© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
The penetration of cell membrane using atomic force microscope (AFM) is studied. The penetration is monitored by AFM, and the penetration force is measured for three types of cells. The dissipated energy of the cell membrane before and after drug treatment is also calculated and analysed. Experimental results indicate that AFM is an efficient tool for measuring and monitoring the penetration of the cell membrane. Results also show that the penetration force differs significantly from each type of cells, indicating that the penetration force is a potential biomarker of cell membrane to distinguish different types of cells. Moreover, the dissipated energy of cell membrane is studied to be a biomarker to indicate the condition of the cell membrane. After the cell membrane is treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, the dissipated energy of cell membrane decreases.
References
-
-
1)
-
18. Chung, Y.-C., Liao, W.-J., Huang, Y.-T., Wu, C.-Y.: ‘Study of gene transfection enhancement and parameters optimisation using electroporation microchip’, Micro Nano Lett., 2014, 9, (3), pp. 162–167 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2013.0594).
-
2)
-
15. Pellegrino, M., Orsini, P., Pellegrini, M., et al: ‘Integrated SICM-AFM-optical microscope to measure forces due to hydrostatic pressure applied to a pipette’, Micro Nano Lett., 2012, 7, (4), pp. 317–320 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2011.0670).
-
3)
-
17. Cheng, L., Wen, L., Yuan, Z., Niu, D., He, L., Chu, J.: ‘Discharge properties and AFM imaging experiments of cantilever probe integrated with microplasma reactor’, Micro Nano Lett., 2012, 7, (6), pp. 569–571 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2012.0222).
-
4)
-
4. Swaminathan, V., Mythreye, K., Tim O'Brien, E., Berchuck, A., Blobe, G.C., Superfine, R.: ‘Mechanical stiffness grades metastatic potential in patient tumor cells and in cancer cell lines’, Cancer Res., 2011, 71, (15), pp. 5075–5080 (doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0247).
-
5)
-
2. Fai, P.B., Grant, A., Reid, B.: ‘Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a biomarker for rapid toxicity assessment’, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2007, 26, (7), pp. 1520–1531 (doi: 10.1897/06-394R1.1).
-
6)
-
13. Soufivand, A.A., Navidbakhsh, M., Soleimani, M.: ‘Is it appropriate to apply Hertz model to describe cardiac myocytes’ mechanical properties by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation?’, Micro Nano Lett., 2014, 9, (3), pp. 153–156 (doi: 10.1049/mnl.2014.0019).
-
7)
-
6. Torres, G.E., Gainetdinov, R.R., Caron, M.G.: ‘Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function’, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2003, 4, (1), pp. 13–25 (doi: 10.1038/nrn1008).
-
8)
-
5. Starodubtseva, M.N.: ‘Mechanical properties of cells and ageing’, Ageing Res. Rev., 2011, 10, (1), pp. 16–25 (doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.005).
-
9)
-
9. Kendall, M.A.F., Chong, Y.F., Cock, A.: ‘The mechanical properties of the skin epidermis in relation to targeted gene and drug delivery’, Biomaterials, 2007, 28, (33), pp. 4968–4977 (doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.006).
-
10)
-
1. Drabovich, A.P., Pavlou, M.P., Batruch, I., Diamandis, E.P.: ‘Proteomic and metabolomic approaches to biomarker discovery’ (Elsevier, 2013), pp. 17–37.
-
11)
-
10. McMahon, H.T., Gallop, J.L.: ‘Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling’, Nature, 2005, 438, (7068), pp. 590–596 (doi: 10.1038/nature04396).
-
12)
-
19. Notman, R., Noro, M., O'Malley, B., Anwar, J.: ‘Molecular basis for dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) action on lipid membranes’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, (43), pp. 13982–13983 (doi: 10.1021/ja063363t).
-
13)
-
21. Kwon, E., Kim, Y., Kim, D.: ‘Investigation of penetration force of living cell using an atomic force microscope’, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 2009, 23, pp. 1932–1938 (doi: 10.1007/s12206-009-0508-z).
-
14)
-
3. Di Carlo, D., Di Carlo, D.: ‘A mechanical biomarker of cell state in medicine’, J. Lab. Autom., 2012, 17, (1), pp. 32–42 (doi: 10.1177/2211068211431630).
-
15)
-
8. Sen, S., Subramanian, S., Discher, D.E.: ‘Indentation and adhesive probing of a cell membrane with AFM: theoretical model and experiments’, Biophys. J., 2005, 89, (5), pp. 3203–3213 (doi: 10.1529/biophysj.105.063826).
-
16)
-
7. Shen, Y.S.Y., Nakajima, M., Ahmad, M.R., Fukuda, T., Kojima, S., Homma, M.: ‘Single cell injection using nano pipette via nanorobotic manipulation system inside E-SEM’. 2009 9th IEEE Conf. Nanotechnology, 2009.
-
17)
-
16. Obataya, I., Nakamura, C., Han, S.: ‘Nanoscale operation of a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle’, Nano Lett., 2005, 5, (1), pp. 27–30 (doi: 10.1021/nl0485399).
-
18)
-
20. Obataya, I., Nakamura, C., Han, S.: ‘Mechanical sensing of the penetration of various nanoneedles into a living cell using atomic force microscopy’, Biosens. Bioelectron., 2005, 15, (20), pp. 1652–1655 (doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.07.020).
-
19)
-
11. Ursell, T., Agrawal, A., Phillips, R.: ‘Lipid bilayer mechanics in a pipette with glass-bilayer adhesion’, Biophys. J., 2011, 101, (8), pp. 1913–1920 (doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.057).
-
20)
-
12. Lim, H.W.G., Wortis, M., Mukhopadhyay, R.: ‘Stomatocyte-discocyte-echinocyte sequence of the human red blood cell: evidence for the bilayer-couple hypothesis from membrane mechanics’, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, (26), pp. 16766–16769 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.202617299).
-
21)
-
14. Wang, B., Lançon, P., Bienvenu, C., Vierling, P., Di Giorgio, C., Bossis, G.: ‘A general approach for the microrheology of cancer cells by atomic force microscopy’, Micron, 2013, 44, (2010), pp. 287–97 (doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.07.006).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2014.0693
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/mnl.2014.0693
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6