Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 3, Issue 11, November 1967
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Volume 3, Issue 11
November 1967
Sensitivity relationships for linear feedback systems
- Author(s): H.A. Barker and D.J. Murray-Smith
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, page: 473 –473
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670376
- Type: Article
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The sensitivity of the s plane pole position of a closed-loop system transfer function to variation of an open-loop system parameter is shown to be the coefficient of a complex frequency function in the response of the closed-loop system to a certain input signal. In many cases of practical interest, this signal is a simple one.
Calorimeter for absolute laser c.w. radiation-power measurements
- Author(s): R. Nowicki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 474 –475
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670377
- Type: Article
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–475
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The construction and performance of a calorimeter for absolute measurements of c.w. laser power are described. The device does not require any calibration against a standard power source. It contains a copper-wire-wound bolometer and is designed for the range of 0.2–25 mW with accuracy of within 3%.
Scanning technique with slow electrons for investigation of integrated circuits
- Author(s): K. Bauer and W. Bloss
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 475 –477
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670378
- Type: Article
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–477
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An electron-optical method for investigation of conducting and semiconducting surfaces is described. The surface to be investigated is scanned by a low-energy electron beam with a diameter of less than 10 μm. This method represents a further development of conventional image-orthicon technique with 625 lines and 25 frames/s. The videosignal is deduced from local differences in surface potential. These differences are used to modulate the beam of a synchronised oscilloscope tube giving a display of the electronic surface. It is possible to investigate semiconductors with protective dielectric films at the surface.
Cascaded-unit-element network and its ladder-RC equivalent
- Author(s): K.K. Pang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 477 –479
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670379
- Type: Article
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This letter is aimed at establishing an equivalent LRC network for the cascaded ULC― and URC― networks. * Once the concept of equivalency is established, the wealth of classical synthesis theory of the LRC network can be inherited for the use of cascaded ULC― and URC― networks. Such application is demonstrated by using the continued fraction-expansion technique for the synthesis of cascaded ULC― or URC― network. This synthesis technique will be of particular interest in stepped-impedance transformer synthesis.
Wave interaction with moving boundaries
- Author(s): J. Ramasastry and G.Y. Chin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 479 –481
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670380
- Type: Article
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–481
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The reflection and refraction of plane electromagnetic waves at a moving interface separating two media of different relative permittivities is discussed. The Sommerfeld-Runge law and the condition of equality of phases at an interface are applied to derive the various parameters of the reflected and refracted waves. The cases of the boundary moving away from the incident waves and the boundary colliding with the incident waves are considered.
Characteristic admittance of an array of rectangular conductors
- Author(s): J.C. Walling
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 481 –483
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670381
- Type: Article
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–483
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The characteristic admittance of a conductor in an array of parallel conductors is determined by an approximate method involving the calculation of stored energy in the array. It is shown that this approximation is a substantial improvement on previous approximations.
Solution of a periodic boundary-value problem by direct application of Floquet's theorem
- Author(s): D.G. Corr ; P. Burger ; E.A. Ash
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 483 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670382
- Type: Article
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–485
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Laplace's equation is solved under periodic-boundary conditions, by consideration of one period, by direct use of Floquet's theorem. Successive point over-relaxation computer techniques are used. Such solutions require the use of complex mesh points, and convergence is rapid. Analytical results are compared.
Identification of double-valued nonlinearities from their harmonic response
- Author(s): D.P. Atherton and N.K. Jain
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 485 –486
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670383
- Type: Article
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–486
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A method is presented for determining an equation for a double-valued nonlinearity from a measurement of its response to a sinusoidal input. It is shown that the nonlinearity can be represented as a series in Cheby̅shev polynomials of the first and second kind with argument dependent on the input magnitude. The coefficients of the Cheby̅shev-polynomial terms in the series are the measured in-phase and quadrature output-harmonic magnitudes.
Generation of polynomial system matrices
- Author(s): H.H. Rosenbrock
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 486 –487
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670384
- Type: Article
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–487
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It is shown that certain polynomial system matrices giving rise to a given transfer-function matrix can all be generated by a defined transformation from a representation of least order.
Frequency transformations for digital filters
- Author(s): A.G. Constantinides
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 487 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670385
- Type: Article
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–489
(3)
Transformations to convert lowpass systems to highpass, bandpass and band-elimination systems in the case of pulse transfer functions of digital filters are given in this paper. It is believed that these results, for z plane transformations, are the first ones to be published in this field.
Transient response of a class of nonlinear systems
- Author(s): J.B. Moore
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 489 –491
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670386
- Type: Article
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p.
489
–491
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An algorithm is given to be used in conjunction with the parameter-plane method and the describing-function method for rapid calculation of transient oscillations in the design of a class of nonlinear systems.
Simulator study of optimal switching rates for stepping-motor-driven systems
- Author(s): K.C. Garner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 491 –492
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670387
- Type: Article
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p.
491
–492
(2)
An analogue-computer study has been carried out which provides the optimal switching rates and stall boundaries for accelerating stepping-motor systems having various damping ratios.
N-way hybrid combiner
- Author(s): W.E. Thomson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 492 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670388
- Type: Article
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–493
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A 2N port hybrid network is described in which connections between ports are made by ¼-wave or ¾-wave transmission lines. It is suitable for combining N coherent signal sources.
Evaluation of a type of definite integral
- Author(s): G.N. Tsandoulas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 493 –494
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670389
- Type: Article
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493
–494
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Additional experimental information about the behaviour of the hybrid TEM-dual surface wave in coaxial and parallelwire resonators
- Author(s): H.M. Barlow and Mira Sen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 494 –495
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670390
- Type: Article
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494
–495
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Equivalence between evanescent-mode and combline filters
- Author(s): B.F. Nicholson and I.L. Powell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 495 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670391
- Type: Article
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495
–496
(2)
The principle of operation of evanescent-mode filters is explained by means of combline theory without considering waves propagating in waveguides beyond cutoff. Excellent agreement with theory is exhibited by components designed on this basis which suggests that evanescent-mode filters are in fact waveguide-coupled versions of combline filters.
Piezomagnetostrictive memory element
- Author(s): P.R. Penchev ; D.M. Khristemov ; L.G. Prangov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 496 –498
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670392
- Type: Article
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496
–498
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A memory element constructed on the principle of combined use of two physical effects, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive, is described. The secondary signals at a record, zero and one, are of different values, which enables the element to be applied directly to computers and, equally, to logical schemes of automation.
Voltage tuning of concentric planar Gunn diodes
- Author(s): B. Jeppsson ; I. Marklund ; K. Olsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 498 –500
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670393
- Type: Article
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p.
498
–500
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Voltage tuning of Gunn oscillations in the frequency range 1.5–8.5 GHz has been achieved by using planar Gunn diodes with concentric contacts. Frequency against voltage curves are presented for three diodes with somewhat different contact geometries, each of them having a tuning range of more than one octave. This simple method of tuning over large frequency ranges is of great potential interest. The production process using evaporation and etching is described.
Effect of a pure time delay on the optimising regulation of a process consisting of a first order lag following the static characteristic
- Author(s): E. Riberi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 500 –501
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670394
- Type: Article
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500
–501
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The algorithm for the optimising regulation of a process consisting of a first order lag following the static characteristic breaks down in the presence of a pure time delay. A method of overcoming this difficulty is given which has been verified by an analogue-computer study.
Topological synthesis using Boolean algebra
- Author(s): D.H. Horrocks and A.G.J. Holt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 501 –502
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670395
- Type: Article
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501
–502
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This letter describes a method for synthetising the topologies of a wide class of lumped linear circuits. The method is presented by means of an example, namely the synthesis of all the minimum-element oscillators using a single positive-gain amplifier.
Analogue multiplier
- Author(s): P. Laws
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, page: 503 –503
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670396
- Type: Article
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503
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A simple 4-quadrant multiplier with a special series arrangement of two field-effect transistors used as voltage-controlled resistors is described.
Hot-Carrier InSb microwave modulation
- Author(s): B.T.G. Tan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, page: 504 –504
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670397
- Type: Article
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The microwave power absorbed by a rod of p type InSb in Q band waveguide decreased by up to 9 dB when electric fields of up to 126 V/cm were applied to it, probably owing to a hot-carrier effect.
Reduction of dynamical systems when certain of the elements of the reduced-system matrices are specified
- Author(s): J.H. Anderson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 504 –505
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670398
- Type: Article
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504
–505
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The letter describes a method for the reduction of a dynamical system when certain of the elements of the reduced-system matrices are known or specified.
Negative differential resistance in n type germanium
- Author(s): W. Fawcett and E.G.S. Paige
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 505 –507
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670399
- Type: Article
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505
–507
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Recent observations of current instabilities in ntype germanium at low temperatures suggest that a differential negative resistance exists. This letter shows that electron transfer from <111> minima to <100> minima can form the basic mechanism for the negative differential resistance, orientation and uniaxial-stress dependence arising primarily from equivalent intervalley transfer between <111> minima.
Simple model for electron-hole generation and switching mechanisms in ntype-GaAs diodes
- Author(s): S. Christensson ; I. Lundström ; I. Marklund ; B. Jeppsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 507 –510
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670400
- Type: Article
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–510
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The electron-hole generation due to impact ionisation in the domain is calculated using a simple model for domain behaviour in the bulk and at the anode contact. It is shown that, in the bulk, the multiplication is only high enough to fill the hole traps, but, at the anode, avalanche breakdown may occur.
Electron-concentration patterns in the negative glow and Faraday dark space
- Author(s): K.G. Emeleus and G.A. Woolsey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 510 –511
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670401
- Type: Article
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–511
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The marked variability of spatial concentration patterns for slow-electron groups in the negative glow and Faraday dark space is shown to follow from the variety of atomic processes involved and the variability of the discharge parameters, including wall charge. The general theory of the patterns is outlined.
Topological solution of 2-terminal-element networks with one embedded constraint
- Author(s): M.M. Milić
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 511 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670402
- Type: Article
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p.
511
–512
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Topological formulas for network functions of 2-port networks constrained by one finite transmittance are derived. These formulas involve only quantities of the unconstrained network and place in evidence the transmittance between the constrained node pairs.
Comparison of varactor-diode and junction-f.e.t. low-noise l.f. amplifiers
- Author(s): K.F. Knott
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, page: 512 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670403
- Type: Article
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Recent measurements in the frequency range 1 Hz to 1 kHz have been made on several typès of junction f.e.t. Results have shown that samples of 2N3819 transistors are comparable in performance to varactor-diode amplifiers in this frequency range.
Frequency division with power gain in Gunn oscillators
- Author(s): H. Pollmann and B.G. Bosch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 513 –514
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670404
- Type: Article
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–514
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The mechanism of frequency synchronisation of Gunn oscillators to an injected signal by r.f. triggering of the Gunn instability is used to divide the frequency of the input signal. By locking to the first subharmonic of the input signal, a division by two with an associated power gain of, maximally, 11.5 dB has been obtained.
Automatic elimination of bias in binary crosscorrelation experiments
- Author(s): H. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 514 –515
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670405
- Type: Article
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514
–515
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A method is proposed by which the errors in system identification, using pseudorandom binary sequences, may be reduced. The method eliminates the undesirable steady bias in the a.c.f. of the code by manipulations within the correlator.
Microwave conductivity of polar semiconductors in the presence of high electric field
- Author(s): P. Das ; R.H. Rifkin ; J.J. Poole
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 515 –516
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670406
- Type: Article
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515
–516
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The frequency-dependent small-signal conductivity of polar semiconductors in the presence of high steady electric field is calculated theoretically taking into consideration both the momentum and energy relaxation times. The results obtained are compared with experiments carried out on InSb.
Lowpass filters with approximately equal-ripple modulus error
- Author(s): N.B. Jones
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 516 –517
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670407
- Type: Article
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p.
516
–517
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A new method of forming an equal-ripple Cheby̅shev filter is introduced and is compared with the conventional Cheby̅shev type. It is shown that it is possible to obtain the transfer function of an equal-ripple lowpass filter in which the position of one of the modulus peaks is controllable.
Planar analogue of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide
- Author(s): J.R. Wait
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 518 –519
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670408
- Type: Article
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518
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The analytical basis is given for the planar microwave dual model used to study v.l.f. propagation in the spherical Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Earlier ideas on the subject are extended to simulate not only Earth curvature but also finite ground conductivity. The latter may be accomplished by means of a conductive strip placed at the centre of the guide.
Design of nonlinear networks using gyrators
- Author(s): D.T. Bickley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 519 –521
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670409
- Type: Article
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p.
519
–521
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In single-sided and double-sided ladder networks containing nonlinear inductors and capacitors, the nonlinearities have to be closely matched. This can be done by using a gyrator and nonlinear capacitance to simulate each nonlinear inductance.
Symmetry properties of the dyadic Green's function for a magnetoionic medium
- Author(s): T. Padhi and S.R. Seshadri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 521 –523
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670410
- Type: Article
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–523
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The symmetry properties of the dyadic Green's function for an unbounded lossless magnetoionic medium are derived and their usefulness is indicated.
Method of evaluating time-weighted performance integrals
- Author(s): S.G. Loo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 523 –524
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670411
- Type: Article
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The evaluation of a class of time-weighted square-error performance integrals is considered. It is shown that, by regarding the unilateral Laplace transform of the square of the error as a moment-generating function for the performance integrals, a straightforward method of evaluating these integrals results.
Choice of pseudorandom binary signals for system identification
- Author(s): H.A. Barker
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 524 –526
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670412
- Type: Article
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p.
524
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A simple technique, exploiting a property of pseudorandom binary signals, reduces to zero the effect of linear disturbances in the estimation of a system weighting function by cross-correlation. Errors due to quadratic disturbances are then constant and may be minimised by choice of particular pseudorandom binary signals which are tabulated. The principal remaining error is also constant, and an unbiased estimate of the system weighting function is easily obtained.
New method of reducing instability in insulated-gate field-effect transistors
- Author(s): J. Bradley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, p. 526 –528
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670413
- Type: Article
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526
–528
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In thin-film field-effect transistors, instability caused by ionic conduction in the gate insulator should be reduced if the gate insulator is replaced by a semi-insulating material with a high free-electron concentration and low electron mobility
Erratum: Launching a surface wave over the Earth
- Author(s): P. Knight ; G.D. Monteath ; H. Page
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 3, Issue 11, page: 528 –528
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19670414
- Type: Article
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