Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 1, Issue 4, June 1965
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Volume 1 (1965)
Volume 1, Issue 4
June 1965
Delay modes in thick single-crystal yttrium-iron-garnet ISCS
- Author(s): J.H. Collins and B. Yazgan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 77 –78
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650073
- Type: Article
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Experimental room-temperature delay and loss figures obtained at S band frequencies for magnetoelastic radial and axial propagation in axially magnetised, [100]-oriented, thick yttrium-iron-garnet discs are reported. Samples with aspect ratios of 0.1 and 0.4 were used in a dielectric-loaded TM010 re-entrant cavity.
Microwave piezoelectric transducer with internal gain
- Author(s): R.B. Wilson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 78 –79
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650074
- Type: Article
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The effect of superimposing a small alternating signal voltage on the direct drift voltage of a piezoelectric amplifier has been investigated theoretically. The device acts as a transducer with conversion gain over an octave bandwidth at microwave frequencies. The electrical impedance is suitable for direct termination of a transmission line.
Heavy-ion effect on the e.l.f. propagation beneath a loss-less anisotropic ionosphere
- Author(s): S.R. Seshadri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 79 –80
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650075
- Type: Article
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The heavy-ion effect on the spectrum of the surface waves guided along a vacuum-plasma boundary is discussed. The e.l.f. terrestrial propagation is shown to take place via this surface-wave mode, which is only very slightly perturbed by the presence of the Earth. As a result of the inclusion of the heavy-ion motion, the guided e.l.f. waves are found to acquire a low-frequency cutoff.
Stable and unstable operation of complementary composite transistors
- Author(s): B. Stuttard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 80 –82
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650076
- Type: Article
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It has been found that the common-base current gain of a complementary composite transistor may have values far exceeding unity. An indication is given of the conditions necessary to achieve these high values. It has also been found that the input impedance of such composites may have a negative-resistance part. An oscillator is described which uses this effect.
Reference terminations for the scattering matrix
- Author(s): R.W. Newcomb
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 82 –83
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650077
- Type: Article
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The relationship between the scattering matrixes of a given network (or microwave junction) with different reference terminations is developed. For this the scattering matrix with respect to coupled terminations is introduced, and a 2-port example is considered.
Townsend's first ionisation coefficient in compressed methane
- Author(s): A.H. Cookson and B.W. Ward
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 83 –84
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650078
- Type: Article
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Townsend's first ionisation coefficient a has been determined in methane by three independent methods for a range of pressures between atmospheric and 14 atm absolute, thus extending the range of previous measurements to lower values of E/p and much higher pressures. It is confirmed that α/p is dependent only on the value of E/p.
Negative absorption from weakly relativistic electrons traversing a cuccia coupler
- Author(s): T.W. Hsu and P.N. Robson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 84 –85
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650079
- Type: Article
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It is shown that a filamentary beam of monoenergetic electrons having a controlled amount of angular momentum and caused to traverse a Cuccia coupler can produce negative energy absorption near the cyclotron frequency, if relativistic effects are taken into account. No threshold angular momentum for the onset of negative absorption is predicted.
Differential method for Hall-coefficient measurements in an a.c. magnetic field
- Author(s): H. Rzewuski and Z. Werner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 86 –87
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650080
- Type: Article
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A compensation method for Hall-coefficient measurements with an audiofrequency magnetic field and a direct sample current is described. An a.c. magnetic field is generated in a ferritecored coil working in a series-resonance circuit.1Compensation is achieved over a wide frequency range of the magnetic field by the use of RC bridges and a differential amplifier. The method eliminates spurious e.m.f.s and after small modifications permits the (pulsed) changes of Hall coefficient to be measured with high sensitivity.
Switching speed of a transistor used as an AND gate
- Author(s): I. Aleksander
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 87 –88
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650081
- Type: Article
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The limits of the switching speed of a single-transistor AND gate are discussed. This investigation includes a treatment of a transient ‘leakage’ current condition which can occur in other applications of transistors.
Negative-impedance convertors using operational amplifiers
- Author(s): A. Antoniou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 88 –89
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650082
- Type: Article
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Two negative-impedance converters using operational amplifiers are described. One of them is of the voltage-inversion type, and the other is of the current-inversion type.
Electromagnetic effects in the cones of the human retina
- Author(s): G. Biernson and A.W. Snyder
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 89 –90
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650083
- Type: Article
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–90
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Electromagnetic analysis of cones in the human retina shows there are three dominant modes of light propagation in the visible range. These modes could produce three spectral-response peaks like those attributed to different photopigments and assumed to be the means of colour discrimination.
Measuring technique used to establish the profile accuracy of an 85 ft-diameter paraboloid aerial
- Author(s): H.E. Pearson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 91 –92
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650084
- Type: Article
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–92
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A full-length radial template has been used to locate, adjust and measure the steel reflector surface of an 85 ft-diameter paraboloid. Under static conditions and with the aerial facing the zenith, 99% of surface achieved lies within ±0.100in of the specified geometrical shape. The template was checked by a taut-wire method before and after use.
Effective constitutive parameters for anisotropic and compressible media
- Author(s): H.C. Chen and D.K. Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 92 –93
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650085
- Type: Article
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–93
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It is shown that the macroscopic electromagnetic properties of an anisotropic and compressible medium can be described by an effective permittivity tensor and an effective ‘compressivity tensor’. A new set of three governing equations can be written, which put the solution of electromagnetic problems in such a medium on a systematic basis. A new ‘pressure-displacement current’ is also defined.
Isotope-powered thermoelectric generator for Ripple I
- Author(s): J.M. Thomson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 93 –94
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650086
- Type: Article
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–94
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The thermoelectric generator for Ripple I converts the energy from a radioisotope heat source into electrical energy by means of a small module having 36 p-and n-type Bi2Te3 thermoelements. This module is mounted to a plug assembly in such a way that any change or maintenance required can be done without elaborately shielded handling facilities. The power from the generator is fed to electronic amplifying equipment to power a xenon flashing light.
Tunnel-diode invertor for Ripple I and II
- Author(s): S.M. Third
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 94 –95
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650087
- Type: Article
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–95
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The electrical output from the thermoelectric generators used in the Ripple I and Ripple II equipments is 75 mW at 400 mV. Because of the low-voltage output, a gallium-arsenide tunnel-diode convertor is used.This unit supplies a trickle charge to a storage battery energising a pulsed navigation light, which requires a tube voltage of 500 V, a trigger voltage of 8 kV, and has a mean power consumption of 30 mW.
Transfer matrix of a linear dynamic system
- Author(s): H.H. Rosenbrock
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 95 –96
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650088
- Type: Article
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–96
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A formula is given which relates a transfer matrix to the differential equations of the underlying system.
Ultralinear negative resistance using two complementary junction transistors
- Author(s): A.H. Marshak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 96 –97
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650089
- Type: Article
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–97
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Two new negative-resistance circuits based on a pnp–npn analogue of a pnpn structure are described. Both offer ultralinear, although asymmetric, regions of negative resistance. Analytical equations describing both the voltage-controlled and current-controlled i/v characteristics are given. For an ideal transistor the dynamic input resistance for both configurations is equal to the negative of the load resistance.
Superconducting diode as high-frequency sound detector
- Author(s): Y. Goldstein ; B. Abeles ; K.R. Keller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 97 –97
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650090
- Type: Article
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The properties of a broadband sound detector utilising microwave-phonon-assisted tunnelling in superconductors are described. Using Al–Pb tunnel diodes at 1.3°K, the sensitivity of the detector to 9.3 × 109 c/s sound waves was found to be approximately 2 × 10−4 V/W cm−2. At high frequencies the sensitivity is expected to increase as the square of the sound frequency.
Active all-pass network
- Author(s): H.A. Bodner and S.K. Mitra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 98 –98
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650091
- Type: Article
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A simple method of designing an all-pass network is presented. Final realisation incorporates a single nonideal current-controlled current source, which in most applications can be replaced by a single-transistor circuit.
Effect of pressure and constraint on the apparent electric strength of polythene
- Author(s): N. Parkman ; G.F. Goldspink ; W.G. Lawson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 98 –100
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650092
- Type: Article
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–100
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It has been found that the electric strength of polythene increases by more than 50% under the effect of hydrostatic pressure and constraint. The electric strength appears to decrease with increase of thickness and with time of voltage application above a certain stress.
Resistive-film milliwattmeter for 2.7–3.9 Gc/s
- Author(s): I. Lemco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 100 –101
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650093
- Type: Article
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This communication describes a further tunable version of the milliwattmeter based on Lane's principle of mounting a narrow resistive strip in the transverse plane of a waveguide. The instrument gives power measurements in the range 1–100 mW with an accuracy within ± 2%. Some associated developments are also given.
General circuit analysis by computer—an aid to wideband negative-feedback-amplifier design
- Author(s): D. Thomson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 101 –102
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650094
- Type: Article
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–102
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Nodal analysis by computer is particularly useful in analysis of wideband multiloop feedback amplifiers. A computer fed with measured component data calculates all external properties of the amplifier and Bode's return ratios for the active elements to permit examination of stability. An amplifier constructed to check the method is described and discussed.
Switching nets and electronic logic circuits
- Author(s): D.A. Bell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 102 –102
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650095
- Type: Article
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It is suggested that methods of improving the reliability of switching nets are not necessarily applicable to electronic logic circuits.
Reducing nonlinear distortion due to automatic-gain-control circuits
- Author(s): R. McFee and S. Dick
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 102 –104
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650096
- Type: Article
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In many modern transistor radios there is substantial distortion with strong signals as a result of the sharp cutoff characteristics of variable-gain transistors. In this note, the problem is analysed. It is shown that the defect can be corrected using biased diodes as gain-control elements.
Method of replacing ungrounded inductors by grounded gyrators
- Author(s): A.G.J. Holt and J. Taylor
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 105 –105
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650097
- Type: Article
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This communication describes the inversion property of the gyrator and how, by cascading RC sections with gyrators, the problem of replacing ungrounded inductors with grounded gyrators and capacitors is solved. A practical example of a low-pass third-order elliptic-function filter is given.
New transistor follower circuit
- Author(s): A. Filipkowski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 105 –106
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650098
- Type: Article
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–106
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A new transistor follower circuit is presented, consisting of one p–n–p and one n–p–n transistor. The complementary nature of the transistors enables the application of a voltage series feedback equal to unity in a two-stage amplifier, resulting in a follower circuit with a direct-voltage difference between input and output as high as the voltage drop in the feedback resistor.
Wave-tilt measurements of ground properties
- Author(s): P.J.D. Gething ; A.D. Morgan ; E.G. Shepherd ; D.V. Tibble
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 106 –107
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650099
- Type: Article
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Measurements of the complex reflection coefficient of the ground for high-frequency radio waves have been made at a number of sites by the wave-tilt method. Site conductivity was also measured by the ground-rod method. Some difficulties in interpreting the results are noted.
Factorable synthesis of Mealy–Moore sequential machines
- Author(s): L.G. McCracken
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 108 –108
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650100
- Type: Article
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The Mealy–Moore sequential machine is factored in the manner of Hotz for the case where the iteration cycle occurs over pairs of state-space elements. This allows a reduction in the machine's logic, although retaining the same memory requirement, and a gradual decrease in the unilateral information flow through the machine.
Improved performance of the Goonhilly satellite-communication Earth-station aerial system
- Author(s): W.J. Bray
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 108 –110
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650101
- Type: Article
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The improvements which were required to enable the Goonhilly satellite-communication earth station to work with the Early Bird satellite have been achieved by providing a new parabolic reflector surface of greatly increased accuracy, a new design of feed giving greater illumination efficiency, and reduced blocking and scattering from the feed support structure itself. The feeder losses between the feed and the transmitting/receiving equipment have been reduced by using near-square-section overmoded waveguides. The overall improvements are about 4.5 dB in the figure of merit (G/T) for reception at 4Gc/s and 6.8dB in the transmitting gain at 6Gc/s.
Measurement of electric fields at electrode surfaces
- Author(s): J.M. Meek and M.M.C. Collins
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 110 –111
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650102
- Type: Article
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A new technique for determining the field at the surface of the earthed electrode of a gap subjected to an impulse voltage is described. An example is given of the results obtained when the technique is applied to the study of the field variation during the initial stages of spark breakdown in a rod-plane gap, showing, in particular, the influence of space charges.
Radiation from some periodic structures excited by a waveguide
- Author(s): D.S. Karjala and R. Mittra
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 111 –112
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650103
- Type: Article
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In this letter the problems of radiation from a set of semi-infinite parallel plates and of radiation from uniform and modulated corrugated surfaces excited by a parallel-plane waveguide are solved exactly. To the authors' knowledge, the latter two configurations have not been previously considered in the presence of sources.
Phonon parallel-pump instability in the (110) plane of a ferromagnetic crystal
- Author(s): W.E. Courtney
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 113 –113
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650104
- Type: Article
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The critical phonon amplitude for the excitation of spinwave pairs in a saturated ferromagnet is calculated by the canonical formulation. The phonon propagates in the direction of the applied biasing field, which is directed at an arbitrary angle in a (110) plane. The analysis is applied to the degenerate case, but the critical phonon amplitude for the applied field along a [100] direction is also calculated for the nondegenerate case. The latter result agrees with an earlier calculation by Matthews and Morgenthaler.
Estimating regions of asymptotic stability using non-sign-definite Lyapunov functions
- Author(s): F. Fallside and M.R. Patel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, p. 114 –115
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650105
- Type: Article
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A Lyapunov function, for which both V and V̇ are sign-definite in only certain regions of the phase plane, is used to estimate the region of asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point of a nonlinear control system. An analytical result is obtained by restricting attention to a subregion where V and V̇ are signdefinite.
Erratum: Unified approach to electronic, magnetic and dielectric nonparametric amplifying devices
- Author(s): A.B. Gȯral
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 115 –115
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650106
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Field emission at 9000 Gc/s in a superconducting cavity
- Author(s): H. Zimmer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 115 –115
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650107
- Type: Article
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Erratum: Laser oscillations at submillimetre wavelengths from pulsed gas discharges in compounds of hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen
- Author(s): L.E.S. Mathias ; A. Crocker ; M.S. Wills
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 1, Issue 4, page: 115 –115
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19650108
- Type: Article
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