Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 12, Issue 1, 8 January 1976
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Volume 12, Issue 1
8 January 1976
Correction to open-resonator permittivity and loss measurements
- Author(s): R.J. Cook and R.G. Jones
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 1 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760001
- Type: Article
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A correction to the length of a dielectric sample placed in an open resonator is derived using perturbation theory. The correction takes account of the additional volume of sample extending beyond the curved phase front normally assumed in the beam wave theory. Results are presented for a range of sample lengths of a high-density polyethylene, which illustrate the improvement obtained in both permittivity and loss measurements when this correction is used.
Lumped-circuit model for inductor-capacitor hybrid
- Author(s): P.N. Murgatroyd and N.J. Walker
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 2 –3
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760002
- Type: Article
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The inductor-capacitor hybrid described by Reeves is analysed by a lumped-circuit model, in which the metal foils in the device have finite resistance. The earlier theory appears as a special case of the model, and some difficulties at the principal resonance are removed.
Radar m.t.i.: a comparison of 2nd-order digital-filter realisations when the stopband is very narrow
- Author(s): H.J. Wells
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 3 –4
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760003
- Type: Article
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Design of recursive digital m.t.i. filters becomes difficult when the cutoff frequency is as low as 1/100 p.r.f., because the filter may have large internal gain, generate high noise levels and have a response which is sensitive to parameter errors. The results of a study of 2nd-order sections are described and two realisations which minimise the word length are presented.
Sensitivity functions of distributed-parameter eigenvalue control systems
- Author(s): S.G. Tzafestas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 4 –6
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760004
- Type: Article
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For a class of linear distributed-parameter systems formulas and procedures are given by which one can compute the 1st-and 2nd-order sensitivity functions of the state feedback gain, which moves the system eigenvalues to desired positions, to variations of the system parameters. Analogous results are derived for the sensitivities of the closed-loop eigenvalues.
Dispersion in optical fibres with stairlike refractive-index profiles
- Author(s): J.A. Arnaud and W. Mammel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 6 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760005
- Type: Article
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In multimode circularly symmetric fibres whose index distribution is a stairlike approximation of an optimum profile, the modal dispersion increases as the number of steps decreases. For a fibre with Δn/n=0.02 and a core radius of 40 μm, numerical calculations based on wave optics show that the r.m.s. impulse response width at λ=1 μm increases from 0.075 ns/km for the smooth optimum profile to 0.23 ns/km for 40 steps of equal areas. Thus an important conclusion of the analysis is that one should avoid introducing steps in the refractive-index profile of fibres for optimum results.
1/f noise in multicarrier systems
- Author(s): E.J.P. May and H.G. Morgan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 8 –9
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760006
- Type: Article
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The 1/f noise power produced by several r.f. carrier currents in a carbon resistor is shown to be proportional to the total r.f. power dissipated in the resistor. This confirms that the noise is not a consequence of resistance fluctuations.
Investigation of a setup procedure for triangular permutation arrays
- Author(s): J.C. Majithia ; R. Bhar ; Y. Tamboli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 9 –10
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760007
- Type: Article
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A setup procedure for setting all the cells of a triangular permutation network is described. This procedure is based on an earlier published inductive proof of the ability of the triangular array to set up any input/output permutation. The procedure requires N−1 step to set up a size-N triangular array, and can be easily programmed or implemented using straightforward hardware techniques. Various simple extensions of this procedure were also investigated to reduce the average number of cells to be switched from one mode (bend or cross) to another.
High-peak-power 2nd-harmonic l.s.a. sources
- Author(s): J. Mun and G.M. Arbery
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 10 –11
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760008
- Type: Article
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Results are presented which indicate that the upper frequency range of l.s.a. oscillators can be extended by extracting power at the 2nd-harmonic frequency. By selectively loading the 2nd-harmonic frequency of an X-band l.s.a. oscillator, up to 170 W peak power with 4.8% efficiency at 17.5 GHz has been obtained.
Acoustic flexural mode on a ridge of semi-infinite height
- Author(s): P.E. Lagasse and A.A. Oliner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 11 –13
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760009
- Type: Article
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Several recent analyses of the flexural mode on a ridge of semi-infinite height (plate edge) contain results which are inconsistent and generally limited in range. We present accurate theoretical calculations, and a set of measurements which agree very well with them, and we compare our results with the earlier ones. We also give a simple model which yields other wave properties (such as the vertical decay rate), indicate and verify quantitatively the wave behaviour at high frequencies, and show the relation between this wave type and the usual flexural mode on a ridge of finite height.
White-light response of an m.o.s.t.
- Author(s): Y.W. Lam and K.Y. Tong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 13 –14
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760010
- Type: Article
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The photocurrent in an m.o.s.t. due to white-light illumination is studied. From the dependence of the photocurrent on the gate and drain voltages at different light intensities, the mechanisms responsible for the photocurrent are discussed.
Determination of the diameter of unclad optical fibre
- Author(s): P.L. Chu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 14 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760011
- Type: Article
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It is shown that the backward-scattered interference pattern of an unclad optical fibre can be adequately described by Airy's rainbow theory. A formula is derived from which the diameter of the fibre may be calculated if the position of the rainbow maximum is measured from the scattered pattern. The error involved in this method is less than 3%. Comparison between this method and Marcuse's method is also made, and it is found that the present method can lead to a more reliable result.
Power combination of broadband TRAPATT amplifiers
- Author(s): P.T. Ho ; A. Rosen ; J. Klatskin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 16 –17
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760012
- Type: Article
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The power from two closely matched trapatt amplifiers was combined by means of two 3dB interdigitated hybrid couplers. An output power of 115 W with 350 MHz bandwidth was obtained from the combined circuit. This combination technique, the effectiveness of which was thought to be questionable for trapatt amplifiers, doubles their output power without causing loss of bandwidth.
Performance of sulphur-ion-implanted GaAs f.e.t.s
- Author(s): J.A. Higgins ; B.M. Welch ; F.H. Eisen ; G.D. Robinson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 17 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760013
- Type: Article
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GaAs f.e.t.s have been produced by sulphur-ion implantation that give optimum noise figures as low as 4.6 dB at 10 GHz and maximum available gains of greater than 10 dB at 10 GHz. A considerable degree of uniformity among the devices is observed.
Exact circuit design using inefficient c.t.d.s
- Author(s): S.C. Dutta Roy and R.K. Arora
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 18 –19
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760014
- Type: Article
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A method is given for designing circuits with inefficient charge transfer devices to realise a prescribed transfer function exactly. The method is illustrated by two examples, one concerned with the realisation of an ideal delay, and the other with that of a 2nd-order resonator.
Comparison of overhead factors in message-switched and packet-switched networks
- Author(s): A. Shaheen and J.C. Majithia
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 20 –21
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760015
- Type: Article
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Overhead factors for data networks using message-switching or packet-switching techniques are defined and analysed. The transmission lines are assumed to have only random errors and the acknowledgments are handled on a ‘stop-and-wait’ strategy. For packet switching, the packet size used is such that, in each case, the overhead factor is minimised. Results show that the overheads for packet switching tend to be much higher than for message switching when the line error rates are low, i.e. better than 10−5. It is concluded that, although packet switching has several significant merits, these are achieved at the expense of a substantial increase in overheads.
Optimum all-pole approximation of exp(−sT)
- Author(s): V. Dvořák
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 21 –23
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760016
- Type: Article
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Rational transfer functions with the only zero at s→ ∞ (all pole) are sought so that they best approximate an ideal delay exp(−sT) in the time domain. For systems up to the 5th order the integral square error is found analytically and is then minimised using a digital computer. The resulting functions and their characteristics are summarised.
Decomposition of nonlinear operators into ‘harmonic’ components, with applications to audio signal processing
- Author(s): M.A. Gerzon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 23 –24
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760017
- Type: Article
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We show that time-invariant nonhysteretic nonlinear operators K may be decomposed into ‘nth-harmonic’ components Kn (n=…,−2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …) consisting of frequencies n1F1…+…+n1Fi, where F1,…, Fi are frequencies in the input signal and n1+…+ni=n. This is applied to the design of r.f. and a.f. audio signal processors.
Effect of d.c. bias level on the spectrum of GaAs lasers operated with short pulses
- Author(s): P.R. Selway and A.R. Goodwin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 25 –26
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760018
- Type: Article
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Experimental results on stripe-geometry GaAs/GaxAl1−xAs lasers show that the emission spectrum when operated with short pulses is very dependent on the d.c. bias level. If the bias is below threshold, many modes are excited and the spectral bandwidth is about 30 Å, but a bias just above threshold ensures virtually single-mode operation with about 1 Å bandwidth.
Comment on ‘New multiple feedback active RC network’
- Author(s): G. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, page: 26 –26
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760019
- Type: Article
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Self interference by rain scattering in satellite radio links
- Author(s): C. Capsoni ; M. Mauri ; A. Paraboni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 26 –28
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760020
- Type: Article
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Scattering by rain at millimetre wavelengths may cause disturbance on the same link which uses the incident wave as an information carrier. A numerical evaluation of this disturbance is performed and its dependence on frequency, rain rate, rain depth and antenna gain is presented.
New method of registration for electron-beam lithography
- Author(s): H. Ahmed and R.D. Hoare
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 28 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760021
- Type: Article
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A method of pattern registration for use in electron-beam lithography is described in the letter. The beam energy is reduced by a retarding field during the location of a pattern position, and the resist is unexposed. Patterns may be joined without any registration marks.
Method of modelling linear time-invariant distributed-parameter systems by pseudorandom binary sequences
- Author(s): C.J. Macleod and D.R. Campbell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 29 –30
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760022
- Type: Article
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A method of deriving lumped-parameter difference equation models of linear time-invariant distributed-parameter systems using pseudorandom binary sequences (p.r.b.s.) is described. Results from the application of the method to a diffusion process are presented.
White-emitting a.c. electroluminescent powder layers for flat-panel television
- Author(s): A.G. Fischer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 30 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760023
- Type: Article
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For application in future flat-panel television, where a thin-film transistor matrix on glass addresses a superimposed e.l. powder layer, we have developed e.l. layers which emit white light by using part of the blue e.l. emission to excite the fluorescence of organic dyes which are dissolved in the resinous embedding medium. Using a monograin particle layer and a black back electrode, we have achieved high visual contrast in a bright ambient, and operation at less than 50 V. Fabrication is described. The design can be extended to colour-t.v. panels.
Prediction of h.f. circuit availability
- Author(s): P.A. Bradley and C. Bedford
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 32 –33
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760024
- Type: Article
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Simple empirical equations are presented which give circuit availability in terms of the upper-decile, median and lower-decile values of the maximum usable frequency. The equations are based on approximations to halves of two normal distributions.
Singular perturbation methods in the design of linear multivariable tracking systems
- Author(s): B. Porter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 33 –34
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760025
- Type: Article
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In the letter, singular perturbation methods are used to provide a basis for the systematic design of tracking systems for a class of multivariable linear plants whose time-domain behaviour exhibits both slow and fast modes.
Improved method for evaluating the static parameters of the Ebers–Moll transistor model
- Author(s): M.G. Rowlands
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, p. 34 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760026
- Type: Article
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Existing programs for evaluating the static parameters of the Ebers–Moll transistor model provide either high accuracy or economical operation. The method presented here as a computer program combines both high accuracy and economy. Examples of the improved agreement between experimental data and theoretical estimates are given.
Erratum: Propagation of an impulsive plane wave with arbitrary angle of incidence and polarisation in isotropic-plasma halfspace
- Author(s): B.V. Štanić and M.M Škorić
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, page: 36 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760027
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Alternative way for numerical steady-state analysis of forward-biased p-n junction devices
- Author(s): Ph. Leturcq and A. Munoz Yague
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 12, Issue 1, page: 36 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19760028
- Type: Article
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