Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 43, Issue 1, 4 January 2007
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Volume 43, Issue 1
4 January 2007
Editorial
- Author(s): C. Toumazou and I. White
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, page: 1 –1
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073849
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): J. Chen and J. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 2 –3
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073431
- Type: Article
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A novel 3-D FDTD method with weakly conditional stability is presented. The time step in this method is only determined by one space discretisation. Compared with the ADI-FDTD method, this method has better accuracy and higher computation efficiency. CPU time for this weakly conditionally stable FDTD method can be reduced to about 3/4 of that for the ADI-FDTD scheme. - Author(s): S. Wang ; X. Guan ; D. Wang ; X. Ma ; Y. Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 3 –5
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072805
- Type: Article
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The matrix pencil (MP) method has been utilised for estimating the poles from the IFFT of calculated frequency responses. The novelty is that the optimal choice of pencil parameters in MP is given, and a scheme for adaptive selection of frequency sampling interval is proposed. Lastly, poles of a complex target are calculated by the proposed method and compared with other available data. - Author(s): L. Ortolan ; T.L.S. Santos ; M.C.F. DeCastro ; F.C.C. DeCastro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 5 –7
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072759
- Type: Article
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The electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) is a smart antenna based on the adjustment of reactances at parasitic elements. A new blind beamformer is presented, for use with reactance domain arrays, such as the ESPAR. Two stochastic gradient algorithms work concurrently so that two distinct cost functions are simultaneously minimised. Results show that the new blind beamformer presents a faster convergence and a lower steady-state mean squared error. - Author(s): K. Wincza ; S. Gruszczynski ; K. Sachse
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 7 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072625
- Type: Article
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A four-beam dual-band antenna array fed by a single 4×4 Butler matrix is presented, for the first time. A broadband Butler matrix designed in a stripline technique has been used as a basic element of a feeding network. To separate signals frequency diplexers have been designed. All designed elements of the feeding network have been integrated together with two antenna rows operating in two separate frequency bands. - Author(s): J. Han and C. Nguyen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 9 –10
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073507
- Type: Article
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The time-domain response of a microstrip quasi-horn antenna was investigated to confirm its suitability for ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse applications. Results show that antenna performance is enhanced using 130 Ω, instead of the usual 377 Ω, for the antenna aperture. The antenna exhibits good impulse return losses of around 13 and 17 dB at the feed-point and aperture, respectively, and high signal fidelity in radiating and receiving UWB signals. Good impulse response with minimum waveform distortion and small reflection together with a planar structure make the microstrip quasi-horn antenna a very good candidate not only for UWB impulse applications but also for direct integration with UWB integrated-circuit transmitters and receivers.
3-D FDTD method with weakly conditional stability
Application of matrix pencil method forestimating natural resonances of scatterers
Blind concurrent beamformer
Integrated four-beam dual-band antenna array fed by broadband Butler matrix
Investigation of time-domain response of microstrip quasi-horn antennas for UWB applications
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- Author(s): T. Tokuda ; S. Sugitani ; M. Taniyama ; A. Uehara ; Y. Terasawa ; K. Kagawa ; M. Nunoshita ; J. Ohta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 10 –12
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072581
- Type: Article
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A CMOS LSI-based flexible neural stimulation device application with new fabrication technologies has been developed. The device was designed for application in retinal prosthesis. The device is based on multichip architecture, which enables the LSI-based stimulation device to be flexible. A fabrication process of arrayed bulk Pt electrodes, and a packaging structure of LSI chips with flip-chip bonding technology have been developed. These features provide the fabricated device with a lifetime of ten days in saline solution.
CMOS LSI-based multichip flexible neural stimulation device with embedded bulk Pt electrodes
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- Author(s): X. Chen and H. Bajwa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 12 –13
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073037
- Type: Article
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Low leakage current and area-efficient dual-port cache design, which uses isolation nodes and local sense amplifiers to facilitate dual-port accesses without duplicating the bit lines for the second port, is presented. Compared with conventional hardwired dual-port cache designs, the average bit line leakage current can be reduced by 50%. - Author(s): V. Kratyuk ; P.K. Hanumolu ; U.-K. Moon ; K. Mayaram
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 13 –15
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073292
- Type: Article
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A new frequency detector, which allows for a fast frequency lock of phase-locked loops (PLLs), is presented. It uses the feedback divider that already exists in a PLL to determine the frequency difference. The proposed frequency detector provides frequency difference information at each reference cycle, and thus guarantees fast frequency acquisition.
Energy-efficient dual-port cache architecture with improved performances
Frequency detector for fast frequency lock of digital PLLs
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- Author(s): A. Boyer ; S. Bendhia ; E. Sicard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 15 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073130
- Type: Article
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A susceptibility characterisation test for integrated circuits using a miniature magnetic near-field probe is described. The method is efficient up to a frequency of 6 GHz and maps immunity to radiated fields.
Characterisation of electromagnetic susceptibility of integrated circuits using near-field scan
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- Author(s): D. Grobnic ; H. Ding ; S.J. Mihailov ; C.W. Smelser ; J. Broeng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 16 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073540
- Type: Article
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High birefringence Bragg gratings were written with ultrafast 800 nm radiation in non-birefringent pure silica core photonic crystal fibres (PCF) that were tapered with an oxy-hydrogen flame. The grating spectra indicate that a birefringence above 10−3 was created in the tapered PCF. - Author(s): R. Slavík and F. Todorov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 18 –19
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072881
- Type: Article
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Long-period fibre gratings (LPGs) that were made to have resonant transmission below −45 dB are tuned via their simultaneous bending and straining. It was found that the position of the LPG resonance can be tuned over more than 6 nm, maintaining the level of the resonant transmission below −45 dB. Fine tuning of the resonance transmission without a change in its spectral position is also demonstrated. The reported LPGs should satisfy the strictest requirements on the control of LPG filtering characteristics, especially in terms of the phase response.
High birefringence fibre Bragg gratings written in tapered photonic crystal fibre with femtosecond IR radiation
Tuning of long-period fibre gratings written by CO2 laser with resonant transmission below −45 dB
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- Author(s): Q.-H. Duong and S.-G. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 19 –21
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073325
- Type: Article
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A simple single-stage variable gain amplifier that offers 86 dB of gain variation, consumes 1.4 mW, and occupies 0.07 mm2 is introduced and shown to have the largest gain range, lowest power, and smallest chip size ever reported based on 0.18 µm CMOS technology. A new approximated exponential equation is proposed, which offers the largest dB-linear range compared to all previously-reported approximated equations. - Author(s): A. Otin ; S. Celma ; C. Aldea
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 21 –23
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073036
- Type: Article
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A novel approach is presented for programmable filtering over the VHF range based on fully-balanced pseudo-differential continuous-time transconductors for applications in low-voltage systems. An example third-order Gm-C lowpass Butterworth filter using the proposed transconductor and accumulation MOS capacitors has been implemented using an AMS 0.35 µm CMOS process, achieving −3 dB cutoff frequencies ranging from 40 to 200 MHz. The active chip area is 0.06 mm2 per pole. - Author(s): A.M. Sodagar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 23 –24
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072450
- Type: Article
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A novel technique is proposed to take advantage of system-level properties of applying negative feedback to an operational transconductance amplifier to implement fully integrated large time constant integrators. Based on the proposed idea a first-order lowpass Gm-C filter as an integrator with a cutoff frequency of 20 Hz has been designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results are in close agreement with theoretical and simulation results.
86 dB 1.4 mW 1.8 V 0.07 mm2 single-stage variable gain amplifier in 0.18 µm CMOS
CMOS filter with wide digitally programmable VHF range
Fully-integrated implementation of large time constant Gm-C integrators
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- Author(s): M. Yasumoto ; T. Suzuki ; H. Tsuda ; M. Raj ; D. Kudzuma ; J. Dawley ; D. Ritums ; Y. Tanaka ; K. Nashimoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 24 –25
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073568
- Type: Article
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The design and fabrication of an 8-ch, 500 GHz-spacing arrayed waveguide grating on (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 has been successfully achieved for the first time. An insertion loss of 22.1 dB, including a 10 dB coupling loss, and an adjacent crosstalk of −23.1 dB have been obtained. The device is expected to be monolithically integrated into high-speed optical switches to form integrated chips such as a reconfigurable add-drop multiplexer. - Author(s): K. Maru ; M. Okawa ; Y. Abe ; T. Hakuta ; S. Himi ; H. Uetsuka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 26 –27
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073098
- Type: Article
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Silica-based 2.5%-Δ arrayed waveguide gratings using a polarisation compensation method with simple circuit design are demonstrated based on core width adjustment in the array. Experimental results show that the polarisation-dependent wavelength shift can be adjusted by optimising chirping parameters for core width.
Fabrication of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 thin-film arrayed waveguide grating
Silica-based 2.5%-Δ arrayed waveguide grating using simple polarisation compensation method with core width adjustment
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- Author(s): H.X. Li ; I. Chyr ; X. Jin ; F. Reinhardt ; T. Towe ; D. Brown ; T. Nguyen ; M. Berube ; T. Truchan ; D. Hu ; R. Miller ; R. Srinivasan ; T. Crum ; E. Wolak ; R. Bullock ; J. Mott ; J. Harrison
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 27 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072874
- Type: Article
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>700 W continuous-wave output power has been demonstrated from a single 1 cm-wide laser bar (∼940 nm) with 77% fill factor. Maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 65% has been achieved. Facet power density of 170 mW/µm and maximum PCE of 69% have been measured for 10% fill-factor bars with 3 mm cavity length. - Author(s): N.Yu. Gordeev ; W.K. Tan ; A.C. Bryce ; I.I. Novikov ; N.V. Kryzhanovskaya ; S.M. Kuznetsov ; A.G. Gladyshev ; M.V. Maximov ; S.S. Mikhrin ; J.H. Marsh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 29 –30
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072665
- Type: Article
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InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers incorporating passive waveguide created by post-growth intermixing processing have been studied. Emission wavelength of the passive section shows relative blueshift as high as 135 nm with respect to the emission wavelength of the active section. Intrinsic losses in the section formed by the intermixing are very small. Broad-area lasers with 100 µm stripe width incorporating intermixed section have demonstrated improvements in far-field pattern under both pulsed and continuous wave pumping current. - Author(s): H. Takeuchi ; K. Natsume ; S. Suzuki ; H. Sakata
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 30 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073399
- Type: Article
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An organic microcavity laser, in which all the stacked polymer layers are doped with pyrromethene-567 dye, is presented. Singlemode laser oscillation at 568 nm was obtained that was located in the middle of the stopband. The lasing threshold was found to be 260 nJ/pulse, which corresponded to 300 µJ/cm2 in the pulse energy density. - Author(s): S.C. Zeller ; T. Südmeyer ; K.J. Weingarten ; U. Keller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 32 –33
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073218
- Type: Article
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A compact diode-pumped passively modelocked 1.5 µm Er:Yb:glass laser with 77 GHz repetition rate and 3.0 ps pulse duration is demonstrated. The laser could serve as a pulse generator in future high-speed return-to-zero data transmission systems. - Author(s): H.S. Djie ; Y. Wang ; B.S. Ooi ; D.-N. Wang ; J.C.M. Hwang ; X.-M. Fang ; Y. Wu ; J.M. Fastenau ; W.K. Liu ; G.T. Dang ; W.H. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 33 –35
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072837
- Type: Article
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The first demonstration is reported of a bandgap tuned laser using InAs/InAlGaAs quantum-dash-in-well structures on an InP substrate, which utilises impurity-free induced intermixing. The intermixed laser exhibits comparable light–current characteristics after the bandgap is postgrowth-tuned by 100 nm.
>700 W continuous-wave output power from single laser diode bar
Broad-area InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers incorporating Intermixed passive waveguide
Microcavity distributed-feedback laser using dye-doped polymeric thin films
Passively modelocked 77 GHz Er:Yb:glass laser
Wavelength tuning of InAs/InAlGaAs quantum-dash-in-well laser using postgrowth intermixing
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- Author(s): C. Li ; K.-Y. Liu ; F. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 35 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072945
- Type: Article
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An accurate equivalent circuit model and the parameter extraction method are presented for the microstrip line with a complementary split ring resonator. A highpass filter with steep rejection slope is designed based on the model. Numerical simulation and measurement confirms the efficient analysis and design procedure and the validity of the highpass filter configuration. - Author(s): T. Wang ; M. Chen ; H. Chen ; S. Xie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 36 –38
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072637
- Type: Article
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A novel and simple method of optical generation of millimetre-wave signals employing four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed. This simple approach is capable of generating signals of double, quadruple and six times the microwave source frequency with extremely high spectral purity and stability. A millimetre-wave of 41.7 GHz (6×fundamental) with a 3 dB linewidth of less than 20 Hz and a phase noise of less than −75 dBc/Hz at 1.6 kHz offset is obtained. - Author(s): N. Deparis ; N. Rolland ; P.A. Rolland
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 38 –39
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072380
- Type: Article
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A simple and low-cost time-domain reflectometer using two pulse generators and a high bandwidth sample and hold amplifier is presented. The design has been achieved using an MMIC commercial foundry process from OMMIC (pHEMT ft=100 GHz). The bandwidth of the sampler is more than 10 GHz and the minimum pulse width generated is less than 50 ps. The total active area is less than 3 mm2.
Design of microstrip highpass filters with complementary split ring resonators
Millimetre-wave signal generation using FWM effect in SOA
Monolithic 10 GHz TDR/TDT analyser with novel architecture
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- Author(s): J. Adeane ; M.R.D. Rodrigues ; I.J. Wassell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 39 –41
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072652
- Type: Article
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Optimum and near-optimum power allocations for co-operative networks that employ amplify-and-forward relaying are formulated. In particular, we propose centralised and distributed power allocation schemes, considering scenarios with full and partial channel state information. - Author(s): F. Berens ; A. Rüegg ; T. Scholand ; A. Hessamian-Alinejad ; P. Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 41 –42
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073776
- Type: Article
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The application of the well-known fast frequency hopping (FFH) scheme to the WIMEDIA OFDM-based UWB standard is presented. A promising packed error ratio performance was found. The proposed novel WIMEDIA FFH/OFDM scheme outperforms the regular scheme by up to 5 dB, and in combination with an ultra-sparse-(U-S)-LDPC code, up to 7 dB. Even uncoded transmission is conceivable, paving the way towards low complex ultra-high data rate systems. - Author(s): W. Wang ; R. Jin ; J. Geng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 43 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072831
- Type: Article
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An improved partial parallel interference cancellation (PIC) detection method for V-BLAST is proposed. During every PIC stage, the substreams are detected in an ascending order of error performance from the previous stage to mitigate error propagation caused by the wrong cancellations. Simulation results are presented to show the performance improvements. - Author(s): X. Chen and S. Kiaei
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 44 –46
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073239
- Type: Article
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A pulse generation scheme for low-power, low-complexity impulse ultra-wideband is presented. By employing the finite impulse response function inherent in digital circuitry to shape the spectrum, the analogue pulse shaping filter could be reduced to a low-Q RLC filter, and the designed composite pulses could be generated and efficiently amplified in the digital domain. This scheme is demonstrated with generation of two composite pulses for the two potential IEEE 802.15.4a bands. - Author(s): S.S. Das ; E. De Carvalho ; R. Prasad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 46 –48
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072920
- Type: Article
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Capacity analysis of dynamically variable sub-carrier bandwidth to overcome inter-carrier interference in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) framework is presented. It is found that this type of adaptive frequency division multiplexing scheme is to be preferred over systems based on standard OFDM with fixed sub-carrier bandwidth when users with various received signal strengths and different Doppler (mobility) conditions have to be served simultaneously by a base station.
Centralised and distributed power allocation for co-operative networks
Fast frequency hopping diversity scheme for OFDM-based UWB systems
Improved partial parallel multistage detection for V-BLAST systems
Pulse generation scheme for low-power low-complexity impulse ultra-wideband
Variable sub-carrier bandwidth in OFDM framework
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- Author(s): S. Tong ; S. Zhang ; B. Bai ; X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 48 –49
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073184
- Type: Article
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An approach to construct irregular repeat accumulate (RA) codes from circulant permutation matrices is presented. The constructed irregular RA codes can be encoded with shift registers and decoded in the turbo decoding fashion, which leads to a much faster convergence rate compared to the conventional full parallel decoding fashion.
Fast encodable and decodable irregular repeat accumulate codes from circulant permutation matrices
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- Author(s): M. Kashima ; G.C. Gupta ; H. Iwamura ; H. Tamai ; R. Watanabe ; T. Ushikubo ; T. Kamijoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 49 –51
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073465
- Type: Article
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An unprecedented 42 dB loss budget is realised, for the first time, by using a hybrid DWDM-CDM (code division multiplexing)-PON without an optical amplifier. 16λ-DWDM-CDM-PON bidirectional transmission over 100 km was experimentally demonstrated. Long-reach PON is expected to reduce capex and opex costs for service providers. - Author(s): S. Demiguel ; N. Sahri ; M. Hartlaub ; F. Blache ; H. Gariah ; S. Vuiye ; D. Carpentier ; D. Barbier ; J.C. Campbell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 51 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072453
- Type: Article
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A novel low-cost photoreceiver that combines an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) and a packaged short planar multimode waveguide PIN photodiode has demonstrated −21.2 dBm sensitivity at BER 10−10 and PRBS of 215−1 for 40 Gbit/s operations. - Author(s): R. Hui ; R. Saunders ; B. Heffner ; D. Richards ; B. Fu ; P. Adany
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 53 –54
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072578
- Type: Article
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A simple and non-blocking polarisation-mode dispersion (PMD) monitoring technique using coherent detection is demonstrated and applied to a 40 Gbit/s live fibre-optic system. The results demonstrated a clear correlation between the instantaneous differential group delay and the receiver Q-margin. It was also demonstrated that PMD-induced outage can be eliminated by an adaptive PMD compensator.
42 dB loss budget hybrid DWDM-CDM-PON without optical amplifier
Low-cost photoreceiver integrating an EDWA and waveguide PIN photodiode for 40 Gbit/s applications
Non-blocking PMD monitoring in live optical systems
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- Author(s): P.-H. Lai ; S.-I. Fu ; Y.-Y. Tsai ; C.-W. Hung ; T.-P. Chen ; W.-C. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 54 –56
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073370
- Type: Article
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Temperature-dependent characteristics of a formal-passivated pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) are studied and demonstrated. Experimentally, for the PHEMT's operation, significant improvements of fT, fmax, gm and IDS operating regime are found after formal passivation. In addition, remarkably lower temperature variation coefficients on Von (−1.33 mV/K), BVGD (−65.6 mV/K), ΦB (−0.321 meV/K) and n (3.88×10−4/K) are observed as temperature is increased from 300 to 480 K. Under an accelerated stress test, this formal-passivated device also shows improved reliability performance.
Improved characteristics of formal-passivated pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor
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- Author(s): A. Latiri ; L. Joet ; P. Desgreys ; P. Loumeau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 56 –58
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073341
- Type: Article
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A second-order FIR anti-aliasing filter for RF sampling receivers is presented. The principle and circuit implementation are detailed for a GSM 900 receiver. The achieved alias rejection is sufficient to meet the specifications without any RF preselect filters. - Author(s): J. Wang ; Y. Peng ; X. Peng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 58 –59
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072762
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Proposed is a simple and effective boundary effect processing technique for empirical mode decomposition. Experimental results show that the proposed method can suppress the boundary effects more effectively than other methods.
Passive second-order anti-aliasing filter for RF sampling based receivers
Similarity searching based boundary effect processing method for empirical mode decomposition
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- Author(s): E.D. Lee ; S.H. Yun ; S.I. Lee ; J.M. Ahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 59 –60
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20073320
- Type: Article
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A fast algebraic codebook search method based on iteration-free pulse replacement is proposed. The method comprises two stages. At the first stage, an initial codevector is determined by the pulse-position likelihood-estimate vector. At the second stage, after computing pulse-contributions for every track, the pulse replacement is performed to maximise the search criterion over all combinations, replacing the pulses of the initial codevector with the most important pulses for every track. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very efficient in terms of computational complexity and speech quality compared to previous pulse replacement methods. - Author(s): T. Li ; S. Rahardja ; S.N. Koh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 60 –61
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20072642
- Type: Article
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A simple and flexible bit-plane coding method is developed for scalable audio coding. It is different from the traditional bit-plane coding in that the optimal bit-plane scanning order is adapted to the scale between the energy of the residual signal and the audio mask. Both the perceptual quality and the lossless compression ratio at common lossy bitrates are greatly improved compared with the performance of state-of-the-art scalable audio.
Iteration-free pulse replacement method for algebraic codebook search
Perceptually adaptive bit-plane coding for scalable audio
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