Techno-economic evaluation of load frequency control systems for electric vehicle fleet integration
- Author(s): Hamza Bokhari 1 and Dirk Westermann 1
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- Source:
Volume 11, Issue 6,
10 May 2017,
p.
819 – 826
DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0589 , Print ISSN 1752-1416, Online ISSN 1752-1424
Environmental concerns and policy directives coupled with renewable energy penetration targets in Europe and United States are leading to a greater need for identifying technical and economic characteristics that facilitate the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the electricity network. An important step in mitigating instability associated with unregulated EV charging and renewable power feed-in is the integration of EVs as providers of load frequency control (LFC). This study presents an evaluation of six European and North American LFC systems on the basis of EV characteristics to identify suitability for EV integration. The evaluation shows that the Eastern Denmark network is most feasible for frequency containment and restoration reserve using EVs.
Inspec keywords: frequency control; power system restoration; load regulation; power system economics; power system stability; electric vehicle charging
Other keywords: techno-economic evaluation; economic characteristics identification; Europe; environmental concerns; restoration reserve; North American LFC system; policy directives; electric vehicle fleet integration; frequency containment; United States; unregulated EV charging; European LFC system; technical characteristics identification; renewable energy penetration targets; electricity network; renewable power feed-in; load frequency control systems; instability mitigation; Eastern Denmark network
Subjects: Control of electric power systems; Transportation; Stability in control theory; Power system management, operation and economics; Transportation system control; Frequency control
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