Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 1966
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Volume 2 (1966)
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Volume 1 (1965)
Volume 2, Issue 11
November 1966
Photon correlations in ionising laser beams
- Author(s): J.W. Gardner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 397 –398
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660333
- Type: Article
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–398
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A previous communication proposed the Pólya distribution to describe photon correlations in ionising laser beams. Results are reported here for a special case of the Pólya distribution (Furry distribution). Given independent evidence that the Furry distribution applies, the present results enable one to distinguish between different multiphoton ionisation processes.
Phase-plane analysis by isocentric curves
- Author(s): H.M. Power
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 398 –399
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660334
- Type: Article
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p.
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–399
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A general approach to phase-plane analysis of the equation ü+f(u, u̇)= 0, complementary to the method of isoclines, is presented. The idea is to map the plane with a family of curves, termed isocentrics. Each curve, associated with a point termed its isocentre, has the property that a trajectory crossing it at any point is tangential to a clockwise arc struck from the isocentre. Examples illustrate the method.
Generating orthogonal signals from the null space of the adjoint operators of a class of linear networks
- Author(s): N. Levan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 399 –400
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660335
- Type: Article
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p.
399
–400
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This letter outlines a method of constructing orthogonal signals in the time domain, without using the conventional Gram-Schmidt procedure. The method also generalises Kautz's method, which is applicable only to exponential signals.
Condition for ensuring a satisfactory stability range in a p.w.m. system using the method of Murphy and Wu
- Author(s): I.E. Ziedan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 400 –401
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660336
- Type: Article
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–401
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The method developed by Murphy and Wu to estimate the range of pulse amplitude M for which a pulsewidth-modulated (p.w.m.) system is asymptotically stable in the large is discussed. A necessary and sufficient condition for which the method of Murphy and Wu can yield satisfactory results is developed, and it is established that the method fails for systems containing integrating elements.
Stability criterion for p.w.m. feedback systems containing one integrating element
- Author(s): I.E. Ziedan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 402 –403
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660337
- Type: Article
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–403
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A stability criterion for pulsewidth-modulated feedback systems containing one integrating element is developed. The criterion is in the form of a matrix inequality. An example is considered in detail as an application of the method.
Potential distribution and field dependence of electron velocity in bulk GaAs measured with a point-contact probe
- Author(s): H.W. Thim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 403 –405
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660338
- Type: Article
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–405
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The voltage distribution in GaAs has been measured by probing the potential along the surface of a lightly doped bulk-GaAs wafer. Using this distribution, the field dependence of the electron velocity was calculated. The mobility was found to be negative for electric fields between 3900 V/cm and approximately 7000 V/cm.
Gain stability of the superregenerative parametric amplifier
- Author(s): J. Chramiec
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 405 –406
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660339
- Type: Article
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Gain instabilities due to changes in the parametric elastance amplitude are calculated for superregenerative and negative-resistance parametric amplifiers. On the basis of the comparison, higher stability of the superregenerative amplifier is demonstrated.
Ferric-doped-rutile 8 mm maser
- Author(s): W.M. Nixon and R. Genner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 406 –407
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660340
- Type: Article
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–407
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An experimental iron-doped-rutile travelling-wave maser having an electronic gain of 8 dB/cm at signal frequencies in the range 34.5–35.5 GHz has been produced. The device is operated at 4°K; a filled-waveguide structure is used with composite taper/quarter-wave matching sections. The insertion loss of this type of structure is approximately 1 dB/cm.
Generalised impedance-transforming network with readily adjustable gain
- Author(s): F. Ralph
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 407 –408
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660341
- Type: Article
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p.
407
–408
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Computer application of the tracking-function approach to practical stability
- Author(s): J.R. Hewit and C. Storey
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 408 –409
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660342
- Type: Article
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–409
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A computing algorithm based on the tracking-function method is presented for obtaining regions of practical stability and ultimate boundedness for second-order autonomous differential equations. It is shown that the algorithm obviates certain problems of the tracking-function method as originally formulated. The Van der Pol equation is analysed as an example.
Statistical distribution of the envelope of an amplitude-modulated laser signal after passage through a turbulent atmosphere
- Author(s): M. Chomát and F. Hoff
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 409 –410
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660343
- Type: Article
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p.
409
–410
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The influence of turbulence on the statistical distribution of the envelope of a modulated laser signal is experimentally investigated. From the experiments, it has been found that the distribution is considerably dependent on the distance.
Switching delay of a switching system related to the characteristics of the input signal
- Author(s): I. de Lotto ; P.F. Manfredi ; L. Stanchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, page: 410 –410
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660344
- Type: Article
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410
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The systematic dependence of the switching delay occurring in a regenerative circuit is briefly analysed as a function of the input signal. The switching circuits are identified as circuits with positive-feedback loops, where the differential gain is controlled by nonlinear elements, and circuits using negative-resistance devices.
Coherent homodyne detection at 10.6 μm with an extrinsic photoconductor
- Author(s): R.A. Soref
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 410 –412
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660345
- Type: Article
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p.
410
–412
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A laser-driven infrared-homodyne arrangement yielded a substantial increase in the sensitivity of a doped-silicon photoconductor. The improvement in detectivity was found to be limited by excess local-oscillator noise.
Prime-implicants machine for four logic variables (PIM 4)
- Author(s): D. Mange
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 412 –413
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660346
- Type: Article
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p.
412
–413
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The study of a single-output combinational logic circuit generally involves the simplification of the canonical form of a logic function. A systematic approach derived from McCluskey's method allows the determination of the prime implicants of a 4-variable function, and suggests the design of an automatic machine.
Calculation of communication-network response to arbitrary transients
- Author(s): R.G. Medhurst
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 413 –414
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660347
- Type: Article
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p.
413
–414
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A method recently presented for the calculation of communication-network response to arbitrary transients suffers from the defect that the numerator and the denominator of the complex transfer function have to be expressed as products of quadratic factors, if they are not already in this form. This restriction can be readily removed without losing the advantages of the method.
Echo-suppressor design for space communication
- Author(s): J. Nakamichi and A. Sato
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 414 –415
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660348
- Type: Article
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p.
414
–415
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This letter describes the design of a differential far-end-operated halfecho suppressor to be used on telephone circuits having long propagation times. Emphasis has been placed on reducing the deterioration of the speech quality, caused by residual echo and speech chopping.
Equations for wave propagation in a stratified compressible electron–ion magnetoplasma
- Author(s): R. Burman
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 415 –416
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660349
- Type: Article
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p.
415
–416
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This letter deals with the propagation of coupled electromagnetic, electron-acoustic and ion-acoustic waves in a horizontally stratified horizontally magnetised compressible electron–ion plasma. Propagation transverse to the magneto-static field is considered, and some first-order coupled-wave equations are derived.
Ring-laser accuracy
- Author(s): A.F.H. Thomson and P.G.R. King
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, page: 417 –417
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660350
- Type: Article
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The letter describes the construction and performance of a novel ring-laser rotation-sensing system designed to evaluate the limit of accuracy obtainable when known sources of inaccuracy have been minimised. The probable cause of the residual system inaccuracy is discussed, and proposals are made for dealing with it.
Diagram of Gunn-effect phenomena
- Author(s): W. Heinle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 417 –419
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660351
- Type: Article
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p.
417
–419
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The phenomena observed with Gunn-effect semiconductors can be combined distinctly in a diagram; this is illustrated in detail. Subsequently, some experimental results are interpreted using the diagram.
Tuning techniques for multisection waveguide bandpass filters using evanescent modes
- Author(s): G. Craven
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 419 –420
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660352
- Type: Article
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p.
419
–420
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Waveguide bandpass filters using evanescent modes (i.e. operation below the cutoff frequency) require modified tuning techniques. A variation of the familiar ‘poles-and-zeros’ method of setting up is described. Performance characteristics of a typical multisection filter are shown.
Field-effect-transistor negative-resistance circuit
- Author(s): Kendall L. Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, page: 420 –420
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660353
- Type: Article
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A negative-resistance circuit that uses two field-effect transistors and two resistors is analysed. This circuit uses one internal power supply and is suitable for realising negative resistances of high values. Some experimental results are also given.
Two theorems regarding the state-space realisation of the transfer-function matrix Z(s)
- Author(s): M.I. Younis and W.G. Vogt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 421 –422
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660354
- Type: Article
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This letter shows the independence of the matrix products (CAiB, i = 1, 2, …) from any state-space realisation of the infinite number of possible realisations1,2 of a transfer-function matrix Z (s). In addition, it shows that, in the sequnce (Z1, Z2, …) derived from Z(s), only the first M can be linearly independent, where M is the degree of the minimum polynomial of A.
Growing-wave phenomenon due to collision coupling in a warm compressible dissipative electron plasma in uniform motion
- Author(s): C.M. Knop
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 422 –423
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660355
- Type: Article
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422
–423
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This letter shows that there is a single solution to a conventional linear model of an electron plasma (with a specific set of plasma conditions satisfied) which predicts a growing space-charge wave due to collision coupling, but that this solution does not represent energy conversion.
Planar-transistor stability under X ray irradiation
- Author(s): B. André ; J. Buxo ; D. Esteve ; H. Martinot ; J. Simonne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 423 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660356
- Type: Article
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Experiments on planar transistors irradiated by X rays show drifts of variable importance, according to the type of transistor (p-n-p or n-p-n). As an interpretation of the results, surface-characteristic modification of the e-b diode due to the presence of a silicon-surface-induced charge density is proposed.
Analogue divider
- Author(s): Q.V. Davis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 425 –426
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660357
- Type: Article
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–426
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In order to study the spectrum of a fluctuating source of light, it has been found desirable to generate the quotient V1/V2 of two time-varying positive voltages whose component frequencies extend up to a few hundred hertz. This note describes a comparatively simple method whereby the division process has been carried Out.
Optimum design of low-noise amplifiers
- Author(s): E.A. Faulkner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 426 –427
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660358
- Type: Article
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–427
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The letter outlines theoretical and experimental work on the optimum design of low-noise transistor amplifiers.
Topological analysis of networks containing nullators and norators
- Author(s): J. Braun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 427 –428
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660359
- Type: Article
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p.
427
–428
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A topological analysis of networks containing nullators and norators is presented. Only one topological rule of determinant expansion is necessary; summing of small numbers with big ones can be avoided when using impedances or admittances as branches.
Synthesis of pseudorandom signals derived from p-level m sequences
- Author(s): M. Darnell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 428 –430
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660360
- Type: Article
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428
–430
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A method is presented for generating plevel pseudorandom signals, derived from their corresponding p-level m sequences, using standard binary logic elements. The technique is illustrated by considering the direct generation of ternary signals suitable for system identification.
Electrical breakdown of small air gaps bounded by dielectric surfaces under impulse-voltage conditions
- Author(s): R.J. Densley and B. Slavage
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 430 –432
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660361
- Type: Article
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–432
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Measurements of the apparent discharge magnitude and the statistical time lag of discharges in air-filled cavities of various dimensions in polythene under impulse-voltage conditions are described. As a result of repeated discharges, the impulse ratio falls to about unity, and the dispersion, discharge magnitude and time lag are reduced.
Discharge repetition in an air-filled cavity in a solid dielectric under direct-voltage conditions
- Author(s): B. Slavage and N.R. Steinberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 432 –433
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660362
- Type: Article
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–433
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Transistor hybrid-π equivalent circuit under large sinusoidal voltages in the normal domain
- Author(s): M.A.H. El-Said
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, p. 433 –435
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660363
- Type: Article
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The well known hybrid-π equivalent circuit for small-signal representation of transistors in the normal domain is extended to cover sinusoidal voltages of large amplitudes. The effective parameters obtained as the result of the exponential nonlinearities are expressed in terms of the small-signal parameters and the amplitude. Both resistive and reactive parameters are considered. The proposed equivalent circuit serves as the basis for the design of a large class of LC sinusoidal oscillators, mixers and tuned power amplifiers, and for computing the terminal parameters as functions of amplitude.
Erratum: Nonlinear scattering of microwaves by a travelling-wave density-modulated plasma column
- Author(s): J.Y. Wada and D.K. Rice
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, page: 435 –435
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660364
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Integratable gyrator using m.o.s. and bipolar transistors
- Author(s): D.F. Sheahan and H.J. Orchard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 2, Issue 11, page: 435 –435
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19660365
- Type: Article
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