This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
This study presents a stand-alone excitation synchronous wind power generator (SESWPG) with power flow management strategy (PFMS). The rotor speed of the excitation synchronous generator tracks the utility grid frequency by using servo motor tracking technologies. The automatic voltage regulator governs the exciting current of generator to achieve the control goals of stable voltage. When wind power is less than the needs of the consumptive loading, the proposed PFMS increases motor torque to provide a positive power output for the loads, while keeping the generator speed constant. Conversely, during the periods of wind power greater than output loads, the redundant power of generator production is charged to the battery pack and the motor speed remains constant with very low power consumption. The advantage of the proposed SESWPG is that the generator can directly output stable alternating current (AC) electricity without using additional DC–AC converters. The operation principles with software simulation for the system are described in detail. Experimental results of a laboratory prototype are shown to verify the feasibility of the system.
References
-
-
1)
-
18. Zhang, S., Tseng, K., Vilathgamuwa, D.M., Nguyen, T.D., Wang, X.: ‘Design of a robust grid interface system for PMSG-based wind turbine generators’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (1), pp. 316–328 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2044737).
-
2)
-
2. Sharma, S., Singh, B.: ‘Control of permanent magnet synchronous generator-based stand-alone wind energy conversion system’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2012, 5, (8), pp. 1519–1526 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2011.0367).
-
3)
-
13. Razzaghi, R., Davarpanah, M., Sanaye-Pasand, M.: ‘A novel protective scheme to protect small-scale synchronous generators against transient instability’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (4), pp. 1659–1667 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2186773).
-
4)
-
1. Cardenas, R., Pena, R., Alepuz, S., Asher, G.: ‘Overview of control systems for the operation of DFIGs in wind energy applications’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, pp. 2776–2798 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2243372).
-
5)
-
4. Iwanski, G., Koczara, W.: ‘DFIG-based power generation system with UPS function for variable-speed applications’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2008, 55, (8), pp. 3047–3054 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2008.918473).
-
6)
-
18. Xie, K., Jiang, Z., Li, W.: ‘Effect of wind speed on wind turbine power converter reliability’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2012, 27, (1), pp. 96–104 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2179656).
-
7)
-
10. Bu, F., Huang, W., Hu, Y., Shi, K.: ‘An excitation-capacitor-optimized dual stator-winding induction generator with the static excitation controller for wind power application’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2011, 26, (1), pp. 122–131 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.2010.2072509).
-
8)
-
2. Bhende, C.N., Mishra, S., Malla, S.G.: ‘Permanent magnet synchronous generator-based standalone wind energy supply system’, IEEE Trans. Sust. Energy, 2011, 2, (4), pp. 361–373 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2011.2159253).
-
9)
-
9. Geng, H., Xu, D., Wu, B., Yang, G.: ‘Active damping for PMSG-based WECS with dc-link current estimation’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (4), pp. 1110–1119 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2040568).
-
10)
-
10. Chen, Y.T., Chiu, C.L., Jhang, Y.R., et al: ‘A driver for the single-phase brushless DC fan motor with hybrid winding structure’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (10), pp. 4369–4375 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2209619).
-
11)
-
11. Munoz-Aguilar, R.S., Dòria-Cerezo, A., Fossas, E., et al: ‘Sliding mode control of a stand-alone wound rotor synchronous generator’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (10), pp. 4888–4897 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2116754).
-
12)
-
16. Colli, V.D., Marignetti, F., Attaianese, C.: ‘Analytical and multiphysics approach to the optimal design of a 10 MW DFIG for direct-drive wind turbines’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (7), pp. 2791–2799 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2168790).
-
13)
-
5. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Design and implementation of four-leg voltage-source-converter-based VFC for autonomous wind energy conversion system’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (12), pp. 4694–4703 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2179271).
-
14)
-
9. Barote, L., Marinescu, C., Cirstea, M.N.: ‘Control structure for single-phase stand-alone wind-based energy sources’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (2), pp. 764–772 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2206346).
-
15)
-
6. Di Gerlando, A., Foglia, G., Iacchetti, M.F., Perini, R.: ‘Axial flux PM machines with concentrated armature windings: design analysis and test validation of wind energy generators’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (9), pp. 3795–3805 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2081956).
-
16)
-
19. Stipetic, S., Kovacic, M., Hanic, Z., Vrazic, M.: ‘Measurement of excitation winding temperature on synchronous generator in rotation using infrared thermography’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (5), pp. 2288–2298 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2158047).
-
17)
-
11. Rajaei, A., Mohamadian, M., Varjani, A.Y.: ‘Vienna-rectifier-based direct torque control of PMSG for wind energy application’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (7), pp. 2919–2929 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2227905).
-
18)
-
15. Wang, J., Qu, R., Liu, Y.: ‘Comparison study of superconducting generators with multiphase armature windings for large-scale direct-drive wind turbines’, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, (3), p. 5201005 (doi: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2241172).
-
19)
-
6. Alepuz, S., Calle, A., Monge, S.B., et al: ‘Use of stored energy in PMSG rotor inertia for low-voltage ride-through in back-to-back NPC converter-based wind power systems’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (5), pp. 1787–1796 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2190954).
-
20)
-
21. Chern, T.L., Chang, J., Chang, G.K.: ‘DSP-based integral variable structure model following control for brushless DC motor drives’, IEEE Trans. Trans. Power Electron., 1997, 12, (1), pp. 53–63 (doi: 10.1109/63.554169).
-
21)
-
F. Bu ,
W. Huang ,
Y. Hu ,
J. Shi ,
K. Shi
.
An excitation-capacitor-optimized dual stator-winding induction generator with the static excitation controller for wind power application.
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.
,
1 ,
122 -
131
-
22)
-
15. Wang, J., Qu, R., Liu, Y.: ‘Comparison study of superconducting generators with multiphase armature windings for large-scale direct-drive wind turbines’, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2013, 23, (3), p. 5201005 (doi: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2241172).
-
23)
-
G. Iwanski ,
W. Koczara
.
DFIG-based power generation system with UPS function for variable-speed applications.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
,
8 ,
3047 -
3054
-
24)
-
7. Cardenas, R., Pena, R., Alepuz, S., Asher, G.: ‘Overview of control systems for the operation of DFIGs in wind energy applications’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, pp. 2776–2798 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2243372).
-
25)
-
8. Alepuz, S., Calle-Prado, A., Busquets-Monge, S., Kouro, S., Wu, B.: ‘Use of stored energy in PMSG rotor inertia for low voltage ride-through in back-to-back NPC converter based wind power systems’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 20, (5), pp. 1787–1796 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2190954).
-
26)
-
16. Colli, V.D., Marignetti, F., Attaianese, C.: ‘Analytical and multiphysics approach to the optimal design of a 10 MW DFIG for direct-drive wind turbines’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (7), pp. 2791–2799 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2168790).
-
27)
-
13. Razzaghi, R., Davarpanah, M., Sanaye-Pasand, M.: ‘A novel protective scheme to protect small-scale synchronous generators against transient instability’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (4), pp. 1659–1667 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2186773).
-
28)
-
22. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Design and implementation of four-leg voltage-source-converter-based VFC for autonomous wind energy conversion system’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (12), pp. 4694–4703 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2179271).
-
29)
-
19. Stipetic, S., Kovacic, M., Hanic, Z., Vrazic, M.: ‘Measurement of excitation winding temperature on synchronous generator in rotation using infrared thermography’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (5), pp. 2288–2298 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2158047).
-
30)
-
6. Di Gerlando, A., Foglia, G., Iacchetti, M.F., Perini, R.: ‘Axial flux PM machines with concentrated armature windings: design analysis and test validation of wind energy generators’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (9), pp. 3795–3805 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2081956).
-
31)
-
T.L. Chern ,
J. Chang ,
G.K. Chang
.
DSP-based integral variable structure model following control for brushless DC motor drives.
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
,
1 ,
53 -
63
-
32)
-
10. Sharma, S., Singh, B.: ‘Control of permanent magnet synchronous generator-based stand-alone wind energy conversion system’, IET Power Electron., 2012, 5, (8), pp. 1519–1526 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2011.0367).
-
33)
-
8. Bhende, C.N., Mishra, S., Malla, S.G.: ‘Permanent magnet synchronous generator-based standalone wind energy supply system’, IEEE Trans. Sust. Energy, 2011, 2, (4), pp. 361–373 (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2011.2159253).
-
34)
-
3. Munoz-Aguilar, R.S., Dòria-Cerezo, A., Fossas, E., Cardoner, R.: ‘Sliding mode control of a stand-alone wound rotor synchronous generator’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (10), pp. 4888–4897 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2116754).
-
35)
-
15. Barote, L., Marinescu, C., Cirstea, M.N.: ‘Control structure for single-phase stand-alone wind-based energy sources’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (2), pp. 764–772 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2206346).
-
36)
-
22. Chern, T.L., Wu, Y.C.: ‘Design of brushless DC position servo systems using integral variable structure approach’, IEE Proc., B., 1993, 140–1, pp. 27–34.
-
37)
-
9. Geng, H., Xu, D., Wu, B., Yang, G.: ‘Active damping for PMSG-based WECS with dc-link current estimation’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (4), pp. 1110–1119 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2040568).
-
38)
-
S. Zhang ,
K.J. Tseng ,
D.M. Vilathgamuwa
.
Design of a robust grid interface system for PMSG-based wind turbine generators.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr.
,
1 ,
316 -
328
-
39)
-
4. Chen, Y., Chiu, C., Jhang, Y., Tang, Z., Liang, R.: ‘A driver for the single-phase brushless DC fan motor with hybrid winding structure’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 60, (10), pp. 4369–4375 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2209619).
-
40)
-
18. Xie, K., Jiang, Z., Li, W.: ‘Effect of wind speed on wind turbine power converter reliability’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2012, 27, (1), pp. 96–104 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2179656).
-
41)
-
15. Rajaei, A., Mohamadian, M., Yazdian Varjani, A.: ‘Vienna-rectifier-based direct torque control of PMSG for wind energy application’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2013, 60, (7), pp. 2919–2929 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2227905).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2014.0217
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/joe.2014.0217
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6