© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
The biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using date palm pit aqueous extract. The first visible sign of the synthesis of AgNPs was the change in colour of reaction mixtures from yellowish to reddish brown. The resulting synthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The UV-visible spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 428 nm. XRD confirmed that the silver particles formed in our experiments were in the form of nanocrystals. TEM images revealed the formation of AgNPs with spherical shape and sizes in the range between 1–40 nm. DLS showed nanoparticles with an average size of 27 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the role of different possible functional groups (carboxyl, amine, aromatic and hydroxyl) in the formation of AgNPs. AgNPs were stable at 28°C in vitro for over a year without any precipitation or decreased production of antimicrobial effect. Then, the antifungal and antibacterial activities of synthesised AgNPs were investigated. The synthesised AgNPs showed significant inhibitory effects on Rhizoctonia solani (AG2_2) cultures, so that the concentration of 25 µg/ml prevented approximately 83% of the mycelium growth of the fungus. Then, the broth macro-dilution method was used for examining antibacterial effect of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericide concentration against Klebsiella pneumonia (PCI 602) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606) were recorded as 1.56 and 3.12 µg/ml AgNPs, respectively.
References
-
-
1)
-
1. Pandey, S., Goswami, G., Nanda, K.: ‘Green synthesis of biopolymer–silver nanoparticle nanocomposite: An optical sensor for ammonia detection’, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2012, 51, pp. 583–589 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.033).
-
2)
-
30. Moffatt, J.H., et al: ‘Colistin resistance in acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by complete loss of lipopolysaccharide production’, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2010, 54, (12), pp. 4971–4977 (doi: 10.1128/AAC.00834-10).
-
3)
-
10. Klaus, T., Joerger, R., Olsson, E., Granqvist, C.G.: ‘Silver-based crystalline nanoparticles, microbially fabricated’. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, pp. 13611–4.
-
4)
-
3. Banerjee, P., Satapathy, M., Mukhopahayay, A., Das, P.: ‘Leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from widely available Indian plants: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial property and toxicity analysis’, Bioresour. Bioprocess., 2014, 1, (3), pp. 1–9.
-
5)
-
23. Biglari, F., Abbas, F.M., Alkarkhi, , Azhar, M.E.: ‘Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date-palm fruit from Iran’, Food- Chem. J.,2008, 107, (4), pp. 7–11 (doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.033).
-
6)
-
19. Karimiandeani, J., Ollahkazemi, H., Mohsenzadeh, S., Hsafavi, A.: ‘Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using dried flowers extract of achillea wilhelmsii plant’, Digest J. Nanomat. Biostru, 2011, 6, (3), pp. 1011–1017.
-
7)
-
2. Kim, S.W., Jung, J.H., Lamsal, K., Kim, Y.S., Min, J.S., Lee, Y.S.: ‘Antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against various plant pathogenic fungi’, Koren J. Microbiol., 2012, 40, (1), pp. 53–58.
-
8)
-
28. Sathyavathi, R., Krishna, M.B., Rao, S.V., Saritha, R., Narayana, , Rao, D.V.: ‘Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coriandrum Sativum leaf extract and their application in nonlinear optics’, Adv. Sci. Lett., 2010, 3, pp. 1–6 (doi: 10.1166/asl.2010.1099).
-
9)
-
12. Gupta, A., Bonde, S.R., Gaikwad, S., Ingle, A., Gade, A.K., Rai, M.: ‘Lawsonia inermis-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: activity against human pathogenic fungi and bacteria with special reference to formulation of an antimicrobial nanogel’, IET Nanobiotechnol., 2014, 8, (3), pp. 172–178 (doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2013.0015).
-
10)
-
15. Dipankar, C., Murugan, S.: ‘The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous extracts’, Colloids, 2012, 1, (98), pp. 112–119 (doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.04.006).
-
11)
-
5. Zhang, J., Chen, Y.P., Miller, K.P., et al: ‘Antimicrobial metallopolymers and their bioconjugates with conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria’, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, (13), pp. 4873–4876 (doi: 10.1021/ja5011338).
-
12)
-
22. Mallikarjun, K., Narsimha, G., Dillip, G.R., et al: ‘Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ocimum leaf extract and their characterization’, Digest J. Nanomat. Biostruct., 2011, 6, (1), pp. 181–18.
-
13)
-
18. Sivakumar, J., Premkumar, C., Santhanam, P., Saraswathi, N.: ‘Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantean leaf’, Afric. J. Bas. Appl. Sci., 2011, 3, (6), pp. 265–270.
-
14)
-
29. Roy, S., Mukherjee, T., Chakraborty, S., Das, T.K.: ‘Biosynthesis, characterization & antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the fungus Aspergillus foetidus MTCC 8876’, Digest J.Nanomat. Biostruc., 2013, 8, (1), pp. 197–205.
-
15)
-
16. Singh, K., Panghal, M., Kadyan, S., Chaudhary, U., Parkash, Y.J.: ‘Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia against multi drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients’, J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 2014, 5, (2) (doi: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000192).
-
16)
-
11. Kumar, B., Smita, K., Cumbal, L., Debut, A.: ‘Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil for one pot synthesis of silver nanocatalyst: an ecofriendly approach’, Ind. Crops Prod., 2014, 58, pp. 238–243 (doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.021).
-
17)
-
8. Meshram, S.M., Bonde, S.R., Gupta, I.R., Gade, A.K., Rai, M.K.: ‘Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using white sugar’, IET Nanobiotechnol., 2013, 7, (1), pp. 28–32 (doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0002).
-
18)
-
13. Mohammadinejad, R., Pourseyedi, Sh., Baghizadeh, A., Ranjbar, Sh., Mansoori, G.: ‘Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using silybum marianum seed extract’, Int. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2013, 9, pp. 221–226.
-
19)
-
20. Krishnamurthy, N.B., Nagaraj, B., Malakar, B., Liny, P., Dinesh, R.: ‘Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using tagetes erectal (mari gold) flower extract & evaluation of their antimicrobial activities’, Int. J. Phar. BioSci., 2011, 3, (1), pp. 212–221.
-
20)
-
26. Petrus, E.M., Tinakumari, S., Chai, L.C.,, Ubong, A., Tunung, R., Elexson, N., Chai, L.F., Son, R.: ‘A study on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Nano Colloidal Silver on food-borne pathogens’, Int. Food Res. J., 2011, 18, pp. 55–66.
-
21)
-
25. Bayram, Y., Parlak, M., Aypak, C., Bayram, I.: ‘Three-year review of bacteriological profile and antibiogram of burn wound isolates in Van, Turkey’, Int. J. Med. Sci., 2013, 10, (1), pp. 19–23 (doi: 10.7150/ijms.4723).
-
22)
-
P. Mohanpuria ,
N.K. Rana ,
S.K. Yadav
.
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future applications.
J. Nanopart. Res.
,
507 -
517
-
23)
-
M. Sathishkumar ,
K. Sneha ,
S.W. Won ,
C.W. Cho ,
S. Kim ,
Y.S. Yun
.
Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extract and powder mediated green synthesis of nano-crystalline silver particles and its bactericidal activity.
Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces
,
2 ,
332 -
338
-
24)
-
6. Stevanovic, M.M., Skapin, S.D., Bracko, I., Milenkovic, M., Petkovic, J., Filipic, M.: ‘Poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity assessment and ROS-inducing potential’, Polymer, 2012, (53), pp. 2818–2828 (doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.057).
-
25)
-
24. Onuh, S.N., Ukaejiofo, E.O., Achukwu, P.U., Ufelle, S.A., Okwuosa, C.J., Chukwuka, C.N.: ‘Haemopoietic activity and effect of crude fruit extract of phoenix dactylifera on peripheral blood parameters’, Int. J. Biol. Med. Res.,2012, 3, (2), pp. 1720–1723.
-
26)
-
4. Thombre, R., Mehta, S., Mohite, J., Jaisinghani, P.: ‘Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its cytotoxic effect against thp-1 cancer cell line’, Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci., 2013, 4, (1), pp. 184–192.
-
27)
-
21. Bankar, A., Joshi, B., Kumar, A.R., Zinjarde, S.: ‘Banana peel extract mediated novel route for synthesis of silver nanoparticles’, Colloid Surf A Physicochem. Eng., 2009, 368, pp. 58–63 (doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.07.024).
-
28)
-
9. Ashrafi, S.J., Rastegar, M.F., Jafarpour, B., Kumar, S.A.: ‘Use of plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium moniliforme for biosynthesis of silver nano particles with emphasis to time’, Euro. Cel. Mat., 2010, 20, (3), p. 8.
-
29)
-
27. Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E.G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P.T., Mohan, N.: ‘Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens’, Coll. Surfa B: Biointerfaces, 2010, 76, pp. 50–56 (doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008).
-
30)
-
17. Swamy, M.K., Sudipta, K., Jayanta, K., et al: ‘The green synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leptadenia reticulata leaf extract’, Appl. Nanosci., 2014, pp. 1–9.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0052
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0052
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6