Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 26, Issue 23, 8 November 1990
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Volume 26, Issue 23
8 November 1990
Fault equivalence in PLAs and prevention design
- Author(s): B.-D. Liu and G.-T. Shaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1925 –1926
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901246
- Type: Article
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p.
1925
–1926
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The fault equivalent problem in PLAs is examined and some design rules to solve this problem are proposed. The hardware required is only one extra product line, one bit line and one output line for the worst case.
1 W, coherent, monolithically integrated master oscillator power amplifier
- Author(s): R. Waarts ; R. Parke ; D. Welch ; D. Mehuys ; W. Streifer ; D. Scifres
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1926 –1928
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901247
- Type: Article
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p.
1926
–1928
(3)
Monolithically integrated master oscillator power amplifiers (M-MOPA) have been fabricated consisting of a single mode distributed Bragg reflector oscillator coupled to a chain of nine single mode amplifiers and detuned second order grating output couplers. The M-MOPA emits in excess of 1 W in a coherent, single longitudinal mode, beam.
Theorem with applications in coding and matching problems
- Author(s): A.K. Nandi and R.C. Vaughan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1928 –1930
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901248
- Type: Article
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p.
1928
–1930
(3)
Solutions to matching problems need to be found for assignment and representation, for example, in certain source coding using a variation of vector quantisation. A theorem is presented, in linear independence, which simplifies the checking of the existence, and the determination, of a solution with minimum ‘cost’ in L∞-norm.
Suppression of laser frequency drifts caused by thermal transients in optical WDM packet switching systems
- Author(s): E.G. Vicente de Vera and B. Glance
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1930 –1932
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901249
- Type: Article
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p.
1930
–1932
(3)
Frequency drifts caused by laser thermal transients have been identified as a major impairment in packet switching networks using multisection tunable lasers. They are induced by the heating changes caused by current steps used to switch the carrier frequency. A method to suppress this frequency drift in a FSK-WDM direct detection system through the use of a passive equalisation circuit is presented.
High performance p+ -gate pMOSFETs with N2O-nitrided SiO2 gate films
- Author(s): A. Uchiyama ; H. Fukuda ; T. Hayashi ; T. Iwabuchi ; S. Ohno
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1932 –1933
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901250
- Type: Article
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p.
1932
–1933
(2)
Sub-micrometre p+-gate surface-channel pMOSFETs have been successfully fabricated with 6–10nm-thick nitrided SiO2 gate films formed in an N2O ambient. The devices have excellent reliability in hot-carrier-induced degradation because of the good abilities of N2O-nitrided SiO2 films in both the blocking of boron penetration and the reduction in electron traps.
Electromagnetic field inside a surface current distribution
- Author(s): L.P. Ivrissimtzis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1933 –1934
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901251
- Type: Article
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p.
1933
–1934
(2)
The electromagnetic field and a generalised electric Green's dyad, when the field point is inside a surface current distribution are derived. The Green's dyad is represented by the sum of the dyadic Green's function in free space and a source dyad determined by the shape of the principal area that surrounds the singularities of the Green's function.
Lateral drift and recombination of photogenerated carriers in multiple quantum well hetero nipi structures
- Author(s): C. Thirstrup ; P.L.K. Wa ; C.C. Button ; J.S. Roberts ; P.N. Robson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1935 –1936
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901252
- Type: Article
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p.
1935
–1936
(2)
The lateral spreading of photocarriers in a multiple quantum well hetero nipi structure is reported. The physical behaviour of the carriers is explained by a simple model. The results indicate the importance of decreasing the lateral device dimensions in order to obtain a large absorption change and a corresponding large change in the refractive index at low power levels.
Efficient erbium-doped fibre amplifier pumped at 820 nm
- Author(s): M. Nakazawa ; Y. Kimura ; E. Yoshida ; K. Suzuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1936 –1938
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901253
- Type: Article
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p.
1936
–1938
(3)
The highest gain coefficients of 0.86 dB/mW at 1.552 μm and 0.72dB/mW at 1.534 μm are realised at a pumping wavelength of 822 nm by using an erbium-doped fibre with a relative refractive index difference as high as 1.67%, a low intrinsic loss, and an erbium ion concentration of 210 ppm. The gains at 1.552 μm reach 25 and 30 dB for launched pump powers of 30 and 40 mW, respectively.
Derivation of Fourier transform of discrete series from z-transform
- Author(s): R. Ishii
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1938 –1939
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901254
- Type: Article
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p.
1938
–1939
(2)
The relationship between z-transform and Fourier transform of a discrete series is presented. The Fourier transform of a discrete series whose z-transform has poles on the unit circle can be derived using these results.
Interferometric-type polarisation splitter on Z-propagating LiNbO3:Ti
- Author(s): J. Saulnier ; F. Huet ; L. Riviere ; M. Carre ; G. Caumont
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1940 –1941
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901255
- Type: Article
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p.
1940
–1941
(2)
A new optical waveguide TE-TM mode-splitter realised on X-cut, Z-propagating lithium niobate is reported. At 1.52 μm, the device exhibits extinction ratios better than 18 dB for applied voltages lower than 20 V, and can be used as a polarisation switch.
Finite-gain-insensitive circulating-delay type pseudo-N-path filter
- Author(s): A.K. Betts and J.T. Taylor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1941 –1942
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901256
- Type: Article
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p.
1941
–1942
(2)
A novel circulating-delay switched-capacitor (SC) pseudo-N-path (PNP) filter is described which has low sensitivity to finite amplifier gain. The circuit exploits the narrowband characteristic of the PNP filter to predict its output voltage a number of cycles in advance and hence give accurate error compensation.
Versatile divider circuits up to 9 GHz input-frequency realised in high-speed BICMOS
- Author(s): P. Weger ; A. Felder ; M. Kerber ; H. Klose
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1942 –1944
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901257
- Type: Article
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p.
1942
–1944
(3)
A versatile divider circuit with three dividing ratios of 2 : 1, 5 : 1 and 10 : 1 was realised in a high speed BICMOS technology, which is characterised by a cut-off frequency of 10.5 GHz and a minimum ECL gate delay time of 50 ps. The maximum input frequencies of the divider circuits are 7.5 and 9GHz.
Phase-locked two-dimensional arrays of implant isolated vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
- Author(s): H.-J. Yoo ; J.R. Hayes ; E.G. Paek ; J.P. Harbison ; L.T. Florez ; Y.-S. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1944 –1946
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901258
- Type: Article
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p.
1944
–1946
(3)
The fabrication and characterisation of two-dimensional phase-locked arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is reported. The three two-dimensional array structures characterised were a 2 × 3 periodic array of 10μm2 lasers, a hexagonal array and a centred hexagonal array of 5 μm hexagonal lasers. All arrays were fabricated using the same technique which was a combination of mesa etching and oxygen implantation isolation.
Lateral Si avalanche photodiode fabricated over an etched interdigital mesa
- Author(s): M.-H. Chung ; Y.-I. Choi ; S.-K. Chung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1946 –1947
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901259
- Type: Article
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p.
1946
–1947
(2)
A lateral Si avalanche photodiode suitable for monolithic integrated circuits is fabricated over an etched interdigital mesa. The lateral structure ensures pure electron injection, exhibiting no wavelength dependence of the multiplication and the multiplication noise. Substantial enhancement in the quantum efficiency at short wavelengths was observed.
Hybrid symmetrical condensed node for the TLM method
- Author(s): R. Scaramuzza and A.J. Lowery
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1947 –1949
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901260
- Type: Article
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p.
1947
–1949
(3)
An alternative symmetrical condensed node has been developed for which the iterative time step is independent of the ratio of grading on the TLM mesh. The new mode has fewer stubs than the previous node and is shown to have a reduced velocity error for axial propagation.
Adaptive dummy spectrum insertion method used in asynchronous speech scrambling
- Author(s): Z. Hailin and W. Yumin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1949 –1950
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901261
- Type: Article
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p.
1949
–1950
(2)
An adaptive dummy spectrum insertion method which is applied to the asynchronous analogue–digital–analogue (ADA) speech scrambler is presented. Related analysis and computer simulation results are given. Both analysis and simulation results indicate that the method greatly improves the security of the scrambler, and maintains good speech quality.
PC sampling oscillograph for subnanosecond time region
- Author(s): J. Červeň and R. Kukuča
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1950 –1952
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901262
- Type: Article
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p.
1950
–1952
(3)
A new approach to a voltage controlled delay circuit for the subnanosecond regime based on a nonlinear lumped network with varicaps is presented. Its application in a PC controlled sampling oscillograph and results achieved with an experimental function model are described.
Hydrostatic pressure induced birefringence in a highly birefringent optical fibre
- Author(s): K.S. Chiang and D. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1952 –1954
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901263
- Type: Article
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p.
1952
–1954
(3)
A simple theory is presented to describe the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the birefringence of a coated birefringent optical fibre. Accurate numerical results are used to verify the theory. It is found that the pressure sensitivity of the fibre can be greatly reduced or enhanced by using appropriate fibre glasses and coatings.
Opto-electronic high order feedback neural network
- Author(s): D.R. Selviah ; Z.Q. Mao ; J.E. Midwinter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1954 –1955
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901264
- Type: Article
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p.
1954
–1955
(2)
A novel neural network design, in which nonlinearities are created by feedback, is described. It is called the HOFNET. The design is suitable for optical implementation because it is tolerant of the limited dynamic ranges present in optical systems. An optical system with electronic feedback was constructed and its operation is described.
High power (> 100 mW), low crosstalk (< 0.4%), individually addressed laser diodes
- Author(s): D. Mehuys ; D.F. Welch ; D.W. Nam ; D.R. Scifres
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1955 –1957
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901265
- Type: Article
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p.
1955
–1957
(3)
Individually addressed high power dual channel diode lasers have been fabricated on 50 μm centres and bonded in a p-side up configuration. The diodes emit in a single spatial mode at greater than 100 mW CW output power, and have a total measured crosstalk of as low as 0.37% (−24 dB) at 250 Hz, and −33 dB at 1 MHz.
Register insertion bus architecture for fibre optic local area networks
- Author(s): J.M. Ott and A.P. Jayasumana
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1957 –1959
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901266
- Type: Article
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p.
1957
–1959
(3)
A protocol for fibre optic local area networks, the register insertion bus (RIB), is proposed. RIB uses a folded-bus topology with an access scheme which includes the existence of two buffers in each station to hold packets that would conflict. Simulations have shown the access scheme to efficiently utilise the network with a minimum of overhead. RIB implements a fair access scheme at normal network loads but at high loads a priority scheme is implemented. An enhancement technique is discussed that will implement a fair access scheme by altering the time between transmissions based on the measured network load.
Finite difference methods for the analysis of integrated optical waveguides
- Author(s): R. Accornero ; M. Artiglia ; G. Coppa ; P. Di Vita ; G. Lapenta ; M. Potenza ; P. Ravetto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1959 –1960
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901267
- Type: Article
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p.
1959
–1960
(2)
A finite difference method based on a Crank–Nicolson discretisation procedure has been implemented and applied to the analysis of propagation of optical beams in dielectric waveguides. It is based on a new formula which takes into account the correct boundary conditions. Comparisons with the well known BPM technique show a definite improvement in computer time saving, accuracy and ease of use.
IMPATT operation below the avalanche frequency
- Author(s): J.-F. Luy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1960 –1962
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901268
- Type: Article
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p.
1960
–1962
(3)
Very high output powers are obtained with double drift IMPATT diodes at current densities which shift the avalanche frequency above the oscillation frequency: 30–40 W pulsed around 90 GHz. This operation mode cannot be explained in terms of the conventional READ theory. A numerical large signal simulation shows that avalanche multiplication over the whole diode takes place. At high current densities the double drift device behaves like a pin diode without the unfavourable breakdown of the ionisation process in the centre of the diode.
VLSI computing architectures for Haar transform
- Author(s): K.J. Ray Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1962 –1963
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901269
- Type: Article
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p.
1962
–1963
(2)
The Haar transform is very useful in many signal and image processing applications where real-time implementation is essential. Three VLSI computing architectures are proposed for fast implementation of the Haar transform. Comparisons on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed architectures are also presented.
Convergence of back-propagation in neural networks using a log-likelihood cost function
- Author(s): M.J.J. Holt and S. Semnani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1964 –1965
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901270
- Type: Article
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p.
1964
–1965
(2)
A variation of the back-propagation algorithm is described, using a log-likelihood cost function. Appropriate choices of learning parameters are discussed. An example is given where the range of initial weights leading to proper convergence is increased, and the number of iterations required is significantly reduced.
Spectral linewidth broadening in Er-doped-fibre amplifiers measured with less than 1.4 kHz linewidth light source
- Author(s): H. Okamura and K. Iwatsuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1965 –1967
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901271
- Type: Article
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p.
1965
–1967
(3)
Spectral linewidth broadening in Er-doped-fibre amplifiers is measured by utilising a delayed self-heterodyne interfero-meter with 1.4 kHz resolution in the 1550 nm range. Though the noise floor is broadened, no broadening is observed at the 3 dB down point.
Generalised boundary conditions for a material sheet with both sides coated by a dielectric layer
- Author(s): A. Büyükaksoy and M. Idemen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1967 –1969
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901272
- Type: Article
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p.
1967
–1969
(3)
Many structures which play important roles in practical applications involve planar sheets coated with dielectric layers. In order to avoid the mathematical difficulties arising from this type of multilayered structures in antennas and propagation problems one tries to replace the coated sheet by an equivalent hypothetical plane having appropriate boundary conditions. A new and general method capable of obtaining these generalised boundary conditions is presented and applied to three important particular cases where the structure consists of a resistive or conductive or impedance plane with both faces coated with dielectric layers.
Real-time computation of the maximum likelihood criterion for some superimposed signals problems
- Author(s): J.K. Hwang and Y.C. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1969 –1970
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901273
- Type: Article
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p.
1969
–1970
(2)
A highly concurrent Gram–Schmidt procedure based on the Schur recursions is proposed for computing the ML criterion of some superimposed signals problems. This approach greatly reduces the computational burden and leads to a pipelined combiner-lattice structure which can compute the ML criterion in real time.
Resequencing delay characteristics of multilink system in packet switched networks
- Author(s): Y. Yoshida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1971 –1972
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901274
- Type: Article
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p.
1971
–1972
(2)
Resequencing delay characteristics of multilink systems in packet switched networks are analysed by simulation, assuming that transmission errors may occur over the channels used. It is shown that these characteristics change with the transmission error rate, for example, the mean resequencing delay time may become more than three times that in the case of no transmission error.
Throughput performance of some continuous ARQ schemes with memory
- Author(s): T.-H. Lee and J.-K. Hu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1972 –1973
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901275
- Type: Article
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p.
1972
–1973
(2)
A class of continuous ARQ schemes with memory, where multiple copies of each data block are sent contiguously instead of one single copy, and several copies of the same data block are combined to make a decision at the receiver, is considered. The throughput efficiency analysis is carried out based on the model proposed by Bruneel. Results show that the performance of the investigated ARQ schemes can be considerably improved if the receiver has some memory.
Split-radix FHT algorithm for real-symmetric data
- Author(s): N. Anupindi and K.M.M. Prabhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1973 –1975
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901276
- Type: Article
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p.
1973
–1975
(3)
A fast algorithm for computing the discrete Hartley transform of a real-symmetric data sequence is introduced. The number of computations required is significantly less than that required by the usual split-radix fast Hartley transform.
Low temperature dependence of the hole impact ionisation constants determined from PMOS transistors
- Author(s): M.J. Deen and Z.P. Zuo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1975 –1977
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901277
- Type: Article
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p.
1975
–1977
(3)
Results on the variation of the hole impact ionisation constants Ai and Bi, with temperature are presented. Ai and Bi were determined using a substrate current model for MOS devices. It was found that for our PMOS devices, Ai and Bi both decrease with temperature.
MOCVD grown carbon-doped graded-base AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs
- Author(s): H. Ito
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1977 –1978
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901278
- Type: Article
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p.
1977
–1978
(2)
AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with compositionally-graded carbondoped base layers were grown by conventional low-pressure MOCVD for the first time. A high current gain of 100 obtained for a very high base doping of 8 × 1019cm−3 indicates the high crystal quality of the AlGaAs graded base layer.
Nonlinear gain effects in strained-layer lasers
- Author(s): A. Ghiti and E.P. O'Reilly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1978 –1980
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901279
- Type: Article
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p.
1978
–1980
(3)
The effects of nonlinear gain on the dynamics of a semiconductor laser in which the active region consists of a strained-layer structure are presented. Gain suppression is enhanced in the presence of strain, thus reducing the relaxation oscillation frequency in strained-layer lasers at very high optical powers compared with equivalent unstrained structures.
Reduction of intermodulation distortion of interferometric optical modulators through incoherent mixing of optical waves
- Author(s): Z.-Q. Lin and W.S.C. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1980 –1982
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901280
- Type: Article
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p.
1980
–1982
(3)
A method to reduce intermodulation distortion by 30 to 40dB in interferometric optical modulators through incoherent mixing of optical waves is proposed and analysed. Parameters for design optimisation and limitations in modulation frequency and transmission distance are given.
Intrinsic safety of optical fibres in combustible environments
- Author(s): P.C. Hills
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1982 –1983
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901281
- Type: Article
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p.
1982
–1983
(2)
Contrary to widely held belief optical fibre cables are not intrinsically safe under all conditions. The results of preliminary experimental investigations into the intrinsic safety of optical fibres in combustible environments are presented. Powers in the order of 100 mW, delivered by multi-mode or single-mode optical fibres, and incident on dust particles, created explosions in combustible gas/air mixtures. Such power levels are generally higher than those used in communication systems, but are not atypical of proposed sensing systems.
MOS triangle-to-sine wave convertor based on subthreshold operation
- Author(s): Z. Tang ; O. Ishizuka ; H. Matsumoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1983 –1985
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901282
- Type: Article
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p.
1983
–1985
(3)
A novel MOS triangle-to-sine wave convertor (TSC) is proposed. The novel circuit is based on the exponential characteristics of MOS devices operated in the subthreshold region. The circuit with a total harmonic distortion of 0.21% and bandwidth of 100 kHz has been demonstrated by PSPICE simulation and experiments.
Weight error sensitivity of fixed point attractors in associative memory networks
- Author(s): R. Perfetti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, p. 1985 –1986
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901283
- Type: Article
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p.
1985
–1986
(2)
The sensitivity of Hopfield neural networks, with two-state neurons is investigated. Simple expressions are derived which give the probability that an equilibrium point of the nominal connection matrix remains a fixed point and an attractor, as a function of the relative error in the weights. Such probability decreases as the number of neurons in the network and the number of stored patterns increase.
Erratum: Novel multifunctional decoder for MLD codes
- Author(s): X.H. Peng and P.G. Farrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, page: 1986 –1986
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901284
- Type: Article
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p.
1986
(1)
Erratum: Investigation of TE and TM polarised laser emission in GaInP/AlGaInP lasers by growth-controlled strain
- Author(s): M.J.B. Boermans ; S.H. Hagen ; A. Valster ; M.N. Finke ; J.M.M. van der Heyden
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 26, Issue 23, page: 1986 –1986
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19901285
- Type: Article
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p.
1986
(1)
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