© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
In this paper, a new methodology is developed to assess the adequacy of frequency reserves to handle power imbalances caused by wind power forecast errors. The goal of this methodology is to estimate the adequate volume and speed of activation of frequency reserves required to handle power imbalances caused due to high penetration of wind power. An algorithm is proposed and developed to estimate the power imbalances due to wind power forecast error following activation of different operating reserves. Frequency containment reserve (FCR) requirements for mitigating these power imbalances are developed through this methodology. Furthermore, the probability of reducing this FCR requirement is investigated through this methodology with activation of different volumes and speed of frequency restoration reserve. Wind power generation for 2020 and 2030 scenarios for Continental Europe network are investigated based on which recommendations are made for requirements of frequency reserves in these scenarios. It has been observed through simulations that FCR requirements reduce exponentially with increase in volume of frequency restoration reserve and remains almost unaffected by increase activation speed of frequency restoration reserve.
References
-
-
1)
-
16. Sorensen, P., Cutululis, N.A., Vigueras-Rodŕıguez, A., et al: ‘Power fluctuations from large wind farms’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2007, 22, (3), pp. 958–965.
-
2)
-
20. : ‘P1–Policy 1: Load-Frequency Control and Performance [C]’. .
-
3)
-
14. Menemenlis, N., Huneault, M., Robitaille, A.: ‘Computation of dynamic operating balancing reserve for wind power integration for the time-horizon 1–48 hours’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2012, 3, (4), pp. 692–702.
-
4)
-
25. : ‘Scenario Outlook & Adequacy Forecast (SO&AF) 2014–2030’, .
-
5)
-
18. Parsons, B., Milligan, M., Zavadil, B., et al: ‘Grid impacts of wind power: a summary of recent studies in the United States’, Wind Energy, 2004, 7, (2), pp. 87–108.
-
6)
-
7)
-
6. EUROPEAN COMMISSION: . 2016, .
-
8)
-
12. Kiviluoma, J., O'Malley, M., Tuohy, A., et al: ‘Impact of wind power on the unit commitment, operating reserves, and market design’. Proc. of IEEE PES General Meeting, July 2011, pp. 1–8.
-
9)
-
5. UCTE: ‘Operation handbook’. , Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity, .
-
10)
-
10. Ela, E., Kirby, B., Lannoye, E., et al: ‘Evolution of operating reserve determination in wind power integration studies’. Proc. of IEEE PES General Meeting, July 2010.
-
11)
-
13. Botterud, A., Zhou, Z., Wang, J., et al: ‘Unit commitment and operating reserves with probabilistic wind power forecasts’. Proc. of IEEE PowerTech, Trondheim, 2011.
-
12)
-
11. Holttinen, H., Milligan, M., Ela, E., et al: ‘Methodologies to determine operating reserves due to increased wind power’, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, 2007, 3, (4), pp. 713–723.
-
13)
-
14)
-
2. Das, K., Hansen, A.D., Sørensen, P.E.: ‘Aspects of relevance of wind power in power system defense plans’. 12th Int. Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants, 2013, pp. 416–421.
-
15)
-
21. : ‘Global Offshore Wind Database’, .
-
16)
-
19. : ‘Network Code on Load Frequency Control and Reserves (LFCR)’, .
-
17)
-
4. Das, K., Nitsas, A., Altin, M., et al: ‘Improved load shedding scheme considering distributed generation’, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2016, 32(1), pp. 515–524.
-
18)
-
8. Milligan, M., Donohoo, P., Lewothers, D., et al: ‘Operating reserves and wind power integration: an international comparison’. Proc. of Nineth Int. Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems, October 2010.
-
19)
-
23. Cutululis, N.A., Litong-Palima, M., Zeni, L., et al: ‘Offshore wind power data: deliverable No: 16.1’. , 2012.
-
20)
-
22. TheWindPower: ‘Wind Farms List’, .
-
21)
-
15. Das, K., Litong-Palima, M., Maule, P., et al: ‘Adequacy of operating reserves for power systems in future European wind power scenarios’. IEEE PES General Meeting, July 2015.
-
22)
-
17. Sorensen, P., Litong-Palima, M., Hahmann, A.N., et al: ‘Wind power variability and power system reserves’. , 2016.
-
23)
-
24. Das, K.: ‘Integration of renewable generation in power system defence plans’. PhD dissertation, Technical University of Denmark, 2016.
-
24)
-
26. : ‘Supporting Document for the Network Code on Load-Frequency Control and Reserves’, .
-
25)
-
3. De Boeck, S., Das, K., Trovato, V., et al: ‘Review of defence plans in Europe: current status, strengths and opportunities’, CIGRE Sci. Eng., 2016, 5, pp. 2–11.
-
26)
-
9. Ela, E., Milligan, M., Kirby, B.: , August 2011.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0501
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0501
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6