Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 3, Issue 7, July 1967
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Volume 3, Issue 7
July 1967
Time-varying version of the lemma of Lyapunov
- Author(s): B.D. Anderson and J.B. Moore
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 293 –294
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670225
- Type: Article
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–294
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The lemma of Lyapunov gives the necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of a time-invariant system in terms of the existence of a positive-definite symmetric matrix. In this letter, the lemma is generalised for time-varying systems, in which it is shown that additional conditions are required for the lemma to hold. The conditions involve boundedness of certain quantities and uniform complete observability of a pair of matrixes.
Conductor admittance in transverse TEM filters and slow-wave structures
- Author(s): E. Kollberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 294 –296
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670226
- Type: Article
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The admittance Y(φ) of a single rectangular conductor in a transverse TEM filter or slow-wave structure can be expressed in a series of mutual interaction terms with the neighbouring conductors and with the surrounding ground planes. The first four interaction terms are computed numerically and yield Y(φ) with about 1% accuracy.
Connection between network theory and the theory of linear dynamical systems
- Author(s): H.H. Rosenbrock
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 296 –297
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670227
- Type: Article
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–297
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A connection is established between network theory and the theory of linear dynamical systems which may provide a convenient way of formulating network problems for solution by digital computer and may also permit a new approach to some problems in network theory.
Small-scale spatial fluctuations of a v.l.f. wave field in the ionosphere in the zone close to the transmitter
- Author(s): M.P. Aubry
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 298 –298
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670228
- Type: Article
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The FR-1 satellite experiment, the characteristics of which have been described in a previous paper by Storey, has provided information on the penetration of upgoing v.l.f. waves in the ionosphere. The experiment involves a transmitter located at Sainte-Assise (France), radiating 20 kW on 16.8 kHz, and a receiver aboard the satellite at 750 km altitude. An account of the first results concerning the mean level, and also the large and small-scale spatial fluctuations of the v.l.f. field, has been published already by the author. In this letter we analyse more carefully the problem of the spatial fluctuations of the v.l.f. field on the small scale (less than 100 km).
Sensitivity in active RCfilters
- Author(s): G.C. Bown
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 298 –299
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670229
- Type: Article
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–299
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The performance of a general structure for the realisation of a biquadratic transfer function with one amplifier is considered. A general formula for the lower bound on the sensitivity of the Q factor with respect to the amplifier gain is derived.
Photon/magnon conversion near a material interface
- Author(s): F.R. Morgenthaler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 299 –302
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670230
- Type: Article
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Direct coupling between electromagnetic waves and spin waves caused by an abrupt discontinuity in material parameters is studied. It is shown that the simultaneous presence of an evanescent and propagating wave can lead to the conversion of electromagnetic power to exchange power. The partial conversion of an electromagnetic wave travelling in air, and incident normally upon a ferromagnet, is analysed in detail for the case when the material is uniformly magnetised to saturation along the direction of propagation.
Use of simple graticules with luminance-chrominance pulse signals
- Author(s): G. Rosman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 302 –303
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670231
- Type: Article
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–303
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Graticules superimposed on the display of modulated pulse signals can be used to define limits of gain and delay inequalities in chrominance and luminance channels. An analysis of two simple straight-line graticules, valid for small distortions, is presented.
Simplified method for experimental determination of autocorrelation functions and power-density spectrum
- Author(s): P. de Larminat
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 303 –304
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670232
- Type: Article
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–304
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The proposed method requires only a simple analogue system, and the numerical analysis of experimental results does not present many difficulties. The power-density spectrum is similar to a rational fraction approximation.
Launching a surface wave over the Earth
- Author(s): H.M. Barlow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 304 –305
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670233
- Type: Article
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Proposals are made for a ferrite-loaded horn type of antenna capable of launching a 1.5 MHz surface wave over the Earth. The use of a ferrite coating on the conductor laid parallel with the ground, and forming one side of the horn, makes provision for a surface reactance which can be tapered up to reduce the size of the radiating aperture, and thence tapered down again to match the reactance of the ground.
Improved magnetic-gate firing circuit for thyristors
- Author(s): C.F. Amor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 305 –305
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670234
- Type: Article
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A simple modification to the resistance-reset circuit of half-cycle gating transductors is described, which can extend the range of pulse variation under manual phase control, thus increasing the firing angle through which thyristors may be operated by magnetic components.
Variational formula for antenna impedance in a warm magnetoplasma
- Author(s): J. Carlin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 305 –307
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670235
- Type: Article
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–307
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A variational formula has been derived for antenna impedance which takes into account the effect of force and fluid-flux distributions along the antenna conductors as well as the induced electric current. A linearised hydrodynamic description of the plasma was used with an absorptive boundary condition at the antenna surface.
Formulation of network state-space equations suitable for computer investigations
- Author(s): R.W. Newcomb and J.A. Miller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 307 –308
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670236
- Type: Article
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p.
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–308
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Using a reactive element extraction and the general description of the resulting resistive multiport, the state-variable equations are derived in a manner that is readily implemented on a computer.
Field representation in cylindrical co-ordinates
- Author(s): L. Lewin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 308 –309
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670237
- Type: Article
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–309
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Formulas are presented which give the electrostatic field in a half-space when the radial field is prescribed on the plane z = 0 to be zero for r > 1 and given for r < 1. This corresponds to a prescribed field in a circular aperture in a metal plate, and is applied to the case of the fringe field of a flanged cylindrical tube.
Hybrid TEM waveguide mode
- Author(s): G. Millington and H.M. Barlow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 310 –311
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670238
- Type: Article
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–311
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In the hybrid TEM or dual surface-wave mode in a strip-line waveguide with polythene-coated-copper boundary walls, the attenuation along the guide is independent of the relative thicknesses of the coatings for the same total thickness, contrary to the idea that when they are unequal the attenuation can be markedly less than for the quasiTEM mode with no dielectric.
Direct-coupled transistor lossless gyrator
- Author(s): T. Yanagisawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 311 –312
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670239
- Type: Article
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One possible method for the realisation of a transistor lossless gyrator is shown. This circuit is suitable for the realisation of a direct-coupled gyrator. A novel lossless gyrator composed of an amplifier and a negative resistance is derived from the design formulas of this gyrator. However, the two-amplifier-type gyrator has lower sensitivity than one of the negative-resistance type.
Electrical breakdown of small air gaps bounded by dielectric surfaces using 500/3000 μs surges
- Author(s): R.J. Densley and B. Salvage
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 312 –313
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670240
- Type: Article
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Measurement of the 50% impulse-discharge stress, the apparent discharge magnitude and the total time lag of discharges in air-filled cavities in polythene, using 500/3000 μs surges, is described. The discharge stress is lower and the total time lag greater than with 1/50 μs impulses. With repeated discharges, both are reduced.
Four-level pseudorandom sequences
- Author(s): C. Balza ; A. Fromageot ; M. Maniere
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 313 –315
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670241
- Type: Article
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–315
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Four-level pseudorandom sequences of 4m−1 elements are generated as the quotient of Xn+1, with n=4m−1, by a primitive polynomial of degree m over GF (4). Formulas for mean value, root-mean-square value, crosscorrelation factor and spectral density are given. A shift register, using binary operators, generating such a sequence, is represented.
Excitation of the PE20 and PM11 modes in a dielectric-loaded trough waveguide by a dielectric-loaded rectangular waveguide
- Author(s): J.A. Staniforth and N.B. Saddler
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 315 –317
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670242
- Type: Article
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–317
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Theoretical results are obtained for the launching efficiency of the dominant PE20 and PM11 dielectric-loaded trough-waveguide modes excited by a dielectric-loaded rectangular waveguide.
On assumed boundary conditions at an interface between a dielectric and a compressible plasma
- Author(s): J.R. Wait
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 317 –318
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670243
- Type: Article
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p.
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–318
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Some remarks are made concerning two assumed boundary conditions at the interface between a dielectric region and a compressible plasma. It is indicated that Fedorchenko's double Laplace integral formulation, which invokes causality, is equivalent to the assumption of continuity of the normal electric field. In general, this differs from results derived on the basis of an assumed rigid boundary. It is shown that both expressions for the reflection coefficient in the dielectric region have the same form, but the temperature correction is different. Without appeal to the physics of the sheath, there is no reason to choose one condition over the other.
Digital filtering of binary sequences
- Author(s): A.C. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 318 –319
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670244
- Type: Article
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p.
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–319
(2)
The letter discusses waveforms obtained by continuous summation of the digits stored in a shift register. The process is equivalent to nonrecursive digital filtering, and consequently z transform methods may be used to investigate the frequency spectrum of such waveforms.
Current distribution on a dipole antenna in a warm plasma
- Author(s): A.D. Wunsch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 320 –321
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670245
- Type: Article
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p.
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–321
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A cylindrical dipole antenna having finite dimensions, and surrounded by a homogeneous warm plasma, has been treated as a boundary-value problem. The current on the antenna has been determined and has been found to possess an oscillatory component, the fluctuations of which have approximately the wavelength of the surface wave on a corresponding infinite cylinder immersed in a warm plasma.
Experimental determination of the mutual admittance of slot antennas
- Author(s): M.H. Mentzoni and J. Donohoe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 321 –323
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670246
- Type: Article
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p.
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–323
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The mutual admittance of two X band radiators are measured, using three different methods of measurement. The results, both for free space and ionised environment, are in qualitative agreement with previous theoretical computations.
Noise-parameter measurements of microwave transistors up to 2.4 GHz
- Author(s): W. Bächtold and M.J.O. Strutt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 323 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670247
- Type: Article
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–324
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Noise and gain measurements of microwave transistors in the frequency region 0.6–2.4 GHz have been carried out. The results, the optimum noise figure and the optimum source admittance as a function of frequency, as well as the optimum gain, noise figure and noise measure as a function of source admittance and collector current are discussed.
Frequency modulation of a Gunn-effect oscillator by magnetic tuning
- Author(s): D. Zieger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 324 –325
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670248
- Type: Article
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–325
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Frequency-variation experiments of an X band Gunn-effect oscillator are described. Frequency ranges of 600 MHz at 9300 MHz and 1200 MHz at 10900 MHz are covered with the aid of a ferrite-filled coaxial cavity and an applied static magnetic field up to 4900 Gs. A qualitative explanation of the covered bandwidth is given by the variation of permeability.
Solution of the Lyapunov matrix equation with a diagonal input matrix, obtained without matrix inversion
- Author(s): H.M. Power
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 325 –326
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670249
- Type: Article
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–326
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The solution of the Lyapunov matrix equation A′L+LA=−K with K=diag (λi), i=1, 2,…, n, is obtained via the Schwarz canonical form, by a method which requires no matrix inversion. The matrixes involved are formed by simple recursive schemes. A restriction on validity is that, corresponding to each nonzero λi and the ndimensional row vector y′, the only nonzero element of which is unity in the ith position, the n×n matrix Ni, the rows of which, taken in sequence, are y′, y′A, …, y′An−1, must be nonsingular. At the cost of a matrix inversion, the scheme may be extended to the case that K is any symmetric real matrix.
Equivalent-circuit parameters of a cavity resonator
- Author(s): R.P. Owens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 327 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670250
- Type: Article
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327
–328
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Two previous determinations of equivalent-circuit parameters of cavity resonators do not clearly recognise the relationship between the equivalent-circuit current, voltage and charge, and the corresponding quantities of the cavity. An approach is proposed which determines a completely consistent equivalent circuit by paying particular attention to the stored charge.
Novel f.m. detector
- Author(s): F. Kouril and K. Vrba
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 328 –329
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670251
- Type: Article
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–329
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An f.m. detector is described which uses a heteroparametric nonlinear oscillating circuit in an f.m.-a.m. modulation convertor.
Voltage-controlled delay of microwaves and amplification in a semiconductor-filled strip-line circuit
- Author(s): M.A. Meyer and T. van Duzer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 329 –330
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670252
- Type: Article
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–330
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A strip-line device is described which is capable of delaying, and under certain circumstances amplifying, microwaves.
Generation of k trees
- Author(s): M.T. Jong and G.W. Zobrist
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 330 –332
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670253
- Type: Article
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–332
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The letter describes an efficient method of generating all k trees of a connected linear graph in which k specific vertices are required to be in k separate parts, by using the concept of cutsets.
Transfer-function synthesis using a single operational amplifier
- Author(s): S.K. Mitra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 332 –333
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670254
- Type: Article
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p.
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A simple method of active RC realisation of a voltage-transfer ratio is proposed. The final structure employs a single operational amplifier.
Equivalent circuits of gyrators
- Author(s): S.K. Mitra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 333 –334
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670255
- Type: Article
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p.
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–334
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Three nullator-norator representations of gyrators are presented. Each of the equivalent representations leads to two three-transistor realisations of the gyrator. Two of the transistorised gyrator circuits appear to be new.
Steady-state stability of variable-frequency synchronous machine drives
- Author(s): F. Fallside and A.T. Wortley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 334 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670256
- Type: Article
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–335
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An analysis of the steady-state stability of round-rotor synchronous machines is shown to be valid over a wide range of supply frequency. Good agreement is reached with experimental results employing a d.c. link invertor over the frequency range 12.5–75 Hz, and a comparison is made with experimental results employing a sinusoidal supply.
Improved microwave refraction technique for measuring electron-density distribution in a transient plasma column
- Author(s): A.E. Shankowski and M.M.Z. Kharadly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 335 –336
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670257
- Type: Article
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The technique depends on the multiple reflections of an obliquely incident microwave beam between the plasma critical layer and the walls of the discharge tube. It offers several advantages over previous techniques using microwave refraction; it is simpler and faster to implement and yields accurate and more reliable results.
Radar cross-section of a finite rectangular cylinder
- Author(s): R.A. Ross ; H.R. Witt ; J.R. Graham
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 336 –337
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670258
- Type: Article
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High-frequency scattering of a plane wave by a finite conducting, rectangular cylinder is treated by geometrical diffraction theory. Formulas appropriate for calculating principal-polarisation radar cross-sections as a function of frequency and azimuth aspect angle are presented. Calculations on a short cylinder are in very good agreement with monostatic measurements.
Video crystal detection of 337 μm maser radiation
- Author(s): P.G. Frayne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 338 –339
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670259
- Type: Article
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A requirement for fast detection of CN gas maser radiation has led to the discovery that some germanium point-contact mixer diodes have useful signal/noise ratios at power levels easily obtainable with such a pulsed maser source. The performance of a number of diodes has been evaluated using free-space mounting of the crystals.
Time response sensitivity evaluation
- Author(s): P.R. Adby
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 339 –340
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670260
- Type: Article
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A method for evaluation of the sensitivity of a time response to pole and zero variation is described.
Noise contribution of the offset-gate i.g.f.e.t. with an additional gate electrode
- Author(s): H.G. Dill and H.G. Dill
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 341 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670261
- Type: Article
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The 1/f noise power of the offset-gate i.g.f.e.t. with an additional gate electrode (i.g.t.) is, under certain bias conditions, considerably lower in comparison to the full-gate i.g.f.e.t. of similar dimensions. This behaviour can be explained by a field dependent 1/f noise component from the pinchoff region. The i.g.t. allows the separation of the 1/f noise from the channel region and from the pinchoff region.
Joint optimisation of realisable receiver and transmitter in data-transmission systems
- Author(s): P.D. Deighton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 342 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670262
- Type: Article
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Representing the transmitter and receiver transfer functions by orthonormal expansions, a realisable (r.l.c.m.) optimum solution is specified for the transmission of a sequence of pulses through a dispersive medium with zero intersymbol interference and minimum mean-square noise interference.
Comment: Radiation from surface-wave antennas
- Author(s): J.R. James
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 344 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670263
- Type: Article
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This letter discusses some errors in a recent letter by Andersen concerning the application of radiation formulas to surface-wave antennas.
Thermodynamic approach to systems analysis and the development of a combined potential function
- Author(s): F.J. Evans
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, p. 344 –345
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670264
- Type: Article
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By comparison of certain thermodynamic and nonlinear circuit equations, a combined potential function is suggested that generalises the concept of entropy change.
Erratum: Contribution to the study of metal contacts on semiconductor real surfaces
- Author(s): F. Forlani ; N. Minnaja ; G. Sacchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 346 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670265
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Transient analysis using quasiperiodic forcing functions
- Author(s): J.E. Shuttleworth
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 346 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670266
- Type: Article
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Erratum: On the scope of validity of the Manley-Rowe relations
- Author(s): G. Longo and C.G. Someda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 346 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670267
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Realisation of a lossless transistor gyrator
- Author(s): T. Yanagisawa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 7, page: 346 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670268
- Type: Article
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