q-switch, 2 ns pulses with 10.3 µJ energy and 5.13 kW peak power at 80 kHz repetition rate were obtained in an end pumped short cavity acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser. This is believed to be the shortest pulse width obtained in a solid-state laser by acousto-optical Q-switching. At 500 kHz repetition rate, 10 ns pulses were generated. - Author(s): Y.-C. Chang ; C.S. Wang ; L.A. Coldren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 396 –397
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070195
- Type: Article
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p.
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Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed oxide-confined 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with record-high bandwidth/power-dissipation ratio of 12.5 GHz/mW have been demonstrated. The devices show a modulation bandwidth of 15 GHz at a bias current 0.9 mA, corresponding to only 1.2 mW power dissipation.
2 ns pulse width high repetition rate short cavity acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser
Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
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- Author(s): T. Wang ; Y.-S. Lin ; S.-S. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 398 –399
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070437
- Type: Article
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p.
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A K-band second-order bandpass filter with planar inductive π-network using CMOS technology is demonstrated for the first time. To reduce the substrate loss of the filter, the CMOS process compatible backside inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP) deep trench technology is used to selectively remove the silicon underneath the filter. After the ICP etching, a 55.5–92.2% improvement in quality factor is achieved for the inductors in the filter. In addition, a 1.1 dB improvement in maximum available power gain (GAmax) in K-band is achieved for the filter after the ICP etching. These results show that the micromachined π (PI) filter is very promising for microwave/millimetre-wave RFIC applications.
Micromachined 22 GHz PI filter by CMOS compatible ICP deep trench technology
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- Author(s): R. Toledo-Marin ; F.A. Cruz-Pérez ; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 399 –401
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070510
- Type: Article
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A new mathematical method to analyse the performance of guard-channel-based strategies is proposed. The analysis is based on the iterative calculation of the average effective channel holding time. The method presented provides higher accuracy than alternative solutions previously reported in the literature. - Author(s): M. Bank
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 401 –402
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070014
- Type: Article
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A proposal is put forward for an innovative method of multiple access, termed frequency Bank signal (FBS). The major advantage of FBS is that the error probability is almost non-sensitive to, either, the Doppler effect, separate signal delay or to the negative effect of reflected signals. In addition, FBS signals do not require special pilot or equalisation signals.
Iterative approximation analysis of guard-channel-based strategies in mobile cellular networks
System free of channel problems inherent in changing mobile communication systems
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- Author(s): T. Eriksson and N. Goertz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 402 –404
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073852
- Type: Article
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New incremental redundancy codes suitable for very short data blocks (words) are proposed. Linear congruential recursions are used to generate pseudorandom codewords. Results are presented for the AWGN channel.
Rateless codes based on linear congruential recursions
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- Author(s): A. D'Errico ; V. Donzella ; G. Contestabile ; S. Betti ; V. Carrozzo ; F. Curti ; M. Guglielmucci ; E. Ciaramella
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 404 –405
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073778
- Type: Article
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Field-trial transmission demonstrates the feasibility of regional reach WDM-DPSK systems using common SOAs and optical narrow filtering technique for DPSK detection. Practical SOA spacing of 100 km is reported for the first time. - Author(s): R.B. Ellis ; F. Weiss ; O.M. Anton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 405 –407
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070218
- Type: Article
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Measurements showing improved RF video transmission are presented over a test-bed which replicates parts of a commercial hybrid fibre-coax (HFC) network using an optical fibre specifically engineered for fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) featuring +3 dB higher stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold. Results validate improved system performance and increased reach for use in PON and FTTH architectures. - Author(s): N. Nadarajah ; A. Nirmalathas ; E. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 407 –409
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073638
- Type: Article
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A scheme for upstream access and local area networking among customers in a passive optical network facilitated through a single reflective semiconductor optical amplifier placed in customer premises is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Upstream access is performed by wavelength seeding the reflective semiconductor optical amplifier while the broadband amplified spontaneous emission spectra was used for the transmission of the local area network traffic.
Field-trial of SOA-based WDM-DPSK 8×10 Gbit/s system over 300 km with conventional amplification span
HFC and PON-FTTH networks using higher SBS threshold singlemode optical fibre
Laser-free operation of customer unit with local area network emulation in passive optical networks facilitated by reflective semiconductor optical amplifier
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- Author(s): J.E. McGeehan ; M. Giltrelli ; A.E. Willner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 409 –410
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073430
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is an all-optical bit-wise 3-input AND gate using a single periodically-poled-lithium-niobate (PPLN) waveguide as a nonlinear optical element. The module generates output ‘1’ bits only when all inputs are ‘1’, with negligible power penalty. - Author(s): J. Tatebayashi ; R.B. Laghumavarapu ; N. Nuntawong ; D.L. Huffaker
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 410 –412
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070245
- Type: Article
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p.
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The electro-optic properties of 1.3 µm self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition are reported. The linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficients are 2.4×10−11 m/V and 3.2×10−18 m2/V2, respectively, which are significantly larger than those of GaAs bulk materials. Also, the linear electro-optic coefficient is almost comparable to that of lithium niobate. - Author(s): Y. Tanaka ; K. Hirano ; H. Nagata ; M. Ishikawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 412 –413
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073687
- Type: Article
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p.
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Non-contact three-dimensional (3D) manipulation techniques for non-spherical micro-objects are presented. Three-beam optical tweezers and a line-scanning laser trap using a three-beam laser manipulation system enable real-time orientation control in 3D space. Tilt angle control, translation and rotation of diatoms of non-spherical shape are demonstrated by various manipulation schemes. - Author(s): J. Lancis ; V. Torres-Company ; P. Andrés ; J. Ojeda-Castañeda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 414 –415
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073672
- Type: Article
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A simple method is presented for rejecting undesirable tails and wings, around the main pulses of a periodic train, which is generated by electro-optical, sinusoidal phase modulation. It is shown that, by using a broadband optical carrier, the nonlinear chirp components generated by sinusoidal phase modulation can be filtered out. Thus, nearly apodised picosecond pulsation can be generated. - Author(s): H. Chi and J. Yao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 415 –417
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073808
- Type: Article
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p.
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Symmetrical waveform generation based on temporal pulse shaping using only an amplitude modulator is proposed and investigated. The fundamental principle of this technique is that the Fourier transform of a real and symmetrical waveform is still real and symmetrical. Therefore, it is possible to use an electro-optic modulator that is biased at the minimum transmission point to perform temporal spectrum shaping with a real signal that has both positive and negative values. The proposed approach provides a simple and effective solution to ultrashort symmetrical waveform generation.
All-optical digital 3-input AND gate using sum- and difference-frequency generation in PPLN waveguide
Measurement of electro-optic coefficients of 1.3 µm self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Real-time three-dimensional orientation control of non-spherical micro-objects using laser trapping
Side-lobe suppression in electro-optic pulse generation
Symmetrical waveform generation based on temporal pulse shaping using amplitude-only modulator
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- Author(s): L. Lanco ; L. Deveaux ; S. Ducci ; J.-P. Likforman ; N. Michel ; M. Krakowski ; G. Leo ; V. Berger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 417 –418
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070128
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a non-destructive technique that allows the characterisation of heating and dissipation processes in waveguide-based optoelectronic devices. The method relies on transmission or reflection measurements with a probe beam injected into one of the waveguide facets. Analysis of temperature-induced Fabry-Perot oscillations allows a time-resolved thermal characterisation of the device. - Author(s): E. Culurciello
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 418 –420
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073502
- Type: Article
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p.
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Measurement results of phototransistors designed in a three-dimensional (3D) 0.18 µm silicon-on-insulator technology are presented. The phototransistors respond to light intensities of 5–200 000 lux with currents from 50 fA to 2.3 µA. The novelty of this phototransistor is that its photocurrent is proportional to the square of the incident light intensity. The device measurements reported show that the photodetectors can be used for the design of high-density imaging arrays in three-dimensional SOI CMOS fabrication processes.
Technique for time-resolved thermal characterisation of optoelectronic devices
Three-dimensional phototransistors in 3D silicon-on-insulator technology
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- Author(s): P.L. Rui ; R.S. Chen ; Z.H. Fan ; D.Z. Ding
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 420 –422
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073837
- Type: Article
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p.
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A multi-step preconditioning technique suitable for the solution of a sequence of linear systems arising in monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) calculation is presented. This technique is a combination of a prescribed preconditioner and a low-rank update spectral preconditioner in a successive multi-step manner that computes on the fly approximation of the eigenvectors associated with the smallest eigenvalues. Numerical results show that this technique is very effective in monostatic RCS calculation and can reduce simulation time significantly.
Multi-step spectral preconditioner for fast monostatic radar cross-section calculation
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- Author(s): W. Stillman ; M.S. Shur ; D. Veksler ; S. Rumyantsev ; F. Guarin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 422 –423
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073475
- Type: Article
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Results of room temperature measurement of nonresonant sub-terahertz detection by nanoscale silicon MOSFETs under a variety of load conditions are reported. The effect of device loading is incorporated into existing response models to explain diminished response in the sub-threshold region, and calculation of noise equivalent power indicates minima near the threshold voltage. - Author(s): H.S. Kim ; Y.-S. Sohn ; S.-Y. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, p. 423 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070081
- Type: Article
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A varactor diode for a ultra-high-frequency (UHF) TV tuner that can be operated within 5 V of tuning voltage (VT) is presented. The fabricated diode has a shallow junction with a heavily doped p++ region on a steep hyperabrupt n+ region. Depletion capacitance was from 18.2 pF at VT=0.5 V to 2.8 pF at VT=5 V. This enables the diode to tune the UHF full band without a DC-DC converter. The quality factor of the diode was 20 at VT=0.5 V and 470 MHz of tuning frequency (fT).
Device loading effects on nonresonant detection of terahertz radiation by silicon MOSFETs
Fabrication and characteristics of varactor diode for UHF TV tuner operated within ultra-low tuning voltage
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- Author(s): G.-W. Choi ; N.-H. Kim ; Y.-J. Seo ; W.-S Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, page: 425 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070601
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): A. Cichocki and R. Zdunek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 7, page: 425 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20070599
- Type: Article
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Erratum for ‘Behaviour of electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide transparent electrode after CMP process’
Erratum for ‘Multilayer nonnegative matrix factorisation’
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54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
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