Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 41, Issue 12, 9 June 2005
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Volume 41, Issue 12
9 June 2005
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- Author(s): B. Subbarao and V.F. Fusco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 671 –672
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051276
- Type: Article
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The generation of both hands of circular (CP) in addition to vertical and horizontal linear (LP) polarisation from a 6.5 mm-deep radial cavity antenna is demonstrated in the frequency range 8.1–8.6 GHz by incorporating a compact four port coaxially fed polariser, thus removing the need for an orthomode transducer. The polariser is realised using metal post inserts positioned inside a circular waveguide; its length is 59 mm. - Author(s): M. Amin and R. Cahill
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 672 –674
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051176
- Type: Article
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Modifications to the geometry at the centre of the helical section of a 1/2 turn half-wavelength quadrifilar antenna are shown to provide a large reduction in the axial length compared to a conventional volute. In addition this technique provides a simple method of tuning the resonant frequency of the structure. - Author(s): Y. Kim and D.-H. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 674 –675
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050713
- Type: Article
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A CPW-fed right-angled dual tapered notch antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) communication is presented. The antenna has two tapered notches, which are located at a right-angled corner. The measured gain pattern shows that two main beams are equally generated with approximately 7 dBi at 5 GHz. The performance of the antenna has been tested in a UWB communication experiment. - Author(s): S. Collardey ; A. Sharaiha ; K. Mahdjoubi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 675 –677
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051146
- Type: Article
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A new and simple method is proposed for determining the radiation Q of an antenna using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The numerical results are compared with analytical formulas and good agreement is reported. - Author(s): Y. Wen ; W.-S. Gan ; J. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 677 –678
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050212
- Type: Article
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A multi-stage optimisation method for solving the nonlinear least square error problem in flat-top power pattern synthesis using non-uniform linear arrays is presented. The optimisations are conducted from low to high order in eigenspace, and without the requirement of multidimensional initial value. Simulations show the robustness of the method over a conventional method dependent on initialisation. - Author(s): A. Stjernman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 678 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050988
- Type: Article
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A relationship between the scattering parameters of a set of antennas and the correlation between the signals received by them is derived. This relationship is valid for an arbitrary number of ports and antenna elements under the assumption that the environment is completely uniform with respect to incidence angles and polarisation state. - Author(s): A. Uzer and T. Ege
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 680 –682
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050031
- Type: Article
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A dielectric cylindrical shell that is covered with metallic patches is considered. Entire domain basis functions are employed in the moment method solutions and the infinite sums are accelerated by Kummer's method. Results show that the radar cross-section of the structure vanishes at some specific frequencies.
Compact polarisation selectable radial cavity antenna
Compact quadrifilar helix antenna
CPW-fed right-angled dual tapered notch antenna for ultra-wideband communication
Evaluation of antenna radiation Q using FDTD method
Initial value independent optimisation for flat-top power pattern synthesis using non-uniform linear arrays
Relationship between radiation pattern correlation and scattering matrix of lossless and lossy antennas
Scattering from dielectric cylindrical shell periodically loaded with metallic patches
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- Author(s): R. Blue ; N. Kent ; L. Polerecky ; H. McEvoy ; D. Gray ; B.D. MacCraith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 682 –684
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050744
- Type: Article
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Luminescence-based biochip measurement platforms are employed in a wide range of biological applications, such as biomedical diagnostics. Based on an understanding of the anisotropic emission properties of luminescence emitters close to a dielectric interface, a simple strategy for producing a better than 25-fold enhancement of the detected luminescence is presented. This strategy is demonstrated for low cost polymer platforms compatible with mass-production.
Platform for enhanced detection efficiency in luminescence-based sensors
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- Author(s): Y.-C. Song and D.-H. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 684 –685
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050516
- Type: Article
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The results of using the high-frequency components of the leakage current to study aging of contaminated insulators under salt fog conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the high-frequency components can be used effectively to study aging of polymer insulators in a salt fog test.
High-frequency components of leakage current as diagnostic tool to study aging of polymer insulators under salt fog
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- Author(s): M.-Y. Gu ; K. Wang ; Y.-S. Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 685 –687
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050509
- Type: Article
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The postulate of a linear tensor relation in the measured equation of invariance (MEI) is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) problems. As a result, all three components of the field vector to be solved are coupled in the MEI. Combined with the finite difference method, the present method is applied to the analysis of scattering by 3D conducting objects and results in a significant improvement in the accuracy of numerical results as compared to those obtained with an uncoupled linear relation.
Measured equation of invariance with linear tensor relation for three-dimensional scattering problems
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- Author(s): G. Frith ; D.G. Lancaster ; S.D. Jackson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 687 –688
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051207
- Type: Article
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An 85 W Tm3+-doped silica fibre laser is presented. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest output power achieved by pumping with 793 nm. The slope efficiency was 56%, the threshold 11 W and the output wavelength centred at 2.04 µm. The high rate of cross relaxation in this laser provided a quantum efficiency of >130%. - Author(s): K. Igarashi ; J. Hiroishi ; T. Yagi ; S. Namiki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 688 –690
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050557
- Type: Article
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A comb-like profiled fibre (CPF), an alternate concatenation of a dispersive fibre and nonlinear fibre, is capable of emulating an arbitrary dispersion profile over distance for high quality optical pulse compression. It is demonstrated experimentally that CPF is efficient for the reshaping of an optical beat signal into a high quality 160 GHz 730 fs soliton pulse train with remarkably low noise, while stimulated Brillouin scattering was well suppressed. - Author(s): S.-S. Lee and H.-D. Chae
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 690 –691
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050982
- Type: Article
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A photonic microwave true-time delay using a tapered chirped fibre Bragg grating is proposed and fabricated. A resistive heating electrode coated on the tapered fibre and a single-wavelength light was incorporated to control the time delay continuously without any mechanical perturbation and moving. It was achieved by adjusting the reflection positions of the optical signal carrying the microwave signal from within the tapered grating via the thermo-optic effect. The measured time delay was ∼120 ps with electrical power consumption of 250 mW. - Author(s): T. Sørensen ; T.P. Hansen ; A. Bjarklev
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 691 –693
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051356
- Type: Article
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Selective coupling to the fundamental mode of short hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres without exciting cladding modes is improved by gold-coated fibre end facets. Cladding modes are suppressed by 20–30 dB for single-and multimode fibre launch, respectively, while in-band power loss is 3–8 dB.
85 W Tm3+-doped silica fibre laser
Comb-like profiled fibre for efficient generation of high quality 160 GHz sub-picosecond soliton train
Continuous photonic microwave true-time delay using tapered chirped fibre Bragg grating
Metal-assisted coupling to hollow-core photonic crystal fibres
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- Author(s): S. Agha ; V.M. Dwyer ; V. Chouliaras
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 693 –694
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050481
- Type: Article
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Considering all possible candidate motion vectors in a given search area and calculating a distortion measure at every search position, as with the full-search block-matching motion estimation algorithm (FSBME), places a prohibitively high computational burden on the video encoder, making it unsuitable for real-time/portable video applications. To reduce computational complexity while maintaining accuracy, a new version of the reduced-bit, sum of absolute difference (RBSAD) algorithm is presented, which allows for optional correction to full resolution (FSBME) when appropriate. Analysis of a number of video sequence shows that this correction is required for blocks for which there is little motion between frames. - Author(s): G. Aklilu and J.M. Pitts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 695 –696
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050755
- Type: Article
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Both TCP/IP traffic and MPEG4 scalable video are known to exhibit multi-fractal behaviour. By subdividing the intermittency portion of a chaotic map, packet traffic with multi-fractal scaling can be modelled. This novel chaotic map structure accurately reproduces the scaling behaviour, and is straightforward to parameterise from scaling measurements and finite timescale ranges. Unlike cascade models, the multi-scaling chaotic map can be employed in continuous online generation, offering the real possibility of an aggregate model capable of reacting to network conditions.
Motion estimation with low resolution distortion metric
Multi-scaling chaotic map suitable for modelling aggregate TCP/IP and MPEG4 traffic streams
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- Author(s): C.-P. Chang and H.-R. Chuang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 696 –698
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20057855
- Type: Article
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A 3–6 GHz CMOS broadband low noise amplifier (LNA) for ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is presented. The LNA is fabricated with the 0.18 µm 1P6M standard CMOS process. Measurement of the CMOS LNA is performed using an FR-4 PCB test fixture. From 3 to 6 GHz, the broadband LNA exhibits a noise figure of 4.7–6.7 dB, a gain of 13–16 dB, and an input/output return loss higher than 12/10 dB, respectively. The input P1 dB and input IP3 (IIP3) at 4.5 GHz are about −14 and −5 dBm, respectively. The DC supply is 1.8 V. - Author(s): V.P. Chodavarapu ; A.H. Titus ; A.N. Cartwright
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 698 –699
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051044
- Type: Article
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The operation of a pH (H+ ion concentration) sensitive ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) microsystem with a sensitivity of 40–45 mV/pH is demonstrated. This system has two identical ISFETs as the inputs to a pair of ISFET operational transconductance amplifiers (IOTAs) arranged in a novel differential architecture. The IOTAs have different sized p-MOSFET load transistors that enable pH sensitive operation without any post-fabrication processing or material deposition. The CMOS ISFET chip is fabricated in an unmodified 1.5 µm commercial process. - Author(s): M. Dammann ; A. Leuther ; A. Tessmann ; H. Massler ; M. Mikulla ; G. Weimann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 699 –701
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050838
- Type: Article
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The long-term stability of a 50 nm low-noise metamorphic HEMT technology has been investigated by biased accelerated lifetime tests on both MHEMT devices and two-stage LNAs for W-band applications. The lifetime tests were performed at three channel temperatures, a drain voltage of 1 V and a power density of 0.3 W/mm in air. Based on a −10% degradation of gm max failure criterion an activation energy of 1.6 eV and a projected median lifetime of 2.7×106 h at Tch=125°C were determined. The two-stage LNAs were stressed at a channel temperature of 185°C for 4000 h. The S-parameters did not show any significant degradation after 4000 h of stress time if the positive threshold voltage shift was compensated for by a corresponding increase of the gate voltage. The reliability results demonstrate the stable operation of 50 nm MHEMTs and LNAs for W-band applications and beyond.
0.18 µm 3–6 GHz CMOS broadband LNA for UWB radio
Differential read-out architecture for CMOS ISFET microsystems
Reliability of 50 nm low-noise metamorphic HEMTs and LNAs
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- Author(s): P. Bernasconi ; W. Yang ; L. Zhang ; N. Sauer ; L. Buhl ; I. Kang ; S. Chandrasekhar ; D.T. Neilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 701 –702
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051343
- Type: Article
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An all-optical wavelength-switch module with 40 Gbit/s capacity is integrated monolithically in InP. The device combines an SOA-based wavelength converter and a fast-tunable 8-channel multi-frequency laser. Error-free operation is demonstrated.
40 Gbit/s RZ wavelength converter in a monolithically integrated chip with a tunable laser
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- Author(s): T. Harimoto and J. Watanabe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 702 –704
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050052
- Type: Article
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An efficient and stable 532 nm Nd:YVO4 microchip laser pumped by a single-longitudinal-mode laser-diode through a ball lens is presented. By controlling the temperature of crystals, an output power of as much as 17.2 mW with a stability of 0.24% is obtained at a 121 mW pumping power. - Author(s): S. Höfling ; J. Seufert ; J.P. Reithmaier ; A. Forchel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 704 –705
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051145
- Type: Article
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Mid-infrared GaAs based bound-to-continuum quantum cascade microlasers with ridge waveguide geometry are fabricated by the monolithic integration of deeply etched semiconductor-air Bragg mirrors. Devices with ultra-short cavities of 50 and 150 µm can be operated near room temperature (260 K) or at room temperature (300 K), respectively. 50 µm-long devices show singlemode emission up to relatively high drive currents due to the large mode spacing of about 30 cm−1 (340 nm).
Efficient and stable 532 nm microchip laser pumped by single-longitudinal-mode laser-diode
Room temperature operation of ultra-short quantum cascade lasers with deeply etched Bragg mirrors
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- Author(s): M. Nedil ; T.A. Denidni ; L. Talbi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 706 –707
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050760
- Type: Article
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A new 3 dB CPW multilayer slot-coupled directional coupler between two CPW lines coupled through a rectangular slot etched on a common ground plane located between these lines is presented. The proposed directional coupler showed promising results, especially in terms of bandwidth (∼80%). The simulated results are compared with the measured data, and good agreement is reported. - Author(s): A. Jrad ; A.-L. Perrier ; R. Bourtoutian ; J.-M. Duchamp ; P. Ferrari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 707 –709
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050689
- Type: Article
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A novel ultra compact microwave tuneable impedance transformer topology is proposed. It consists of a classical π CLC network where an equivalent tuneable inductance is realised with a high impedance transmission line in series with fixed inductance and a diode's varactors. The realised hybrid prototype at 900 MHz operating frequency is only 0.06λ-long. Impedance loads from 16.5 to 280 Ω can be matched with a return loss better than −20 dB, and the relative bandwidth equals ±36% for a fixed 50 Ω load.
CPW multilayer slot-coupled directional coupler
Design of an ultra compact electronically tunable microwave impedance transformer
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- Author(s): T. Piboongungon ; V.A. Aalo ; C.D. Iskander ; G.P. Efthymoglou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 709 –710
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050435
- Type: Article
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The three-parameter generalised gamma distribution is a versatile fading model that generalises or accurately approximates many of the commonly used distributions for multipath, shadow, and composite fading. It is difficult to evaluate the performance(s) of closely spaced dual-diversity receivers operating in such a channel because an analytical expression is not yet available for the bivariate correlated generalised gamma distribution. This report studies the bivariate generalised gamma distribution with arbitrary parameters. Expressions for the joint distribution and joint central moments are derived, and are used to obtain the outage probability for a dual-branch selection combining receiver over a correlated generalised gamma fading channel. - Author(s): L. Liu and F. Adachi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 710 –712
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050696
- Type: Article
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Coherent frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) of DS-CDMA signals suffers from channel estimation error. Frequency-domain differential detection and equalisation (FDDDE) for the reception of differentially encoded DS-CDMA signals transmitted over a frequency-selective fading channel is proposed. At a transmitter, the differentially encoded data symbol is spread and transmitted. At a receiver, differential detection, equalisation and despreading are simultaneously performed in the frequency-domain. Compared with that of coherent FDE, FDDDE is much more robust against fast fading.
Bivariate generalised gamma distribution with arbitrary fading parameters
Frequency-domain differential detection and equalisation of differentially encoded DS-CDMA signals
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- Author(s): Y. Sasaki ; H. Yokoyama ; H. Ito
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 712 –713
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050587
- Type: Article
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Continuous-wave (CW) terahertz radiation based on nonlinear difference frequency mixing (DFM) of two laser lights outputs is demonstrated. The surface-emitting method generated THz frequency radiation in the perpendicular direction of incident laser light by quasi-phase-matching. Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) served as the nonlinear material for this surface-emitting method. In this case, two diode laser wavelengths of 1.5 µm can be applied as DFM sources, within the range of telecommunications technology.
Surface-emitted continuous-wave terahertz radiation using periodically poled lithium niobate
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- Author(s): J. Faucher ; S. Ayotte ; L.A. Rusch ; S. LaRochelle ; D.V. Plant
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 713 –715
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050543
- Type: Article
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The BER performance of a 2D λ-t OCDMA system is compared experimentally with optimum sampling (global clock) and non-optimum sampling (recovered clock from an OCDMA receiver). The power and BER penalties of the receiver are quantified, and the impact of interferers on its performance is determined.
Experimental BER performance of 2D λ-t OCDMA with recovered clock
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- Author(s): T. Furuta ; T. Ito ; Y. Muramoto ; H. Ito ; M. Tokumitsu ; T. Ishibashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 715 –716
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051208
- Type: Article
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A uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with a WR-6 waveguide output port for operation in the D-band has been developed. The bandwidth with the output power above −10 dBm ranged from 104 to 185 GHz. The module stability was also confirmed under an optical input stress test, a temperature cycle test, and mechanical vibration and shock tests. - Author(s): T. Sakamoto ; T. Kawanishi ; S. Shinada ; M. Izutsu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 716 –718
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051241
- Type: Article
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A novel optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) made from a LiNbO3 intensity modulator with a resonant electrode in double-stub structure is proposed and demonstrated. The OEO can generate an optical clock or subcarrier signal with self-oscillation. The resonant electrode makes it possible for the OEO to oscillate at a single frequency and with high efficiency. 6.9 GHz singlemode oscillation was achieved with an optical input threshold power of 0.01 mW.
D-band rectangular-waveguide-output uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module
Optoelectronic oscillator using LiNbO3 intensity modulator with resonant electrode
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- Author(s): J.M. Alonso ; M.A. Dalla-Costa ; J. Cardesín ; J. García
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 718 –719
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20058340
- Type: Article
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A new control method for electronic ballasts based on magnetic regulators is presented. The proposed method allows starting and dimming the lamp at constant frequency by adjusting the inductance of the resonant tank. The main advantages are inherent galvanic isolated control, more linear control characteristics, lower EMI, and high efficiency in the whole dimming range. Analysis and experimental results from a 36 W linear fluorescent lamp prototype are presented.
Magnetic dimming of electronic ballasts
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- Author(s): X. Blasco ; M. Nafría ; X. Aymerich ; W. Vandervorst
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 719 –721
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20050805
- Type: Article
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The electrical behaviour of a SiO2 gate layer and a HfO2/SiO2 gate stack are studied at the nanometre scale by means of CAFM. The leaky spot (LS) and breakdown (BD) spot sizes, the post BD current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and the topography features have been compared. LS of ∼600–700 nm2 and BD sizes of 1000–3000 nm2 are measured for the SiO2 layer and the HfO2/SiO2 stack. Post BD I-V characteristics reveal that, for SiO2, I-V curves are well grouped and CAFM compliance is always reached for Vgate<0.5 V. For the HfO2/SiO2 stack, I-V curves show very much dispersion, and the Vgate needed to reach the compliance is larger. Therefore, the high-k layer reduces the severity of the BD event. Even so, a few times the HfO2/SiO2 stack BD spots exhibit I-V characteristics as conductive as SiO2 BD spots. - Author(s): S. Nakata ; K. Saito ; M. Shimada
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 41, Issue 12, p. 721 –722
- DOI: 10.1049/el:20051419
- Type: Article
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The memory characteristics of a new non-volatile Al2O3 memory deposited by electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering are described. Al-rich Al2O3 was fabricated at a reduced oxygen gas flow rate. Capacitance-voltage characteristics show a large hysteresis window owing to the Al-rich structure. This memory will stay non-volatile for several years or more.
Comparison of SiO2 and HfO2/SiO2 gate stacks electrical behaviour at a nanometre scale with CAFM
Non-volatile Al2O3 memory using an Al-rich structure as a charge-storing layer
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