Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 21, Issue 22, 24 October 1985
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Volume 21, Issue 22
24 October 1985
Phase-noise behaviour of frequency dividers implemented with GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors
- Author(s): K.K. Agarwal ; W.J. Thompson ; P.M. Asbeck
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1005 –1006
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850712
- Type: Article
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1005
–1006
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Near carrier phase-noise performance of GaAs microwave frequency dividers (4 GHz) is investigated. The divide-by-4 circuits are fabricated using heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology. The phase-noise behaviour of the HBT divider chips is correlated with transistor 1/f noise and is insensitive to bias current variations.
High-power operation of DCPBH lasers emitting at 1.52 μm wavelength
- Author(s): D. Renner ; A.J. Collar ; P.D. Greene ; G.D. Henshall
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1006 –1007
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850713
- Type: Article
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Double-channel planar buried heterostructure (DCPBH) lasers emitting at 1.52 μm wavelength have been made with considerably reduced current leakage. These devices have reached a maximum CW output power of 50 mW per facet at 20°C and have operated CW up to 125°C. Both these figures are the highest values yet achieved for lasers emitting in the 1.52 μm wavelength region.
Measurement of Rayleigh backscatter-induced linewidth reduction
- Author(s): J. Mark ; E. Bødtker ; B. Tromborg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1008 –1009
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850714
- Type: Article
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We present measurements of the linewidth reduction for a semiconductor laser exposed to the Rayleigh backscatter from a single-mode fibre. The linewidth is measured as a function of fibre length and laser to fibre coupling efficiency and shows good agreement with the estimate from a simple statistical model.
Uniform bend loss of the TE0q mode in circular waveguides with small surface impedance and large surface admittance
- Author(s): M. Miyagi ; K. Nii ; S. Nishida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1009 –1010
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850715
- Type: Article
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The bending losses of the TE0q mode in circular hollow waveguides are obtained with small surface impedance and large admittance based on the exact vector analyses for Maxwell's equations. Considerable difference is found for a special case between the present result and that obtained previously by using the coupled-mode theory.
Statistical characteristics of a laser diode exposed to Rayleigh backscatter from a single-mode fibre
- Author(s): J. Mark ; E. Bødtker ; B. Tromborg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1010 –1011
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850716
- Type: Article
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The frequency distribution of the lasing modes for a semiconductor laser exposed to the Rayleigh backscatter from a single-mode fibre is determined experimentally and theoretically.
Dependence of semiconductor laser linewidth on measurement time: evidence of predominance of 1/f noise
- Author(s): K. Kikuchi and T. Okoshi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1011 –1012
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850717
- Type: Article
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Linewidths of 1.3 μm InGaAsP lasers were measured by using delayed self-heterodyne set-ups with two different delay-line lengths, i.e. with two equivalent measurement times. It has been found that in high-power operation the linewidth increases as the measurement time becomes longer, and that this dependence is explained well by a calculation assuming that the 1/f noise in the FM noise spectrum is the predominant cause of the spectral broadening. The significance of this fact in coherent optical communications is discussed.
Transfer characteristic of a linear phase detector for variable phase
- Author(s): K. Holejko and J. Siuzdak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1012 –1014
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850718
- Type: Article
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The performance of a linear phase detector for noisy signals and variable phase is investigated. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that in this case the range of phase differences, which can be measured without systematic errors, decreases.
Performance of a Fourier transform data transmission system
- Author(s): D.G.W. Ingram and B.T. Tan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1014 –1015
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850719
- Type: Article
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–1015
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Results on the performance of a Fourier transform data transmission system in white Gaussian noise are presented for various quantisation widths and transform sizes.
Microstrip termination effects on dielectric resonator filters
- Author(s): R.J. Trew ; C.P. Hearn ; E.S. Bradshaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1015 –1017
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850720
- Type: Article
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The effect of microstrip termination on the noise figure and insertion loss performance of dielectric resonator filters has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Radiation loss from open- and short-circuited dielectric resonator coupling lines has been determined. It is shown that the use of short-circuited coupling lines results in significant improvements in the performance of the filter. The improvement increases as frequency increases.
Practical frequency source for use in agile radars
- Author(s): M.F. Lewis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1017 –1018
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850721
- Type: Article
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A simple circuit is described in which SAW and conventional electrical components are combined to form an agile-frequency source. The principle is illustrated by a prototype version developed for use in an experimental radar and providing 20 clean outputs at 10 MHz intervals.
Dispersion of linewidth-broadening factor in 1.5 μm laser diodes
- Author(s): L.D. Westbrook
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1018 –1019
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850722
- Type: Article
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Measurements which demonstrate the strong dependence of the linewidth-broadening factor α on photon energy in 1.5 μm lasers are reported, α was found to vary between 3 and 11 over a 40 meV energy range. The consequences for the linewidth and transient wavelength chirping in 1.5 μm DFB lasers, where the operating wavelength may be different from the peak gain wavelength, are examined.
High-silica single-mode optical reflection bending and intersecting waveguides
- Author(s): A. Himeno ; M. Kobayashi ; H. Terui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1020 –1021
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850723
- Type: Article
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–1021
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Single-mode high-silica optical reflection bending and intersecting waveguides are examined under conditions of large bending and intersecting angles (5–90 degrees). The reflection bending waveguide shows a loss of 2 dB at the bending angle of less than 50 degrees. When the intersecting angle was 30 degrees or more, a small intersecting loss (less than 0.1 dB) and a low crosstalk (less than −20 dB) were attained.
Alternative approach to Zakian's IMN approximant in numerical initial-value problems
- Author(s): H. Inooka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1021 –1022
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850724
- Type: Article
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1021
–1022
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Zakian's algorithm is applicable for numerical initial-value problems even if the system is stiff. In the letter the algorithm is derived directly in the time domain from the Padé approximant; originally it was given by the use of the Laplace transformation.
Tunable circular patch antennas
- Author(s): G.-L. Lan and D.L. Sengupta
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1022 –1023
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850725
- Type: Article
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1022
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A method to control the resonant or operating frequencies of circular patch antennas has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. It consists of the placement of passive metallic or tuning posts at approximate locations within the input region of the antenna. Comparison of measured and analytical results seems to establish the validity of a theoretical model proposed to determine the input performance of such circular patch antennas.
3 km-long single-polarisation single-mode fibre
- Author(s): T. Hosaka ; Y. Sasaki ; K. Okamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1023 –1024
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850726
- Type: Article
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–1024
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A single-polarisation single-mode (SPSM) fibre with crosstalk of −40 dB in a 3.2 km length has been demonstrated. No crosstalk degradation was found for lengths of more than 0.2 km. The two polarisations of the fundamental mode were split with a high modal birefringence of 8.5×10−4, which was produced by PANDA structure. The transmission loss was 2.8 dB/km at 1.56 μm.
Very low threshold current ridge-waveguide AlGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well lasers
- Author(s): O. Wada ; T. Sanada ; M. Kuno ; T. Fujii
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1025 –1026
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850727
- Type: Article
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Ridged-waveguide AlGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well lasers were fabricated from a molecular-beam-grown GRIN-SCH wafer in which a superlattice buffer layer was introduced. Fabricated diodes exhibited excellent lasing characteristics including a very low threshold current of 5 mA with a T0 value as high as 160 K.
Vectorial wave analysis of optical waveguides with rectangular cross-section using equivalent network approach
- Author(s): M. Koshiba and M. Suzuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1026 –1028
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850728
- Type: Article
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The equivalent network approach is described for the analysis of optical waveguides with rectangular cross-section. A network representation is derived by taking the TE-TM coupling and the discrete-continuous spectrum coupling at the sides of the waveguide into account. The results of the vectorial wave analysis using this simple equivalent network agree well with those of the collocation method and of the finite-element method.
HEMT 60 GHz amplifier
- Author(s): J. Berenz ; K. Nakano ; Ting-Ih Hsu ; J. Goel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1028 –1029
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850729
- Type: Article
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A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) amplifier has been fabricated which exhibits 7.5 dB gain at 61 GHz. This result was obtained with a quarter-micrometre gate-length depletion-mode HEMT. Reduction of source-gate resistance and gate length are primarily responsible for this performance. The letter describes the materials and device processing technology developed for fabricating these devices.
New approach to lossy optical waveguides
- Author(s): D. Yevick and B. Hermansson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1029 –1030
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850730
- Type: Article
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We review a method we recently developed to construct Green's function in the paraxial approximation associated with arbitrary graded-index optical elements. We then demonstrate that our formalism may be successfully applied to calculate in an extremely simple fashion the optical losses associated with bent and perturbed optical waveguides.
Bandpass adder channel for multiuser (collaborative) coding schemes
- Author(s): A. Brine and P.G. Farrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1030 –1031
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850731
- Type: Article
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Many multiuser (collaborative) codes require a discrete multiple-access channel that provides the arithmetic addition of the users' transmitted symbol values. Problems arise with the transmission of bandpass symbols since the desired addition normally requires the users' carriers to be phasecoherent at the receiver. The letter proposes a simple modulation scheme which provides the required symbol addition with arbitrarily phased carriers.
Measurement of intermodal delay in a dual-mode optical fibre
- Author(s): D. Uttam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1031 –1033
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850732
- Type: Article
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A novel measurement technique for intermodal dispersion between the LP01 and LP11 modes of a dual-mode optical fibre is described. A frequency-modulated optical source produces a beat frequency, proportional to intermodal delay, by interference of the two modes at the fibre output. Experimental results agree with theoretical predictions.
Biconical taper coaxial coupler filter
- Author(s): A.C. Boucouvalas and G. Georgiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1033 –1034
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850733
- Type: Article
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The wavelength-dependent transmission characteristics of biconical tapers fabricated from single-mode fibres of depressed cladding are examined. The wavelength response is found to be oscillatory with large modulation depths. We describe here a simple fabrication technique which produces narrow passband filters of low loss and high extinction ratio (>30dB).
New wide-range fast-response analogue measurement of frequency
- Author(s): Gyu Hyeong Cho and Dong Hee Shin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1034 –1036
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850734
- Type: Article
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A new high-performance analogue-type frequency/voltage (F/V) convertor is suggested. The proposed convertor shows good linearity and low ripple in a wide range from low to medium frequency. It has great simplicity and good dynamic response as fast as a high-performance digital F/V convertor.
Switched-capacitor lossless discrete differentiator with modified sample-and-hold sequence
- Author(s): Y. Horio and S. Mori
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1036 –1037
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850735
- Type: Article
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For a design of a stray-insensitive switched-capacitor lossless discrete differentiator, a fundamental differentiator circuit and a special sample-and-hold sequence are proposed.
Monolithic integration of a 5.3 GHz regenerative frequency divider using a standard bipolar technology
- Author(s): R.H. Derksen ; H.-M. Rein ; K. Wörner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1037 –1039
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850736
- Type: Article
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A monolithic microwave frequency divider IC with an operating range of 1.4–5.3 GHz was developed and fabricated in a standard bipolar technology. The circuit operates on the principle of ‘regenerative frequency division’. Compared to the most popular divider concepts based on a master-slave D-flip-flop, an almost twice as high input frequency can be divided, provided that the same technology is used. A further advantage is the low power consumption.
Switched-capacitor noise-shaping coders of higher order for A/D conversion
- Author(s): M. Lamkemeyer ; W. Brockherde ; B.J. Hosticka ; P. Richert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1039 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850737
- Type: Article
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In the letter we describe the design of switched-capacitor noise-shaping coders up to the 4th order. The noise-shaping transfer functions have been optimised in order to obtain the best performance. The results have been verified by measurements on broadboarded prototypes.
Extremely uniform threshold voltage distribution of GaAs FET made on LEC-grown crystals
- Author(s): J. Kasahara ; M. Arai ; N. Watanabe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1040 –1042
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850738
- Type: Article
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Extremely uniform threshold voltage distribution of a GaAs FET with a standard deviation of 7 mV in a 20 mm × 20 mm area of In-doped low-dislocation-density LEC-grown substrates was obtained after excluding several extraordinary data points. The deviation of the threshold voltage at the extraordinary data points was as large as 100–150 mV. No significant correlation of the extraordinary threshold voltage with distance of the gate to a nearest dislocation was observed.
Bending loss measurement of LP11 mode in quasi-single-mode operation region
- Author(s): N. Shibata ; M. Tsubokawa ; M. Ohashi ; S. Seikai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1042 –1043
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850739
- Type: Article
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The bending loss of the LP11 mode is successfully measured by utilising an optical heterodyne interferometer. The experimental results are in good agreement with theory. The group delay difference between the LP01 and LP11 modes can simultaneously be evaluated by means of the technique.
Offset-compensated bilinear SC filter of leapfrog type using a two-phase clock
- Author(s): S. Eriksson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1043 –1044
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850740
- Type: Article
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A bilinear switched-capacitor filter realisation of leapfrog type is proposed, which is compensated for the DC offset voltage of the amplifiers. By using offset-compensated integrators in combination with unity-gain buffers, a filter can be realised which operates with a two-phase clock. The realisation is parasitic-insensitive.
Automated Hall effect profiler for electrical characterisation of semiconductors
- Author(s): N.D. Young and M.J. Hight
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1044 –1046
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850741
- Type: Article
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An automated system for the profiling of impurity distributions in doped semiconductor layers is presented. The instrument utilises the differential Hall effect technique, combining electrical measurement with thin layer removal. An example profile is given to demonstrate the capability of the instrument.
Generation of a class of two-variable impedance functions from their real part using a state-variable technique
- Author(s): S.S. Koonar and J.S. Sohal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, page: 1046 –1046
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850742
- Type: Article
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A method of determining a two-variable impedance function from the given real part using a state-space technique is proposed. The method is based on the Jordan-form realisation for such functions.
Measured dynamic linewidth properties of a 1.5 μm DFB-grin-rod coupled-cavity laser under direct high-frequency modulation
- Author(s): T.P. Lee and S.G. Menocal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1046 –1048
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850743
- Type: Article
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The DFB laser with a graded-index-rod external cavity has exhibited linewidth as narrow as 2 MHz at 1 mW with CW excitation. The linewidth remained narrow under direct frequency modulation with β <0.6 but broadened for large β. A frequency deviation of 200 MHz/mA has been measured at 1.7 GHz modulation frequency.
Extended-range parallel-path RC oscillator synthesis: a state-variable approach
- Author(s): U.S. Ganguly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1048 –1050
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850744
- Type: Article
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The letter points out the usefulness of state-variable techniques for realising the dynamics of a special class of RC oscillators which can be designed to oscillate at frequencies beyond the range constrained by the integrator time constants. By exploiting the ‘isotopic’ nature of state-variable structures, such extended-range oscillators can be synthesised which retain the canonic simplicity of four-element frequency-determining networks and which can also be tuned electronically with a single control.
High-quality GaAs Schottky diodes fabricated by strained layer epitaxy
- Author(s): P. Narozny and H. Beneking
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1050 –1051
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850745
- Type: Article
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High-quality GaAs Schottky diodes have been fabricated using a strained layer to improve the material quality. The epitaxial layer has been isoelectronically doped with In with a concentration of 4×1019 cm−3. The diodes fabricated on these layers show a reverse current of 100 pA–200 pA up to 50 V reverse-bias voltage at room temperature. The Schottky contact area was 7500 μm2 and the doping concentration 1×1016 cm−3. An excellent, reproducible ideality factor of 1.02 has been obtained over seven decades of forward current. Results of Schottky diodes fabricated on isoelectronically doped layers in comparison to conventionally fabricated devices are reported.
Defect-tolerant active matrix circuit with duplicated data input routes for large liquid crystal display
- Author(s): S. Sakai ; S. Kohda ; C. Minagawa ; K. Masuda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1051 –1052
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850746
- Type: Article
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The letter describes a new active matrix circuit that has duplicated data input routes as a means of tolerating defects and enhancing the yield of large liquid crystal displays. With this circuit, when one route is defective and the other route is not, correct data can be automatically displayed without any additional process such as defect detecting and laser repairing.
Correlation measurements in precipitation at linear polarisation using dual-channel radar
- Author(s): Y.M.M. Antar and A. Hendry
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1052 –1054
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850747
- Type: Article
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Correlation measurements at linear polarisation in dual-channel precipitation radars are investigated. It is shown that the correlation between orthogonal linearly polarised back-scatter components provides information on precipitation particle orientation and shape. Thus, as is the case at circular polarisation, correlation measurements can be a useful concept for particle identification. Preliminary results from measurements made at 9.6 GHz are presented.
Path loss characteristics of 60 GHz transmissions
- Author(s): N.D. Hawkins ; R. Steele ; D.C. Rickard ; C.R. Shepherd
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1054 –1055
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850748
- Type: Article
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Propagation measurements of 60 GHz transmissions between a hand-held roving transmitter and a receiver located at street-lamp elevations were made in urban and rural locations. The propagation distance exponent was approximately 2.2, and fades 20 dB below the mean envelope level occurred 1% of the time.
Novel higher-order active filter design using current conveyors
- Author(s): R. Senani
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1055 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850749
- Type: Article
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A novel method of designing higher-order filters using current conveyors (CCs) is presented in which a new type of impedance scaling of LC ladder prototypes facilitates direct incorporation of a class of nonideal simulated inductors and FDNRs in active filter design. The resulting structures are minimum-sensitive and require a very small number of CCs (typically, equal to the number of reactive elements in the passive prototype). Experimental results have confirmed the practical validity of the ideas.
14 GHz band GaAs monolithic analogue frequency divider
- Author(s): T. Ohira ; K. Araki ; T. Tanaka ; H. Kato
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, p. 1057 –1058
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850750
- Type: Article
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A newly developed 14 GHz band GaAs monolithic analogue frequency divider is presented. This consists of a balanced mixer, a bandpass filter and a two-stage amplifier, integrated within the three pieces of GaAs substrate. The operating bandwidth of 800 MHz is obtained with less than 14 dBm input power level and 60 mW DC power dissipation.
Erratum: Optimisation of dimensions of single V-groove guide
- Author(s): Y.M. Choi and K.F. Tsang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 22, page: 1058 –1058
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850751
- Type: Article
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