Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 13, Issue 14, 7 July 1977
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Volume 13, Issue 14
7 July 1977
Observation of millimetre-wave amplitude scintillations in a town environment
- Author(s): N.D. Mavrokoukoulakis ; K.L. Ho ; R.S. Cole
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 391 –392
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770285
- Type: Article
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p.
391
–392
(2)
Very large amplitude fluctuations on two millimetre-wavelength links at 110 and 36 GHz across central London have been observed. The maximum peak-to-peak fluctuations were found to be as high as 7 and 1·5 dB, respectively. The cause of these large fluctuations was the output of an air-conditioning plant near the propagation path. Cumulative distributions of the rate of change of the amplitude of the scintillations are presented.
Peak values of system response to a pseudorandom input
- Author(s): G.H. Tomlinson and P. Galvin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 392 –393
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770286
- Type: Article
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p.
392
–393
(2)
The relationship is examined between the peak values of the response of a system to a pseudorandom binary m-sequence input signal and the characteristic polynomial of the m-sequence. Consideration of the fourth moment of the amplitude distribution of the response leads to a means of classification of m-sequences in terms of the peak value of response.
Probe correction of spherical near-field measurements
- Author(s): F.H. Larsen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 393 –395
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770287
- Type: Article
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p.
393
–395
(3)
Probe correction has been implemented in a computer program which calculates antenna far fields from spherical nearfield measurements. The computer program has been applied to near-field measurements on a satellite model, and the accuracy of the computed far field is significantly improved, compared with the results obtained without probe correction.
High-efficiency laser-to-fibre coupling circuit using a combination of a cylindrical lens and a selfoc lens
- Author(s): Yuichi Odagiri ; Minoru Shikada ; Kohroh Kobayashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 395 –396
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770288
- Type: Article
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p.
395
–396
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A new efficient coupling circuit, using a combination of a cylindrical lens and a Selfoc lens, which can be mounted in a laser package, has attained a coupling loss nearly as low as 0·6 dB.
D.C. solution of bipolar-transistor circuits
- Author(s): A.A. Abdallah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 396 –397
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770289
- Type: Article
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p.
396
–397
(2)
The d.c. solution of bipolar-transistor circuits, from zero initial guess in a nodal-analysis program, is obtained effectively by controlled stepping of the d.c. excitation, exponential scaling of the linear resistors and using the Newton-Raphson algorithm with a simple damping factor in the iterative process.
Spectra of a.c.-induced noise in resistors
- Author(s): H. Sutcliffe and Y. Ülgen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 397 –399
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770290
- Type: Article
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p.
397
–399
(3)
Noise-spectra measurements are reported on flat carbon-film linear resistors with sinusoidal excitation. In addition to the expected I/Δf noise, 1/f spectra were observed at low frequencies and also paired spectra at harmonics of the excitation frequency. An analogue circuit model is proposed and shown to be consistent with the observations on the additional spectra.
L.E.D. design for fibre systems
- Author(s): D. Gloge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 399 –400
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770291
- Type: Article
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p.
399
–400
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An analysis of the interaction of optical modes with the active region of an L.e.d. leads to simple design recommendations both for front- and edge-emitting structures. If used in conjunction with mode transformers, both diodes could provide more than I mW of optical power for multimode-fibre transmission.
Stripe-geometry d.h. lasers with linear output/current characteristics
- Author(s): P.J. de Waard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 400 –401
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770292
- Type: Article
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p.
400
–401
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The occurrence of kinks in the light-output/current characteristic of d.h.-laser diodes can be avoided by stabilising the lasing path. This is done by slightly misorienting the stripe contact with respect to the normal at the mirrors, or by changing the shape of the stripe contact. By this procedure the beam waist position with respect to the mirror is also stabilised.
Propagation and radiation characteristics of rib waveguide
- Author(s): T.S. Bird
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 401 –403
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770293
- Type: Article
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p.
401
–403
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Some results from a modal analysis of a rib waveguide by using a hybrid finite-element method are described. It is shown that the approximate formulas derived by using the Marcatili method are quite accurate when the fields are closely confined to the waveguide. The emission patterns of a GaAs rib-waveguide laser, predicted from the modal solution, are presented.
Uniform diffraction coefficients for an impedance wedge
- Author(s): G.L. James
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 403 –404
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770294
- Type: Article
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p.
403
–404
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Uniform diffraction coefficients for an astigmatic electromagnetic wave normally incident on a wedge having curved faces with given surface impedances are derived from the earlier work of Maliuzhinets. These coefficients are to be used with standard formulas in the geometrical theory of diffraction to predict diffraction effects from structures having impedance surfaces terminating in an edge.
Crosspolar phase variations at 20 and 30 GHz on a satellite-Earth path
- Author(s): R.G. Howell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 405 –406
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770295
- Type: Article
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p.
405
–406
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Linearly polarised 30 GHz signals received from the ATS-6 satellite have shown abrupt reversals in the crosspolar phase during lightning. The variations in crosspolar phase in the absence of lightning show a wider spread during heavy rain than during periods when the depolarisation was not accompanied by significant copolar fading.
New form of digital wattmeter using a double dual-slope principle
- Author(s): J.R. Stockton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 406 –407
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770296
- Type: Article
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p.
406
–407
(2)
A proposed a.c. digital watt/joule meter is described, which combines the principle of the well known dual-slope analogue-digital convertor with that of the sampling digital wattmeter to provide a system where multiplication, digitising, averaging and integration may be performed by using relatively few components.
GaAs f.e.t.s with graded channel doping profiles
- Author(s): R.E. Williams and D.W. Shaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 408 –409
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770297
- Type: Article
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p.
408
–409
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Graded-channel GaAs f.e.t.s with the carrier concentration decreasing from the substrate–epitaxial interface outwards are observed to exhibit more linear d.c. transfer characteristics, higher reverse gate breakdown voltages and lower 3rd-order intermodulation products than f.e.t.s fabricated from companion slices with uniform or flat doping profiles.
Controllability and observability of composite systems
- Author(s): N.K. Sinha and H. El-Sherief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 409 –410
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770298
- Type: Article
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p.
409
–410
(2)
A computationally efficient algorithm is presented for the determination of the controllability and observability of large composite systems. It is based on the application of reduced outer products for the computation of the rank of a rectangular matrix.
Design of a root-locus plotter
- Author(s): G. Thomas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 410 –412
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770299
- Type: Article
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p.
410
–412
(3)
The classical methods used to draw automatically, with analogue components, the root locus of a characteristic equation require many multipliers, and the complexity of the electronic circuit increases rapidly with the order of the equation. The method of the letter avoids these difficulties by employing integrators and summers without multipliers.
Calibration of 20 and 30 GHz radiometers by using the ATS–6 satellite beacons
- Author(s): R.R. Bell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 412 –413
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770300
- Type: Article
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p.
412
–413
(2)
The 20 and 30 GHz transmissions from the ATS–6 satellite were used to calibrate radiometers operating at these frequencies. The slant-path attenuation predicted from radio-metric measurements shows good agreement with that measured directly, for values up to 9 dB at 20 GHz (maximum recorded) and up to at least 13 dB at 30 GHz within uncertainty limits of ±1·0 dB.
Compensation technique for the design of wideband surface-acoustic-wave filters using multistrip couplers
- Author(s): E.L. Walker
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 413 –415
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770301
- Type: Article
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p.
413
–415
(3)
The letter describes a technique which can be used to compensate for losses in amplitude response induced by beam profile reshaping by a multistrip coupler when used with weighted surface-acoustic-wave transducers having large time-band-width products. This is achieved by analytically modifying the conventional weighting of the transducers. Experimental results from two filter designs employing this technique are presented.
Threshold detector for subnanosecond pulses
- Author(s): A.M. Nicolson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 415 –416
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770302
- Type: Article
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p.
415
–416
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A technique is described to stabilise the operating point of a tunnel-diode threshold detector, permitting pulses of 5 mV amplitude and 200 ps duration to be detected reliably over a wide temperature range. The principle is to induce a known constant false-alarm rate in the detector, due to noise, and then use the aggregation of a sequence of hits to indicate a true signal.
X-band TRAPATT amplifiers
- Author(s): C.H. Oxley ; A.M. Howard ; J.J. Purcell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 416 –418
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770303
- Type: Article
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p.
416
–418
(3)
A 2-stage, class-C. X-band pulsed trapatt amplifier has been demonstrated, giving a maximum gain of 9·5 dB over a 1 dB bandwidth of 200 MHz at a centre frequency of 9.4GHz. The trapatt diodes have a silicon p+–n–n+ structure with silver integral heatsinks and gold-button heat reservoirs. Single-stage amplifiers have been operated with input pulse widths of 0·5 μs and gains of 5 dB, with 11%3 dB bandwidths centred at 9·2 GHz.
Discrete radiation from curved single-mode fibres
- Author(s): R.A. Sammut
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 418 –419
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770304
- Type: Article
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p.
418
–419
(2)
The energy loss and field distribution in a curved single-mode fibre are calculated in terms of the coupling between the fundamental (LP01) mode and the radiation field. In agreement with recent experimental results, it is found that, initially, light travels in a zigzag path around the bend, and radiation is emitted in discrete beams.
Avalanche-noise dependence on avalanche-photodiode structures
- Author(s): Katsuhiko Nishida
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 419 –421
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770305
- Type: Article
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p.
419
–421
(3)
Excess avalanche-photodiode noise is calculated by considering photogenerated diffusion currents and photogenerated carrier distributions. Computed results reveal the effects of junction depth, depletion-layer thickness and incident light direction on avalanche noise for various optical-absorption coefficients.
Technique for increasing the gain-bandwidth product of n-m.o.s. and p-m.o.s. integrated inverters
- Author(s): Y.P. Tsividis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 421 –422
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770306
- Type: Article
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p.
421
–422
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A method for increasing the bandwidth of single-channel m.o.s. integrated inverters, with practically no decrease in low-frequency gain, is presented. A 1st-order analysis and computer simulation are included.
Large linear area light-spot-position-sensitive photodiode
- Author(s): J. Fieret ; A. Kwakernaak ; S. Middelhoek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 422 –424
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770307
- Type: Article
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p.
422
–424
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The influence of the place and the number of the peripheral ohmic contacts on the characteristics of a light-spot-position-sensitive photodiode based on the lateral photoeffect is investigated. Using contact pairs, a 9·3×9·3 mm2 photodiode shows a 6×6 mm2 linear area in which the x- and y-signals unambiguously depend on the co-ordinates. An extra contact ring makes it possible to make the cell light-intensity independent.
RC active variable-group-delay equaliser
- Author(s): G. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 13, Issue 14, p. 424 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19770308
- Type: Article
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p.
424
–425
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An RC active realisation of a general 2nd-order allpass function is proposed and compared with a similar structure using a lossy-inductor simulation technique. It is shown that the proposed section can be adjusted by using a minimum number of controls and has a relatively unrestricted Q-factor capability, combined with a low sensitivity to amplifier-gain variations.
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