Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 21, Issue 11, 23 May 1985
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Volume 21, Issue 11
23 May 1985
Influence of source-drain series resistance on MOSFET field-effect mobility
- Author(s): B. Cabon-Till ; G. Ghibaudo ; S. Cristoloveanu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 457 –458
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850324
- Type: Article
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p.
457
–458
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A simple but general model for explaining the series resistance dependence of transconductance and field-effect mobility is developed in the letter. This model, which enables a quantitative analysis of series resistance effects on the maximum mobility and the corresponding gate voltage, has been successfully tested on short-channel MOSFETs with various channel lengths and external series resistances.
Synthesis of monomode fibre profiles by solving a modified eigenvalue problem
- Author(s): G. Trommer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 458 –460
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850325
- Type: Article
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p.
458
–460
(3)
The letter describes an improved method for the synthesis of monomode-fibre profiles. Without using implicit analysis steps this approach allows an index profile to be calculated from a specified dispersion coefficient and other additionally requested fibre properties. As an example the profile of a broadband fibre has been determined.
Prediction of slant-path rain crosspolarisation discrimination ratio and phase using dual-polarisation radar data
- Author(s): J.P.V.Poiares Baptista and N.J. McEwan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 460 –461
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850326
- Type: Article
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p.
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–461
(2)
Rain-induced crosspolarisation on an 11.6 GHz satellite slant path is successfully predicted, in both magnitude and phase, by using simultaneous data from a dual-linear polarisation radar. Neither mean nor stochastic canting angles are invoked in the analysis.
Modelling fused single-mode-fibre couplers
- Author(s): F.P. Payne ; C.D. Hussey ; M.S. Yataki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 461 –462
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850327
- Type: Article
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–462
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The fused single-mode tapered coupler is successfully modelled by assuming that the neck section of the coupler can be represented by a rectangular dielectric waveguide. Guidance is provided at the glass-to-air (or external medium) boundary and the cores are neglected. The mechanism of field detachment from the cores is outlined and the coupler characteristics are derived from the interference between the two lowest-order modes of the large waveguide.
Single-mode fibre Fourier transform spectrometer
- Author(s): A.D. Kersey ; A. Dandridge ; A.B. Tveten ; T.G. Giallorenzi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 463 –464
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850328
- Type: Article
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–464
(2)
A single-mode all-fibre Fourier transform spectrometer is described. A resolution of ˜1 cm−1 (˜0.7 Å) is demonstrated at 820 nm. The device can be configured as a remote gas sensor.
Optical fibre Faraday rotation current sensor with closed-loop operation
- Author(s): A.D. Kersey and A. Dandridge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 464 –466
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850329
- Type: Article
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464
–466
(3)
A novel closed-loop fibre-optic current sensor based on the Faraday effect is described which maintains a constant sensitivity to AC currents in the presence of large quasi-DC and low-frequency current fluctuations. A Verdet constant of 2.55×10−6 rad/A (at 0.83 μm) is reported for the fibre used.
Simultaneous modulation and wavelength multiplexing with a tunable Ti:LiNbO3 directional coupler filter
- Author(s): R.C. Alferness and J.J. Veselka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 466 –467
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850330
- Type: Article
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–467
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We report a broadly tunable (85 Å/V) wavelength-selective Ti: LiNbO3-waveguide directional coupler, with which we demonstrate λ=1.3 μm/λ = 1.55 μm multiplexing while simultaneously modulating the long-wavelength channel.
FM noise and linewidth reduction in semiconductor laser weakly coupled to a single-mode fibre resonator
- Author(s): F. Favre and D. le Guen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 467 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850331
- Type: Article
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–469
(3)
Optical feedback effects on spectral properties of an AlGaAs semiconductor laser weakly coupled to a single-mode fibre resonator with a Fabry-Perot transmission bandwidth of 15 MHz are reported. FM noise spectrum, linewidth and resonator output measurements are found to be in good agreement with theory.
Temperature range specification of system gain for microwave radio equipment mounted externally
- Author(s): R.P. Scott and D.J. Emerson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, page: 469 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850332
- Type: Article
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At the higher microwave frequencies, where radio systems are designed with a fade margin to overcome precipitation fading, the temperature range over which this fade margin is required may not have previously been considered. There is substantial evidence that both precipitation fading and multipath fading are temperature-dependent. As a result, the specified required system gain can be significantly reduced, at and towards the extremes of the temperature range, from that needed to meet the maximum precipitation fading. This should result in lowering the cost of the equipment.
20 GHz bandwidth InGaAs photodetector for long-wavelength microwave optical links
- Author(s): J. Schlafer ; C.B. Su ; W. Powazinik ; R.B. Lauer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 469 –471
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850333
- Type: Article
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–471
(3)
InGaAs photodetectors have been fabricated having a packaged RC plus transit-time-limited bandwidth of 20 GHz and a fibre-coupled responsivity of 0.55 A/W. Using a directly modulated InGaAsP diode laser, the photodetector optical frequency response was measured 3 dB flat to 17 GHz, the bandwidth limit of the laser.
Characterisation procedure of fibre packagings relative to microbends
- Author(s): P.L. Francois ; J.F. Bayon ; F. Alard ; D. Grot
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 471 –472
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850334
- Type: Article
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p.
471
–472
(2)
Using the microbending losses measured for fibres with various outer diameters, two successive RMS fits lead to a parameter which characterises the fibre packaging under test, relative to microbends. The procedure described in the letter stresses the influence of the fibre outer diameter on the sensitivity to microbends.
Economical design of SC coupled-biquad filters
- Author(s): S. Fotopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 472 –474
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850335
- Type: Article
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p.
472
–474
(3)
The economic design of SC coupled-biquad bandpass filters can be improved using pairs of biquads with different types of bandpass functions, and by properly correcting the resulting phase error in each feedback loop.
20 GHz band high-power onboard beam-switching circuit for multibeam satellite systems
- Author(s): K. Araki and T. Tanaka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 474 –475
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850336
- Type: Article
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p.
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(2)
A newly developed K-band beam-switching circuit is presented. The experimental SPDT switching circuit has a high-power handling capability of more than 10 W, low insertion loss of less than 1.2 dB, high isolation of more than 23 dB and a high-speed switching time of faster than 100 ns in the frequency band between 18.85 and 19.15 GHz.
Conditional entropy encoding of log-PCM speech
- Author(s): H. Gharavi and R. Steele
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 475 –476
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850337
- Type: Article
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–476
(2)
The conditional dependence between the current and previously quantised samples in 64 kbit/s μ-law PCM speech is exploited to noiselessly reduce the average transmitted bit rate. From the conditional probabilities, the conditional entropy and average Huffman code word lengths were computed. The average data rate reduction for the first-order noiseless encoder was found to be 12 kbit/s.
Optimum operation of DFB lasers under chirped pulse transmission
- Author(s): Y. Yoshikuni ; G. Motosugi ; K. Kurumada ; T. Ikegami
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 476 –477
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850338
- Type: Article
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p.
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–477
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Theoretical calculations together with measurements of the chirping characteristics of DFB lasers have revealed the existence of optimum bias condition for longer transmission distance. Ultimate transmission distances in connection with fibre loss and dispersion are estimated for 1.3 and 1.5 μm transmission on the basis of experimental device characteristics.
Optimisation of dimensions of single V-groove guide
- Author(s): Y.M. Choi and K.F. Tsang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 477 –479
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850339
- Type: Article
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p.
477
–479
(3)
The optimum dimensions of a single V-groove guide for a frequency band were found to be more critical than that at a fixed frequency. The dimensions of this guide were optimised at X-band (8–12.4 GHz).
Accurate resonant frequencies of cylindrical dielectric resonators using a simple analytical technique
- Author(s): R.K. Mongia and B. Bhat
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 479 –480
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850340
- Type: Article
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p.
479
–480
(2)
With the Introduction of an appropriate definition of ‘effective dielectric constant’, a simple analytical technique is proposed for determining the resonant frequencies of isolated cylindrical dielectric resonators. Computations for the dominant mode show that this method yields results as accurate as those reported using rigorous methods.
Effect of correlated noise on error probability of binary frequency shift keying with limiter-discriminator-detector and narrowband filters
- Author(s): I. Korn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 481 –482
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850341
- Type: Article
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p.
481
–482
(2)
In investigations of frequency shift keying (FSK) with a limiter-discriminator-integrator (LDI) detector it was assumed that the noise at two consecutive sampling points is uncorrelated. Here we study the effect of correlated noise on error probability. We show that the error probability is reduced when the correlation is positive and increased when the correlation is negative. For optimal values of filter bandwidth the error probability remains unchanged.
Mesh waveguide optical star coupler
- Author(s): Y. Kokubun ; S. Suzuki ; Y. Iijima ; K. Iga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 482 –484
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850342
- Type: Article
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p.
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–484
(3)
A new multimode optical star coupler with a mesh waveguide configuration is proposed to reduce the device length by stimulating light mixing in a short waveguide. A 4×4 optical star coupler has been fabricated and its branching variation of 2.8 dB is realised with the device length as short as 14.5 mm.
SC filter circuit with decimation of sampling frequency
- Author(s): S. Eriksson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 484 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850343
- Type: Article
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p.
484
–485
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Realisation of a switched-capacitor filter circuit with decimation of the input sampling frequency is proposed. The circuit, which is compensated for the influence of parasitic capacitances, is useful as an input stage of an SC filter. It can also be used for the realisation of an integrator, based on Simpson's rule.
1/f noise in carbon resistors excited by pulse waveforms
- Author(s): Y. Ulgen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 485 –486
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850344
- Type: Article
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p.
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–486
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Measurements of 1/f noise spectra are made using linear carbon film resistors excited by a periodic train of pulses. The results confirm that the carbon resistors possess weak rectifying properties characterised by a threshold level.
Measurement of atmospheric millimetre-wave phase scintillations in an absorption region
- Author(s): J.R. Blakey ; R.S. Cole ; A.D. Sarma ; L. Silva Mello
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 486 –487
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850345
- Type: Article
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–487
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A typical spectrum of differential phase scintillations measured between two frequencies near 54.5 GHz on a 4.1 km line-of-sight path is presented and the measurement system described. Results confirm the expected −8/3 dependence of the spectrum. A marked loss of spectral density at very low scintillation frequencies is observed.
1.7 Gbit/s multiplexing-demultiplexing system for a high-bit-rate optical link
- Author(s): M. Henry ; P. Maheo ; C. Thebault ; J.C. Vergos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 487 –489
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850346
- Type: Article
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–489
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A multiplexing-demultiplexing system for a 1.7 Gbit/s link on a single-mode optical fibre has been implemented. The letter first describes the system architecture employed, in order to simplify the technological problems. Details of the electronic circuits used are given next: silicon MSI and cell arrays for the lower-speed stages, GaAs discrete MESFETs and ICs in the high-speed stage.
Parameter extraction on MOSFET transistors using a new optimised fit strategy
- Author(s): W. Maes ; K. de Meyer ; L. Dupas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 490 –491
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850347
- Type: Article
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p.
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–491
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Classical parameter-extraction programs rely on the minimisation of the relative current deviation. However, since, especially for analogue applications, the slope of the IDS/VDS curve in the saturation region is at least equally important, a new fit strategy has been developed. This new fit strategy extracts a parameter set which optimises the current residual as well as the slope residual at every point.
Integrated-optic device for high-speed databuses
- Author(s): L. Thylén ; A. Djupsjöbacka ; M. Janson ; W. Döldissen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 491 –493
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850348
- Type: Article
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p.
491
–493
(3)
We describe a Ti: LiNbO3 integrated-optic device which incorporates an integration of a high-speed travelling-wave modulator and two switches. Experimental results are reported and system characteristics reviewed.
High-performance DC-PBH lasers at 1.52 μm by a hybrid MOVPE/LPE process
- Author(s): A.W. Nelson ; S. Wong ; J.C. Regnault ; R.E. Hobbs ; D.L. Murrell ; R.H. Walling
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 493 –494
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850349
- Type: Article
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493
–494
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Highly efficient operation of low-threshold 1.52 μm lasers grown by atmospheric pressure MOVPE is reported. The lasers were of a novel MOVPE/LPE hybrid design, based on the DC-PBH laser and operated with threshold currents as low as 11 mA and external quantum efficiencies up to 56%, and were characterised by near-circular far-field radiation patterns. This has allowed coupling efficiencies of 50% to be obtained between the devices and tapered-lens single-mode fibre.
Second-order switched-capacitor bandpass filter implemented in GaAs
- Author(s): S.J. Harrold ; I.A.W. Vance ; D.G. Haigh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 494 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850350
- Type: Article
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A GaAs second-order switched-capacitor bandpass filter has been fabricated. Operation with clock frequencies up to 100 MHz and centre frequencies up to 4 MHz has been achieved, with an insertion loss of between 3 dB and 15 dB and a centre frequency accuracy of 90–98%.
Strong influence of nonlinear gain on spectral and dynamic characteristics of InGaAsP lasers
- Author(s): J. Manning ; R. Olshansky ; D.M. Fye ; W. Powazinik
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 496 –497
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850351
- Type: Article
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–497
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Measurements of the longitudinal-mode spectra of 1.3 μm InGaAsP buried-heterostructure lasers are used to determine the form and magnitude of the nonlinear gain. It is shown that nonlinear gain is responsible for the anomalous longitudinal-mode spectra which appear to be universally observed in InGaAsP lasers, and also for the anomalously strong damping of the relaxation oscillations observed in pulse-modulated lasers.
Wideband multilayer coaxial-fed microstrip antenna element
- Author(s): K.S. Fong ; H.F. Pues ; M.J. Withers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 497 –499
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850352
- Type: Article
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Electrically thick (and hence wideband) microstrip patch antenna elements are difficult to excite without adversely affecting their performance. A novel feeding technique is presented which circumvents the difficulties. A simple design theory is presented and a practical example is described which operates between 11 and 12 GHz.
Detection of sea-ice features using Ka-band radar
- Author(s): E.O. Lewis ; S. Haykin ; B.W. Currie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 499 –500
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850353
- Type: Article
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Analysis of recorded radar data collected from a mixed field of Arctic ice shows that the Ka-band returns, more so than other frequencies, can be used to delineate targets that pose a threat or impediment to navigation. In particular, it is shown that the Ka-band returns highlight multiyear ice-floes, ice-bergs and first-year ice pressure ridges.
Wide-bandwidth modulation of three-channel buried-crescent laser diodes
- Author(s): U. Koren ; G. Eisenstein ; J.E. Bowers ; A.H. Gnauck ; P.K. Tien
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 500 –501
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850354
- Type: Article
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The modulation bandwidth of three-channel buried-crescent (TCBC) lasers was improved by reducing the ohmic contact resistance by adding a quaternary contact layer for the P-contact of the device. The ohmic resistance was reduced to 6–9 Ω, with a capacitance of 1.5–3 pF and an inductance of 1.5–2 nH. The small-signal 3 dB modulation frequency is 7.2 GHz at 2.5Ith, and is limited by the parasitic impedances of the device. Large-signal digital modulation of the laser was successfully achieved at 8 Gbit/s, which is the highest frequency for direct digital modulation yet reported.
Low-reflectivity semiconductor laser amplifier with 20 dB fibre-to-fibre gain at 1500 nm
- Author(s): M.J. O'Mahony ; I.W. Marshall ; W.J. Devlin ; J.C. Regnault
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 501 –502
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850355
- Type: Article
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The performance of a 1500 nm optical repeater using a low-reflectivity (travelling-wave) semiconductor laser amplifier is reported. At 140 Mbit/s, a maximum fibre-to-fibre gain of 20 dB was measured. In a system experiment, a repeater gain of 18 dB was achieved, with a bit error rate of 10−9.
Low-loss 8×8 single-mode star coupler
- Author(s): D.B. Mortimore
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 502 –504
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850356
- Type: Article
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The fabrication and performance of a stable single-mode transmissive 8×8 star coupler is described. The device exhibits very low excess loss (0.13 dB), good coupling uniformity (0.73 dB) and low near-end crosstalk (>64 dB). The star coupler is fabricated from eight lengths of single-mode fibre, by forming 3 dB fused coupling regions between appropriate fibre pairs. A Table of insertion loss measurements is presented, together with graphs showing the wavelength response between 1.2 and 1.7 μm.
Optical-fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer with finesse of 300
- Author(s): J. Stone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 504 –505
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850357
- Type: Article
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p.
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–505
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We have fabricated a fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer with a finesse of 300 and minimum resolution of 9 MHz at 1.15 μm wavelength. The device is made of a 3.8 cm length of optical fibre with separate bonded-on dielectric mirrors, and is piezoelectrically scanned.
Criteria for design of single-lobe phased-array diode lasers
- Author(s): W. Streifer ; A. Hardy ; R.D. Burnham ; R.L. Thornton ; D.R. Scifres
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 505 –506
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850358
- Type: Article
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p.
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We present design criteria for real-refractive-index phased-array semiconductor diode lasers which radiate in a single narrow far-field lobe. An example of such an array is included.
Integrable wide-dynamic-range negative resistance circuits
- Author(s): W. Surakampontorn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 506 –508
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850359
- Type: Article
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A technique for realising grounded and floating negative resistances in monolithic integrated form is described. The conversion circuit will linearly and accurately convert a given resistance to a corresponding negative resistance with exactly the same magnitude. The dynamic range of the converted resistance is approximately |VCC−3VBE|.
Silicon optical printed circuit board for three-dimensional integrated optics
- Author(s): Y. Kokubun ; T. Baba ; K. Iga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 508 –509
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850360
- Type: Article
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It is proposed that three-dimensional integrated optics make it possible to integrate various optical devices which are made of materials peculiar to their function. In a preliminary experiment, an optical printed circuit board has been fabricated with an Si substrate. The output light was taken out at an angle of 57.5 degrees upward from the surface of the substrate, and the propagation loss was 2.8 dB when the waveguide was 4.43 mm long.
Proton exchange in MgO-doped LiNbO3
- Author(s): J.L. Jackel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 509 –511
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850361
- Type: Article
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The letter describes the use of proton exchange to fabricate optical waveguides in X-cut magnesium-doped LiNbO3. The resulting guides are much more stable against index change than those made by proton exchange in undoped LiNbO3.
7.5 km bidirectional single-mode optical-fibre link using dual-mode InGaAsP/InP 1.3 μm laser detectors
- Author(s): J.P. van der Ziel ; R.M. Mikulyak ; R.A. Logan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 511 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850362
- Type: Article
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–512
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Buried-crescent 1.3 μm InGaAsP/InP lasers are used as emitters under forward bias and as detectors under reverse bias in an optical transmission experiment over a 7.5 km single-mode fibre. The dual use of the diodes greatly simplifies the design and operation of time-shared bidirectional half-duplex single-mode-fibre links.
Fibre-optic interferometric tunable switch using the thermo-optic effect
- Author(s): A.C. Boucouvalas and G. Georgiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 512 –514
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850363
- Type: Article
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A single-mode optical-fibre electrically tunable switch has been successfully fabricated. It consists of an interferometer constructed by consecutive fabrication of two couplers in tandem. Tunable power transfer in the output arms was achieved by the thermo-optic effect. Fabrication and performance details are described. The possible application of this device as a low-speed modulator is also considered.
New biconically tapered fibre star coupler: structure and fabrication
- Author(s): K. Imoto ; Y. Ikuta ; M. Maeda
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 21, Issue 11, p. 514 –515
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19850364
- Type: Article
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A new biconically tapered fibre star coupler has been developed. This coupler has a biconically tapered fibre bundle inserted within a quartz tube. This fibre bundle is obtained by heating the tube. The insertion loss for this coupler has been found to be approximately log10n for input/output fibre port number n. Reproducibility and stability have been improved through the new method of manufacture.
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