Optimal hop position-based minimum energy routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

K.S. Geethu; A.V. Babu

Optimal hop position-based minimum energy routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

View Fulltext

Author(s): K.S. Geethu¹ and A.V. Babu¹
- Affiliations: 1: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Kerala , Calicut , India
Source: Volume 2015, Issue 5, May 2015, p. 187 – 196
DOI: 10.1049/joe.2014.0284 , Online ISSN 2051-3305

This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

Received 24/10/2014, Accepted 27/04/2015, Published 30/04/2015

Development of energy-efficient routing protocols is a major concern in the design of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) since UASN nodes are typically powered by batteries, which are difficult to replace or recharge in aquatic environments. This study proposes an optimal hop position-based energy-efficient routing protocol for UASNs. Initially, the authors present an analytical model to compute the total energy consumption in a multi-hop UASN for deep water scenario, taking into account dependence of usable bandwidth on transmission distance and propagation characteristics of underwater acoustic channel. They derive analytical solution for the optimal hop distance that minimises total energy consumption in the network. They then propose an energy-efficient routing protocol that relies on the computation of optimal hop distance. In their routing scheme, selection of forwarding nodes are based on their depth, residual energy and closeness to the computed optimal hop position corresponding to source node. Simulation results show that total energy consumption of the network gets reduced drastically, leading to improvement in network lifetime. Moreover, the proposed routing scheme makes use of courier nodes to handle coverage-hole problem. The efficient movement of courier nodes improves packet delivery ratio and network throughput.

References

1. 1)
  - 8. Park, M.K., Rodoplu, V.: ‘UWAN-MAC: an energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks’, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2007, 32, (3), pp. 710–720 (doi: 10.1109/JOE.2007.899277).
2. 2)
  - 20. Ibrahim, D.M., Eltobely, T.E., Fahmy, M.M., Sallam, E.A.: ‘Enhancing the vector-based forwarding routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks: a clustering approach’. The Tenth Int. Conf. on Wireless and Mobile Communications. ICWMC 2014, Seville, Spain, June 2014, pp. 98–104.
3. 3)
  - 21. Domingo, M.C., Prior, R.: ‘Energy analysis of routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks’, Comput. Commun., 2008, 31, (6), pp. 1227–1238 (doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2007.11.005).
4. 4)
  - 9. Xie, P., Cui, J.H.: ‘R-MAC: an energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater sensor networks’. IEEE Int. Conf. on Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications (MASS), Chicago, August 2007, pp. 187–198.
5. 5)
  - 16. Zorzi, M., Casari, P., Baldo, N., Harris, A.F.: ‘Energy-efficient routing schemes for underwater acoustic networks’, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 2008, 26, (9), pp. 1754–1766 (doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2008.081214).
6. 6)
  - 24. Stojanovic, M.: ‘On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel’, ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., 2007, 11, (4), pp. 34–43 (doi: 10.1145/1347364.1347373).
7. 7)
  - 6. Zimmerling, M., Dargie, W., Reason, J.M.: ‘Energy-efficient routing in linear wireless sensor networks’. IEEE Int. Conf. on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, Pisa, October 2007, pp. 1–3.
8. 8)
  - 11. Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., Cui, J.H.: ‘DBR: depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks’. In NETWORKING 2008 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet, 2008, pp. 72–86.
9. 9)
  - 22. Harris, A.F.III, Stojanovic, M., Zorzi, M.: ‘Idle-time energy savings through wake-up modes in underwater acoustic networks’, Ad Hoc Netw., 2009, 7, (4), pp. 770–777 (doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2008.07.014).
10. 10)
  - 2. Partan, J., Kurose, J., Levine, B.N.: ‘A survey of practical issues in underwater networks’, ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., 2007, 11, (4), pp. 23–33 (doi: 10.1145/1347364.1347372).
11. 11)
  - 13. Wahid, A., Kim, D.: ‘An energy efficient localization-free routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks’, Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Netw., 2012, (2012), pp. 1–12 (doi: 10.1155/2012/307246).
12. 12)
  - 14. Wahid, A., Lee, S., Kim, D.: ‘An energy-efficient routing protocol for UWSNs using physical distance and residual energy’. OCEANS, 2011, IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–6.
13. 13)
  - 15. Jafri, M.R., Ahmed, S., Javaid, N., Ahmad, Z., Qureshi, R.J.: ‘AMCTD: adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized DBR protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks’. 2013 Eighth Int. Conf. on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2013, pp. 93–99.
14. 14)
  - 3. Pompili, D., Akyildiz, I.F.: ‘Overview of networking protocols for underwater wireless communications’, IEEE Commun. Mag., 2009, 47, (1), pp. 97–102 (doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2009.4752684).
15. 15)
  - 19. Xu, M., Liu, G., Wu, H.: ‘An energy-efficient routing algorithm for underwater wireless sensor networks inspired by ultrasonic frogs’, Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2014, (2014), pp. 1–12.
16. 16)
  - 17. Gopi, S., Govindan, K., Chander, D., Desai, U.B., Merchant, S.N.: ‘E-PULRP: energy optimized path unaware layered routing protocol for underwater sensor networks’, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2010, 9, (11), pp. 3391–3401 (doi: 10.1109/TWC.2010.091510.090452).
17. 17)
  - 4. Akyildiz, I.F., Pompili, D., Melodia, T.: ‘State-of-the-art in protocol research for underwater acoustic sensor networks’. Proc. of the First ACM Int. Workshop on Underwater Networks, 2006, pp. 7–16.
18. 18)
  - 26. Jurdak, R., Lopes, C.V., Baldi, P.: ‘Battery lifetime estimation and optimization for underwater sensor networks’, IEEE Sens. Netw. Operations, 2004, 2006, pp. 397–420.
19. 19)
  - 7. Chang, J.H., Tassiulas, : ‘Energy conserving routing in wireless ad-hoc networks’. INFOCOM 2000. 19th Annual Joint Conf. of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proc. IEEE, Tel Aviv, USA, March 2000, vol. 1, pp. 22–31.
20. 20)
  - 23. Stojanovic, M., Preisig, J.: ‘Underwater acoustic communication channels: propagation models and statistical characterization’, IEEE Commun. Mag., 2009, 47, (1), pp. 84–89 (doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2009.4752682).
21. 21)
  - 1. Akyildiz, I.F., Pompili, D., Melodia, T.: ‘Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges’, Ad Hoc Netw., 2005, 3, (3), pp. 257–279 (doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2005.01.004).
22. 22)
  - 18. Domingo, M.C.: ‘A distributed energy-aware routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks’, Wirel. Pers. Commun., 2011, 57, (4), pp. 607–627 (doi: 10.1007/s11277-009-9864-3).
23. 23)
  - 5. Zhang, H., Shen, H.: ‘EEGR: energy-efficient geographic routing in wireless sensor networks’. Proc. Int. Conf. on Parallel Processing, ICPP, IEEE, Xi'an, September 2007, p. 67.
24. 24)
  - 12. Jornet, J.M., Stojanovic, M., Zorzi, : ‘Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks’. Proc. of the Third ACM Int. Workshop on Underwater Networks, 2008, pp. 75–82.
25. 25)
  - 25. Freitag, L., Grund, M., Singh, S., Partan, J., Koski, P., Ball, K.: ‘The WHOI micro-modem: an acoustic communications and navigation system for multiple platforms’. OCEANS, 2005. Proc. of MTS/IEEE, 2005, pp. 1086–1092.
26. 26)
  - 10. Xie, P., Cui, J.H., Lao, L.: ‘VBF: vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks’. NETWORKING 2006. Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems, 2006, pp. 1216–1221.

Login

Not registered yet?

Share

Tools

Login to add to favourites

Key

Optimal hop position-based minimum energy routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

References

Related content