Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 23, Issue 7, 26 March 1987
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Volume 23, Issue 7
26 March 1987
Comparison of RF and microwave oxidation systems for the growth of thin oxides at low temperatures
- Author(s): S. Taylor ; K.J. Barlow ; W. Eccleston ; A. Kiermasz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 309 –310
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870229
- Type: Article
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Oxides have been grown on silicon using an oxygen plasma at substrate temperatures less than 600°C in two different oxidation systems. Slices from 18 mm up to 100 mm in diameter have been oxidised and have proved to have similar growth kinetics. Oxide fixed charge levels are in the range 1010–1011/cm2 with electrical breakdown strengths up to 12 MV/cm.
Fibre-optic multichannel correlation/convolution
- Author(s): M. Shabeer ; I. Andonovic ; B. Culshaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 310 –311
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870230
- Type: Article
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–311
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A fibre-optic multichannel correlator/convolver based on a two-dimensional systolic array architecture is described. Experimental verification of processor performance is presented.
Fast search techniques for use in vector quantisation and related pattern matching applications
- Author(s): H.A. Kaouri ; J.V. McCanny ; W. Millar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 311 –312
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870231
- Type: Article
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–312
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Two techniques for the design and fast search of a vector quantiser codebook are proposed. These classify speech data vectors according to (i) the sign and (ii) the slope between successive samples. With both techniques the performance obtained is superior to that obtained from a conventional gain/shape vector quantiser and comparable to that of a full search vector quantiser. A major attraction of both approaches is that they significantly reduce the number of computations required for the codebook search.
Tunable fibre-extended-cavity laser
- Author(s): M.S. Whalen ; K.L. Hall ; D.M. Tennant ; U. Koren ; G. Raybon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 313 –314
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870232
- Type: Article
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A tunable fibre-extended-cavity laser is demonstrated consisting of an InGaAsP superluminescent diode, a single-mode fibre with an integral microlens and a variable-period diffraction grating coupled to the fibre. A tuning range of 450 Å has been observed, limited by the gain spectrum of the gain medium.
Bonding silicon wafer to silicon nitride with spin-on glass as adhesive
- Author(s): A. Yamada ; T. Kawasaki ; M. Kawashima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 314 –315
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870233
- Type: Article
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Using spin-on glass (SOG) as an adhesive, an Si wafer with thermal oxide was successfully bonded to one with an RF-sputtered Si3N4 film. This ensures that SOG films are effective in bonding Si wafers to less reactive surfaces than Si or SiO2 such as silicon nitride. It was also found that the previously reported bonding procedure can be simplified by suppressing the spin-induced radial striations of the SOG films.
Coupled mode theory
- Author(s): W. Streifer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 315 –316
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870234
- Type: Article
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Coupled mode theory is examined to resolve some ambiguities in the literature.
Spectral behaviour of aged 1.55 μm γ/4-shifted DFB lasers
- Author(s): S. Akiba ; Y. Matsushima ; M. Usami ; K. Utaka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 316 –318
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870235
- Type: Article
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Side-mode suppression ratio and main-mode wavelength were measured in the 3000 h life test of 1.55 μm γ/4-shifted InGaAsP/InP DFB lasers. Degradation of the single-wavelength property and the wavelength shift of the main mode were observed in lasers which showed relatively large degradation rates of about 10−4/h at 50°C.
Experiment on 1500 nm stabilised Zeeman laser
- Author(s): Wu Yizun ; Guan Kejian ; Yu Tong ; Tian Feng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 318 –319
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870236
- Type: Article
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The 1500 nm stabilised He-Ne transverse Zeeman laser (STZL) equipment is now well established, and the laser used in this equipment is specially fabricated to give a goodquality Zeeman beat frequency curve. The measurement of IF fluctuation given by two such STZLs beating with each other shows that the frequency stability of these lasers is about ±1.25 MHz for a long running time. The equipment is not complex and is suitable for coherent optical fibre communication systems.
In-line optical fibre filters using dispersive materials
- Author(s): K. Morishita ; M.S. Yataki ; W.A. Gambling
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 319 –321
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870237
- Type: Article
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It is shown that optical fibre filters can be made by choosing core and cladding materials having appropriate dispersive characteristics. The bending loss of the dispersive optical fibres is calculated, and proves them to be useful for short- and long-wavelength-pass filters.
InGaAsP Y-branch grating demultiplexer
- Author(s): C. Cremer ; G. Heise ; R. März ; H. Riechert ; M. Schienle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 321 –322
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870238
- Type: Article
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–322
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We report on the fabrication of a passive Y-branch wavelength-division demultiplexer with InGaAsP/InP rib waveguides. The wavelength-selective elements are Bragg reflection gratings on top of the two output ribs of the branch. A channel spacing of 13.5 nm in the 1.5μm region and a crosstalk attenuation of more than 18 dB for TE-polarised light were achieved.
Second-harmonic generation in an optical fibre by self-written χ(2) grating
- Author(s): M.C. Farries ; P.ST.J. Russell ; M.E. Fermann ; D.N. Payne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 322 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870239
- Type: Article
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A mechanism for phase-matched generation of second-harmonic (SH) light in an optical fibre has been experimentally and theoretically studied. A weak non-phase-matched SH signal, created via the quadrupole polarisation, initiates the self-writing of an axially periodic pattern of colour centres which is postulated to lead to the growth of a χ (2) grating. The grating (at the phase-match period) gives rise to SH generation at efficiencies of 0.5%. The spectral bandwidth of this χ (2) grating is 0.24 nm.
Indium phosphide and quaternary doping superlattices grown by liquid-phase epitaxy
- Author(s): P.D. Greene ; A.D. Prins ; D.J. Dunstan ; A.R. Adams
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 324 –325
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870240
- Type: Article
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Stacks containing from 20 to 100 alternating n and p-layers, each less than 100 nm thick, have been produced by liquid-phase epitaxy in both InP and in the quaternary alloy Int–x GaxAsyP1–y. Increasing the excitation intensity shifts the photoluminescence (PL) towards shorter wavelengths by the expected magnitude. Hetero-nipi quaternary structures displaying two PL peaks have also been grown. The relative intensities of the two peaks depend strongly on the excitation intensity.
1.55μm wavelength tunable FBH-DBR laser
- Author(s): Y. Kotaki ; M. Matsuda ; M. Yano ; H. Ishikawa ; H. Imai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 325 –327
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870241
- Type: Article
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–327
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The fabrication and characteristics of a 1.55μm wavelength tunable FBH-DBR laser with three sections are described. This laser showed single-longitudinal-mode lasing at any wavelength throughout a range of 4.5 nm. The wavelength of the identical longitudinal mode was tuned continuously over 3.15 nm under constant output power condition.
Optoelectronic time division multiplexing
- Author(s): D.J. Albares ; G.A. Garcia ; C.T. Chang ; R.E. Reedy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 327 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870242
- Type: Article
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–328
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The concept of using optoelectronic (photoconductive) switches as the sampling element in time division multiplexing is introduced in the context of VLSI off-chip data transmission. A 4:1 multiplexer was fabricated in Cr : GaAs, activated by a GaAs laser via optical fibre delay lines and operated at 2.5 Gbit/s.
Gain saturation dependence on signal wavelength in a travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier
- Author(s): K. Inoue ; T. Mukai ; T. Saitoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 328 –329
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870243
- Type: Article
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–329
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Gain saturation dependence on signal wavelength in a 1.5 μm InGaAsP travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier is experimentally studied. Saturation output powers were 6.9dBm, 8.3dBm and 10.6dBm for signal wavelengths of 1490 nm, 1510 nm and 1540 nm, respectively. This saturation dependence on wavelength, i.e. higher saturation output power for longer signal wavelength, results from signal gain peak shift towards longer wavelength with increasing input power.
Solution-doping technique for fabrication of rare-earth-doped optical fibres
- Author(s): J.E. Townsend ; S.B. Poole ; D.N. Payne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 329 –331
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870244
- Type: Article
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–331
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A solution-doping technique is reported for the reproducible fabrication of low-loss optical fibres containing up to 4000 parts in 106 of rare-earth ions. The method produces excellent dopant uniformity and is sufficiently versatile to allow codoping with different ions.
Interpolator engine for graphic applications
- Author(s): F. Pirri and O. Bigalli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 331 –332
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870245
- Type: Article
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–332
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The representation of 3-D moving objects demands fast graphic engines. Algorithms leading to fast and integrable circuits are needed. Bresenham's algorithm is modified to work on a half-plane and to be implemented with an 8-bit gate array slice. This hardware solution, which has been built and tested in a prototype 3-D graphic system, is also illustrated.
Gain, polarisation sensitivity and saturation power of 1.5 μm near-travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier
- Author(s): J.C. Simon ; B. Landousies ; Y. Bossis ; P. Doussiere ; B. Fernier ; C. Padioleau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 332 –334
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870246
- Type: Article
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–334
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Gain, saturation and polarisation characteristics of a near-travelling-wave 1.5,μm BH semiconductor laser amplifier are reported. An internal cavity peak TE gain of 26.8 ± 0.5 dB with a gain ripple of 2.9 ± 0.1 dB, and TE saturation output power of 3.5±1.5dB at 22.2±0.5dB small-signal gain have been achieved.
Condensed formula for coupling coefficients between parallel dielectric waveguides
- Author(s): C. Vassallo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 334 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870247
- Type: Article
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–335
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A simple, condensed formulation for coupling coefficients between parallel dielectric waveguides is derived from a straightforward variational technique. Formulas are given for weak or strong guidance.
Polarisation transformer on Ti:LiNbO3 with reset-free optical operation for heterodyne/homodyne receivers
- Author(s): H. Heidrich ; C.H. Von Helmolt ; D. Hoffmann ; H.-J. Hensel ; A. Kleinwàchter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 335 –336
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870248
- Type: Article
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–336
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Experimental results for an integrated-optical state-of-polarisation (SOP) controller device on Ti:LiNbO3 for continuous broadband optical operation, with small temperature sensitivity and the possibility of integration with polarisation- insensitive directional couplers, are presented.
Data sequence coding for low jitter timing recovery
- Author(s): E.V. Jones and S. Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 337 –338
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870249
- Type: Article
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–338
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The letter considers the timing content of a random data sequence and presents a line coding technique to achieve reliable, low-jitter timing recovery.
Preferred approaches to the determination of optical fibre mode field diameter
- Author(s): S.C. Fleming
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 338 –339
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870250
- Type: Article
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p.
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–339
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The letter describes the properties of the two most useful definitions of the mode field radius of a single-mode optical fibre when they are evaluated in the presence of noise for both near-field and far-field measurements.
Real-time thresholding technique
- Author(s): M.H. Hassan and P. Siy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 339 –341
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870251
- Type: Article
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–341
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A real-time thresholding technique is presented. The technique depends on a simple RC integrator circuit where the input is a pulse train representing the image's grey level values and the output is the approximated estimate of the threshold values. The technique can handle noise-free and noisy images.
2 Gbit/s optical CPFSK heterodyne transmission through 200 km single-mode fibre
- Author(s): K. Iwashita and N. Takachio
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 341 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870252
- Type: Article
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The amplitude distortion of a continuous phase FSK signal due to fibre chromatic dispersion is measured. We also report a 2 Gbit/s optical CPFSK heterodyne detection transmission experiment. Since there was no chirping degradation, it was possible to transmit the signal through a 200 km single-mode fibre.
Polarisation fluctuation of submarine-cabled single-mode optical fibres in ocean installation
- Author(s): Y. Namihira ; S. Ryu ; M. Kuwazuru ; K. Mochizuki ; Y. Iwamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 343 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870253
- Type: Article
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Polarisation fluctuations of the power spectrum with time in an optical fibre submarine cable installation are reported for the first time. It was found that the power spectrum of polarisation fluctuation was less than 60 Hz, and the maximum power spectrum was between 5Hz and 10Hz during the cable installation within a maximum cable tension of 18 kN (˜1.8 tons) and a cable laying speed of 3.5 n mile/h, respectively.
Determination of coupling capacitance of underpasses, air bridges and crossings in MICs and MMICs
- Author(s): L. Wiemer and R.H. Jansen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 344 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870254
- Type: Article
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–346
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The coupling capacitance of galvanically separated conductor crossings of general geometry is determined using a static spectral domain approach. The presence of a multilayer dielectric medium as used in modern MMICs is considered. Results are presented for a wide range of conductor widths on a 200μm GaAs substrate with additional dielectric layers.
Switch reduction for bidirectional telephone systems
- Author(s): C. Mitchell and P. Wild
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 346 –347
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870255
- Type: Article
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–347
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A method is described which, for any n, generates a rearrangeably nonblocking network for a bidirectional telephone system containing 2n subscribers. The number of switches is always n2+2n–1, which is the minimum possible for two-stage networks of this type. This generalises earlier work of Newbury and Raby.
Dependence of spectral linewidth of DFB lasers on facet reflectivity
- Author(s): S. Ogita ; M. Hirano ; H. Soda ; M. Yano ; H. Ishikawa ; H. Imai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 347 –349
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870256
- Type: Article
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We studied theoretically and experimentally the dependence of the spectral linewidth of DFB lasers on the facet reflectivity. It is shown theoretically that a higher facet reflectivity gives a narrower spectral linewidth, but gives a smaller yield of single-longitudinal-mode operation. We also show experimentally that the spectral linewidth takes its minimum value at a front facet reflectivity of about 5%.
DC coefficient restoration by cosine and sine transforms
- Author(s): W.K. Cham
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 349 –350
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870257
- Type: Article
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–350
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DC coefficients in a transform coded picture can be restored by minimisation of edges between blocks. The letter shows that the minimisation algorithm can be achieved using the well known cosine transform or sine transform.
Perturbation analysis of fibre acoustic modes
- Author(s): A. Safaai-Jazi ; C.K. Jen ; G.W. Farnell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 350 –351
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870258
- Type: Article
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A perturbation analysis of guided modes in weakly guiding fibre acoustic waveguides is outlined. The perturbing parameter is the shear velocity difference between the core and cladding. It is seen that zero-order solutions of acoustic modes are identical in mathematical form to those of analogous optical modes. The error in the zero-order approximation of acoustic modes, however, is higher than that of optical modes.
Computer-aided noise analysis of linear multiport networks
- Author(s): G.I. Vasilescu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 351 –353
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870259
- Type: Article
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The limitations of the noise figure computation algorithm for linear multiports are discussed. The results obtained during analysis of two different circuits were selected to put into evidence the effects on accuracy of both matrix inversions and the ‘extraction re-embedding’ procedure.
Fabrication of polysilicon gate FET in laser melted silicon on silicon dioxide on PLZT
- Author(s): M.L. Burgener and T.H. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 353 –354
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870260
- Type: Article
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N-channel polysilicon-gate FETs have been fabricated in a laser-melted silicon-on-SiO2-on-PLZT structure. Channel mobilities in the devices are 50cm2/Vs with threshold and source-to-drain breakdown voltages as expected from the dielectric thickness and channel doping used. PLZT wafers subjected to the same processing temperatures still show an excellent electro-optic effect.
Self-aligned Si MESFETs fabricated in thin silicon-on-insulator films
- Author(s): D.P. Vu and A. Sono
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 354 –355
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870261
- Type: Article
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Self-aligned Si MESFETs using tungsten for the gate have been fabricated in lamp-recrystallised silicon-on-insulator materials. Devices with gate lengths of 1.5μm exhibit a DC transconductance of 7.5 mS/mm and a calculated cutoff frequency of 3.9GHz.
Measurement of effective index and dispersion in an index-guided surface-emitting distributed Bragg reflector laser
- Author(s): N.W. Carlson ; G.A. Evans ; J.M. Hammer ; C.C. Neil
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 355 –357
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870262
- Type: Article
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The far-field pattern of a multimode surface-emitting AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector laser was spectrally resolved with respect to emission angle. A simple analysis of the angular dependence of the far-field spectrum yields the waveguide effective index and the dispersion of the effective index.
Chromatic dispersion measurement from Fourier transform of white-light interference patterns
- Author(s): P.L. Francois ; F. Alard ; M. Monerie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 357 –358
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870263
- Type: Article
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Single-mode fibres were inserted in one arm of a classical Mach-Zehnder interferometer, illuminated with a light source having a broad spectral width. A simple numerical Fourier transform method, applied to a single interferogram, leads to the variations in neff(λ) over a broad λ-range. The chromatic dispersion is then derived via numerical differentiation.
16 kbit/s adaptive predictive coding of speech with adaptive postfiltering
- Author(s): D.J. Zarkadis and B.G. Evans
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 23, Issue 7, p. 358 –360
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19870264
- Type: Article
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An adaptive predictive coder with backward adaptive short-term predictor is presented for operation at 16 kbit/s. Adaptive postfiltering is applied in the output of the decoder. By varying the degree of postfiltering the performance of the coder is evaluated both objectively and subjectively.
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