Your browser does not support JavaScript!
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com
1887

access icon free Evaluation of the reserve capacity in a grid supplied by intermittent energy sources

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Received 19/02/2017, Accepted 29/11/2017, Revised 29/10/2017, Published 30/11/2017

Renewable energy (RnE) is a key element for the national energy strategies in the world especially for emerging and developing countries. Morocco, which has no conventional energy resources, depends almost entirely on the international primary energy market, to satisfy its growing demand inherent to its economic growth and its demographic progression, the country import the majority for its supply of energy sources. Morocco has implemented an important energy strategy that supports the country's transition to RnE and energy efficiency that generalises across all consumer sectors of the economy (housing, transport, industry). However, the integration of renewables into power systems and the development of adequate reserve capacity are seem to be significant for these strategies in particular in the wind power case. This study presents the impact of the smoothing effect on reserve capacity and energy savings available through the net balancing between different climate zones to achieve fuel cost savings and reduce CO2 emissions.

Inspec keywords: power markets; carbon compounds; power grids; air pollution control; wind power plants

Other keywords: wind power; international primary energy market; demographic progression; renewable energy; CO2; intermittent energy sources; RnE; Morocco; national energy strategies; emission reduction; power systems; fuel cost savings; reserve capacity evaluation; smoothing effect; energy efficiency

Subjects: Power system management, operation and economics; Wind power plants

References

    1. 1)
      • 20. Carranza, O., Figueres, E., Garcera, G., et al: ‘Analysis of the control structure of wind energy generation systems based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator’, Appl. Energy, 2013, 103, pp. 522–538.
    2. 2)
      • 9. Barasa, M., Aganda, A.: ‘Wind power variability of selected sites in Kenya and the impact to system operating reserve’, Renew. Energy, 2016, 85, pp. 464–471.
    3. 3)
      • 34. Lannoye, E., Flynn, D., O'Malley, M.: ‘Evaluation of power system flexibility’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 27, pp. 922–931.
    4. 4)
      • 14. Jong, P., Kiperstok, A., Santos, A., et al: ‘Integrating large scale wind power into the electricity grid in the northeast of Brazil’, Energy, 2016, 100, pp. 401–415.
    5. 5)
      • 19. Macquart, T., Maheri, A., Busawon, K.: ‘A decoupling control strategy for wind turbine blades equipped with active flow controllers’, Wind Energy, 2017, 20, (4), pp. 569–584.
    6. 6)
      • 32. Ruiwei, J., Jianhui, W., Yongpei, G.: ‘Robust unit commitment with wind power and pumped storage hydro’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2012, 27, pp. 800–810.
    7. 7)
      • 16. De-Rijcke, S., Driesen, J., Meyers, J.: ‘Power smoothing in large wind farms using optimal control of rotating kinetic energy reserves’, Wind Energy, 2015, 18, (10), pp. 1777–1791.
    8. 8)
      • 37. Elshkaki, A., Graedel, T.E.: ‘Dysprosium, the balance problem, and wind power technology’, Appl. Energy, 2014, 136, pp. 548–559.
    9. 9)
      • 13. Choukri, K., Naddami, A., Hayani, S.M.: ‘Deep analysis of wind variability and smoothing effect in Moroccan wind farms’, Wind Eng., 2017, 0309524X17709731.
    10. 10)
      • 7. Gallo, A.B., Simões-Moreira, J.R., Costa, H.K.M., et al: ‘Energy storage in the energy transition context: a technology review’, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 2016, 65, pp. 800–822.
    11. 11)
      • 26. Reichelstein, S., Sahoo, A.: ‘Time of day pricing and the levelized cost of intermittent power generation’, Energy Econ., 2015, 48, pp. 97–108.
    12. 12)
      • 10. Olauson, J., Bergkvist, M.: ‘Correlation between wind power generation in the European countries’, Energy, 2016, 114, pp. 663–670.
    13. 13)
      • 29. Choi, S.S., Tseng, K.J., Yuan, Y.: ‘Design of energy storage scheme for the smoothing and dispatch planning of large-scale wind power generation’, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2015, 8, pp. 2113–2119.
    14. 14)
      • 23. Gouveia, J., Dias, L., Martins, I., et al: ‘Effects of renewables penetration on the security of Portuguese electricity supply’, Appl. Energy, 2014, 123, pp. 438–447.
    15. 15)
      • 2. IRENA: ‘Prospects for the African power sector’ (IRENA Publications, Abu-Dhabi, 2013).
    16. 16)
      • 6. Ostergaard, P.A.: ‘Transmission-grid requirements with scattered and fluctuating renewable electricity-sources’, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 2003, 76, pp. 247–255.
    17. 17)
      • 5. Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Ding, Y., et al: ‘Review of real-time electricity markets for integrating distributed energy resources and demand response’, Appl. Energy, 2015, 138, pp. 695–706.
    18. 18)
      • 28. Nanahara, T., Asari, M., Maejima, T., et al: ‘Smoothing effects of distributed wind turbines. part 2. coherence among power output of distant wind turbines’, Wind Energy, 2004, 7, (2), pp. 75–85.
    19. 19)
      • 21. Díaz-González, F., Sumper, A., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., et al: ‘Energy management of flywheel-based energy storage device for wind power smoothing’, Appl. Energy, 2013, 110, pp. 207–219.
    20. 20)
      • 35. Ma, T., Yang, H., Lu, L.: ‘Feasibility study and economic analysis of pumped hydro storage and battery storage for a renewable energy powered island’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2014, 79, pp. 387–397.
    21. 21)
      • 1. IEA: ‘Key world energy statistics’ (IEA Publications, Paris, 2015).
    22. 22)
      • 8. Quirk, T., Miskelly, A.: ‘Wind farming in South East Australia’, Energy Environ., 2009, 20, pp. 1249–1255.
    23. 23)
      • 12. Krutova, M., Kies, A., Schyska, B., et al: ‘The smoothing effect in an afro-eurasian renewable power grid’, EMS Annu. Meet. Abstr., 2016, 13, pp. 122–131.
    24. 24)
      • 3. Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Belattar, M., et al: ‘Morocco's strategy for energy security and low-carbon growth’, Energy, 2015, 84, pp. 98–105. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.048.
    25. 25)
      • 11. Reichenberg, L., Wojciechowski, A., Hedenus, F., et al: ‘Geographic aggregation of wind power an optimization methodology for avoiding low outputs’, Wind Energy, 2016, 20, (1), pp. 19–32.
    26. 26)
      • 15. Johnston, L., Díaz-González, F., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., et al: ‘Methodology for the economic optimisation of energy storage systems for frequency support in wind power plants’, Appl. Energy, 2015, 137, pp. 660–669.
    27. 27)
      • 17. Kirchner-Bossi, N., García-Herrera, R., Prieto, L., et al: ‘A long-term perspective of wind power output variability’, Int. J. Climatol., 2014, 35, (9), pp. 2635–2646.
    28. 28)
      • 33. Alizadeh, M.I., Parsamoghaddam, M., Amjady, N., et al: ‘Flexibility in future power systems with high renewable penetration: a review’, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 2016, 57, pp. 1186–1193.
    29. 29)
      • 31. Anagnostopoulos, J.S., Papantonis, D.E.: ‘Pumping station design for a pumped-storage wind-hydro power plant’, Energy Convers. Manage., 2007, 48, pp. 3009–3017.
    30. 30)
      • 18. Duong, Q., Rakibuzzaman, S., Mithulananthan, N.: ‘Technical challenges, security and risk in grid integration of renewable energy’, in Jayaweera, D. (Ed.): ‘Smart power systems and renewable energy system integration’, vol. 57 (Springer, Switzerland, 2016), pp. 99–118.
    31. 31)
      • 4. Haoran, Z., Qiuwei, W., Shuju, H., et al: ‘Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support’, Appl. Energy, 2015, 137, pp. 545–553.
    32. 32)
      • 24. Albadi, M.H., El-Saadany, E.F.: ‘Overview of wind power intermittency impacts on power systems’, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2010, 80, pp. 627–632.
    33. 33)
      • 27. Kousksou, T., Allouhi, A., Belattar, M., et al: ‘Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco’, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 2015, 47, pp. 46–57. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
    34. 34)
      • 30. Choukri, K., Naddami, A., Hayani, S.: ‘Renewable energy in emergent countries: lessons from energy transition in Morocco’, Energy Sust. Soc., 2017, 7, (1), p. 25. Available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-017-0131-2.
    35. 35)
      • 25. De-Vos, K., Morbee, J., Driesen, J., et al: ‘Impact of wind power on sizing and allocation of reserve requirements’, IET Renew. Power Gener., 2013, 7, (1), pp. 1–9.
    36. 36)
      • 22. Solomon, A., Kammen, D., Callaway, D.: ‘Investigating the impact of wind–solar complementarities on energy storage requirement and the corresponding supply reliability criteria’, Appl. Energy, 2016, 168, pp. 130–145.
    37. 37)
      • 36. Shafiullah, G., Amanullah, M., Shawkatali, A., et al: ‘Potential challenges of integrating large-scale wind energy into the power grid–A review’, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 2013, 20, pp. 306–321.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0119
Loading

Related content

content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0119
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6
Loading
Print this page
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address