Voltage and frequency controllers for standalone wind energy conversion systems
- Author(s): Bhim Singh 1 and Shailendra Sharma 2
-
-
View affiliations
-
Affiliations:
1:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 1100116, India;
2: Electrical Engineering Department, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, 23, Park Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452003, India
-
Affiliations:
1:
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 1100116, India;
- Source:
Volume 8, Issue 6,
August 2014,
p.
707 – 721
DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0186 , Print ISSN 1752-1416, Online ISSN 1752-1424
This study presents the design, development and comprehensive analysis of voltage and frequency controllers (VFCs) for standalone wind energy conversion systems (SWECSs). An isolated asynchronous generator, a synchronous generator (SG) and a permanent magnet SG are used with these SWECSs. These VFCs are developed with three-phase generators driven through a wind turbine to feed three-phase and single-phase loads. A battery energy storage system is used invariably with each system configuration to facilitate load leveling under change in wind speeds and consumer loads. The performance of VFCs are demonstrated to validate its operation as a load leveler, load balancer, phase balancer, neutral current compensator and an active filter along with a VFC.
Inspec keywords: load flow control; synchronous generators; secondary cells; wind power plants; machine control; wind turbines; permanent magnet generators; frequency control; neutral currents; asynchronous generators; voltage regulators; active filters
Other keywords: load leveler; wind turbine; voltage and frequency controller; battery energy storage system; active filter; consumer load; load balancer; wind speed; SWECS; single phase load; neutral current compensator; isolated asynchronous generator; phase balancer; three phase load; three phase generator; permanent magnet synchronous generator; standalone wind energy conversion system; VFC
Subjects: Secondary cells; Synchronous machines; Frequency control; Asynchronous machines; Wind power plants; Control of electric power systems; Power system control; Voltage control
References
-
-
1)
-
8. Lai, L.L., Chan, T.F.: ‘Distributed generation-induction and permanent magnet generators’ (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2007).
-
-
2)
-
38. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘SRF theory for voltage and frequency control of IAG based wind power generation’. Proc. IEEE Conf., ICPS '09, 27–29 December 2009, pp. 1–6.
-
-
3)
-
23. Sharma, S., Singh, B.: ‘Autonomous wind energy conversion system employing synchronous generator’. Proc. IEEE IICPE Conf. 2012, 6–8 December 2012, pp. 1–6.
-
-
4)
-
21. Ermis, M., Ertan, H.B., Akpinar, E., Ulgut, F.: ‘Autonomous wind energy conversion system with a simple controller for maximum-power transfer’, Proc. IEE Electr. Power Appl., 1992, 139, (5), pp. 421–428 (doi: 10.1049/ip-b.1992.0052).
-
-
5)
-
27. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Design and implementation of PMSG based stand-alone wind energy system for three-phase four-wire loads’. Proc. IEEE Power India Conf. 2012, 19–22 December 2012, pp. 1–6.
-
-
6)
- L.A.C. Lopes , R.G. Almeida . Wind-driven self-excited induction generator with voltage and frequency regulated by a reduced-rating voltage source inverter. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 2 , 297 - 304
-
7)
-
11. Wagner, H.J., Mathur, J.: ‘Introduction to wind energy systems’ (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009).
-
-
8)
-
40. Sharma, S., Singh, B.: ‘Asynchronous generator with battery storage for standalone wind energy conversion system’. Accepted for publication IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl..
-
-
9)
-
5. Johnson, G.L.: ‘Wind energy systems’ (Prentice-Hall, UK, Electronic Edition, 2006).
-
-
10)
-
7. Boldea, I.: ‘The electric generators handbook, variable speed generators’ (C.R.C., Taylor & Francis, 2006).
-
-
11)
-
30. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Neural network based voltage and frequency controller for isolated wind power generation’, IETE J. Res., 2011, 57, pp. 462–472.
-
-
12)
-
22. Fukui, S., Ogawa, J., Sato, T., Tsukamoto, O., Kashima, N., Nagaya, S.: ‘Study of 10 MW-class wind turbine synchronous generators with HTS Field windings’, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2011, 21, (3), pp. 1151–1154 (doi: 10.1109/TASC.2010.2090115).
-
-
13)
- K. Idjdarene , D. Rekioua , T. Rekioua , A. Tounzi . Performance of an isolated induction generator under unbalanced loads. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 2 , 303 - 311
-
14)
- S.P. Singh , B. Singh , M.P. Jain . Performance characteristics and optimum utilization of a cage machine as capacitor-excited induction generator. IEEE Trans. Energy Conver. , 4 , 679 - 685
-
15)
- B. Singh , S.S. Murthy , S. Gupta . Analysis and design of STATCOM-based voltage regulator for self-excited induction generators. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 4 , 783 - 790
-
16)
-
1. David, P.: ‘Biofuels, solar and wind as a renewable energy systems’ (Springer Press, 2008).
-
-
17)
- B. Singh , G.K. Kasal . Solid state voltage and frequency controller for a stand alone wind power generating system. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , 5 , 1170 - 1177
-
18)
-
10. Sharma, S., Singh, B.: ‘Control of permanent magnet synchronous generator-based stand-alone wind energy conversion system’, IET Power Electron., 2012, 5, (8), pp. 1519–1526 (doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2011.0367).
-
-
19)
-
6. Patel, M.R.: ‘Wind and solar power systems’ (CRC Press, Washington DC, 2006, 2nd edn.).
-
-
20)
-
13. Mathew, S., Philip, G.S.: ‘Advances in wind energy conversion technology’ (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011).
-
-
21)
-
3. Bhadra, S.N., Kastha, D., Banerjee, S.: ‘Wind electrical systems’ (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2004).
-
-
22)
- M. Karimi-Ghartemani , H. Mokhtari , M.R. Iravani , M. Sedighy . A signal processing system for extraction of harmonics and reactive current of single-phase systems. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , 979 - 986
-
23)
- S. Sharma , B. Singh . Voltage and frequency control of asynchronous generator for stand-alone wind power generation. IET Power Electron. , 7 , 816 - 826
-
24)
- S. Bhim , K. Gaurav Kumar . Voltage and frequency controller for three-phase four-wire autonomous wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 2 , 509 - 518
-
25)
-
12. Khaligh, A., Onar, O.C.: ‘Energy harvesting, solar wind and ocean energy conversions systems’ (CRC Press, New York, 2010).
-
-
26)
- T.F. Chan , L.L. Lai . Single-phase operation of a three-phase induction generator using a novel line current injection method. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 2 , 308 - 315
-
27)
-
20. Raina, G., Malik, O.P.: ‘Variable speed wind energy conversion using synchronous machine’, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 1985, AES-21, (1), pp. 100–105.
-
-
28)
-
9. Stiebler, M.: ‘Wind energy systems for electric power generation’ (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008).
-
-
29)
-
26. Sheeja, V., Jayaprakash, P., Singh, B., Uma, R.: ‘Isolated wind energy conversion system for three-phase four wire loads employing Adaline based voltage-frequency controller’. Proc. 38th Annual Conf. IECON 2012, 2012, pp. 1043–1048.
-
-
30)
-
19. Nonaka, S., Kawaguchi, T.: ‘A new variable-speed AC generator system using a brushless self-excited-type synchronous machine’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1992, 28, (2), pp. 490–496 (doi: 10.1109/28.126760).
-
-
31)
-
10. Van Kuik, G., Ummels, B., Hendriks, R.: ‘Perspectives on wind energy’ (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008).
-
-
32)
-
22. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Design and implementation of four-leg voltage-source-converter-based VFC for autonomous wind energy conversion system’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (12), pp. 4694–4703 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2179271).
-
-
33)
-
24. Sheeja, V., Jayaprakash, P., Singh, B., Uma, R.: ‘Stand alone wind power generating system employing permanent magnet synchronous generator’. Proc. ICSET 2008, 24–27 November 2008, pp. 616–621.
-
-
34)
-
18. Singh, B., Rajagopal, V.: ‘Neural-network-based integrated electronic load controller for isolated asynchronous generators in small hydro generation’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2011, 58, (9), pp. 4264–4274 (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2102313).
-
-
35)
-
7. Mahato, S.N., Sharma, M.P., Singh, S.P.: ‘Capacitors required for maximum power of a self-excited single-phase induction generator using a three-phase machine’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2008, 23, (2), pp. 372–381 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914394).
-
-
36)
-
4. Ackermann, T.: ‘Wind power in power systems’ (John Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2005).
-
-
37)
-
31. Smith Otto, J.M.: ‘Three-phase induction generator for single-phase line’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 1987, EC-2, (3), pp. 382–387 (doi: 10.1109/TEC.1987.4765863).
-
-
38)
- T. Fukami , Y. Kaburaki , S. Kawahara , T. Miyamoto . Performance analysis of a self-regulated self-excited single-phase induction generator using a three-phase machine. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 3 , 622 - 627
-
39)
-
2. Simoes, M.G., Farret, F.A.: ‘Renewable energy systems’ (CRC Press Florida, 2004).
-
-
40)
-
25. Sheeja, V., Singh, B., Uma, R.: ‘BESS based voltage and frequency controller for stand alone wind energy conversion system employing PMSG’. Proc. IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, 2009, 4–8 October 2009, pp. 1–6.
-
-
41)
-
19. Singh, B., Sharma, S.: ‘Stand-alone single-phase power generation employing a three-phase isolated asynchronous generator’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2012, 48, (6), pp. 2414–2423 (doi: 10.1109/TIA.2012.2227136).
-
-
42)
- G.K. Kasal , B. Singh . Voltage and frequency controllers for an asynchronous generator-based isolated wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 2 , 402 - 416
-
1)