© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
The diagonal loading (DL) technique is the most widely used method to improve the robustness of the Capon beamformer in the presence of imprecise knowledge of the covariance matrix and the desired signal's steering vector. The selection of the DL level is challenging in practice and might depend on some user-defined parameters which are possibly hard to be determined. A fully automatic and training-free method for the DL level selection is herein presented to extract the desired signal with constant modulus, which is a common feature for communication signals. Simulated results of the beamforming performance have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method.
References
-
-
1)
-
J. Li ,
P. Stoica ,
Z. Wang
.
On robust Capon beamforming and diagonal loading.
IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing
,
7 ,
1702 -
1715
-
2)
-
14. Vorobyov, S.A.: ‘Principles of minimum variance robust adaptive beamforming design’, Signal Process., 2013, 93, (12), pp. 3264–3277 (doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.10.021).
-
3)
-
S.A. Vorobyov ,
A.B. Gershman ,
Z.-Q. Luo
.
Robust adaptive beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: a solution to the signal mismatch problem.
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
,
313 -
324
-
4)
-
J. Capon
.
High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis.
Proc. IEEE
,
1408 -
1418
-
5)
-
22. Zhang, X.R., Liu, Z.W., Xu, Y.G., Liu, W.: ‘Quaternion-based worst case constrained beamformer based on electromagnetic vector-sensor arrays’. Proc. 38th IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2013, pp. 4149–4153.
-
6)
-
2. Li, J., Stoica, P.: ‘Robust adaptive beamforming’ (Wiley, New York, 2005).
-
7)
-
3. Zhuang, J., Manikas, A.: ‘Interference cancellation beamforming robust to pointing errors’, IET Signal Process., 2013, 7, (2), pp. 120–127 (doi: 10.1049/iet-spr.2011.0464).
-
8)
-
P. Stoica ,
Z. Wang ,
J. Li
.
Robust capon beamforming.
IEEE Sig. Process. Lett.
,
6 ,
172 -
175
-
9)
-
28. Xu, Y.G., Ma, J.Y., Liu, Z.W., Liu, W.: ‘A class of diagonally loaded robust Capon beamformers for noncircular signals of interest’, Signal Process., 2014, 94, pp. 670–680 (doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2013.07.013).
-
10)
-
12. Wang, W., Wu, R., Liang, J.: ‘A novel diagonal loading method for robust adaptive beamforming’, Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, 2011, 18, pp. 245–255.
-
11)
-
25. Du, L., Li, J., Stoica, P.: ‘Fully automatic computation of diagonal loading levels for robust adaptive beamforming’, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 2010, 46, (1), pp. 449–458 (doi: 10.1109/TAES.2010.5417174).
-
12)
-
8. Gershman, A.B.: ‘Robust adaptive beamforming: an overview of recent trends and advances in the field’. Proc. Int. Conf. Antenna Theory and Techniques, 2003, pp. 30–35.
-
13)
-
27. Stoica, P., Li, J., Tan, X.: ‘On spatial power spectrum and signal estimation using the Pisarenko framework’, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2008, 56, (10), pp. 5109–5119 (doi: 10.1109/TSP.2008.928935).
-
14)
-
B.D. Carlson
.
Covariance matrix estimation errors and diagonal loading in adaptive arrays.
IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.
,
4 ,
397 -
401
-
15)
-
Z. Ye ,
C. Liu
.
Non-sensitive adaptive beamforming against mutual coupling.
IET Signal Process.
,
1 ,
1 -
6
-
16)
-
29. Liu, W.L., Ding, S.X.: ‘An efficient method to determine the diagonal loading factor using the constant modulus feature’, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2008, 56, (12), pp. 6102–6106 (doi: 10.1109/TSP.2008.2005862).
-
17)
-
26. Yang, J., Ma, X.C., Hou, C.H.: ‘Automatic generalized loading for robust adaptive beamforming’, IEEE Signal Process. Lett., 2009, 16, (3), pp. 219–222 (doi: 10.1109/LSP.2008.2010807).
-
18)
-
R.G. Lorenz ,
S.P. Boyd
.
Robust minimum variance beamforming.
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
,
5 ,
1684 -
1696
-
19)
-
L. Wang ,
R.C. de Lamare
.
Constrained adaptive filtering algorithms based on conjugate gradient techniques for beamforming.
IET Sig. Proc.
,
6 ,
686 -
697
-
20)
-
A. Elnashar ,
S.M. Elnoubi ,
H.A. El-Mikati
.
Further study on robust adaptive beam-forming with optimum diagonal loading.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.
,
12 ,
3647 -
3658
-
21)
-
19. Vorobyov, S.A., Chen, H.H., Gershman, A.B.: ‘On the relationship between robust minimum variance beamformers with probabilistic and worst-case distortionless response constraints’, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2008, 56, (11), pp. 5719–5724 (doi: 10.1109/TSP.2008.929866).
-
22)
-
S. Shahbazpanahi ,
A.B. Gershman ,
Z.Q. Luo ,
K.M. Wong
.
Robust adaptive beamforming for general-rank signal models.
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
,
9 ,
2257 -
2269
-
23)
-
X. Mestre ,
M.A. Lagunas
.
Finite sample size effect on minimum variance beamformers: optimum diagonal loading factor for large arrays.
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
,
1 ,
69 -
82
-
24)
-
23. Du, L., Yardibi, T., Li, J., Stoica, P.: ‘Review of user parameter-free robust adaptive beamforming algorithms’, Digit. Signal Process., 2009, 19, (4), pp. 567–582 (doi: 10.1016/j.dsp.2009.02.001).
-
25)
-
20. Ruebsamen, M., Gershman, A.B.: ‘Robust adaptive beamforming using multi-dimensional covariance fitting’, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2012, 60, pp. 740–753 (doi: 10.1109/TSP.2011.2174233).
-
26)
-
J. Li ,
P. Stoica ,
Z. Wang
.
Doubly constrained robust Capon beamformer.
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
,
9 ,
2407 -
2423
-
27)
-
24. Selén, Y., Abrahamsson, R., Stoica, P.: ‘Automatic robust adaptive beamforming via ridge regression’, Signal Process., 2008, 88, (1), pp. 33–49 (doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2007.07.003).
-
28)
-
4. Wang, L., de Lamare, R.C.: ‘Set-membership constrained conjugate gradient adaptive algorithm for beamforming’, IET Signal Process., 2012, 6, (8), pp. 789–797 (doi: 10.1049/iet-spr.2011.0324).
-
29)
-
J. Treichler ,
B. Agee
.
A new approach to multipath correction of constant modulus signals.
IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Proc.
,
2 ,
459 -
471
-
30)
-
9. Vincent, F., Besson, O.: ‘Steering vector errors and diagonal loading’, IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig., 2004, 151, (6), pp. 337–343 (doi: 10.1049/ip-rsn:20041069).
-
31)
-
7. Ma, N., Goh, J.T.: ‘Efficient method to determine diagonal loading value’. Proc. 28th IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2003, pp. 341–344.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-spr.2013.0416
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-spr.2013.0416
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6