access icon free Platform enabling intelligent safety applications for vulnerable road users

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Received 26/12/2012, Accepted 04/07/2013, Revised 09/05/2013, Published 27/08/2013

In 2009, 9108 vulnerable road users (VRUs; pedestrians and bicyclists) died in the EU and 4722 in the US. Active safety systems, that is intelligent systems able to predict and prevent crashes, may significantly help to reduce VRU fatalities and injuries; however, current active safety systems for VRUs are only found on high-end vehicles, only support the host vehicle driver, and do not make use of wireless communication. The scope of this study is to describe the set-up and real-world verification of a platform to enable active safety systems for VRU. This platform is carried by VRUs and may support multiple road users using wireless communication. A simple conceptual application, addressing pedestrian safety at crossings, was developed to test the platform. This application was not cooperative (i.e. did not support multiple road users with wireless communication). The results presented in this study suggest that such a platform can be employed (i) as a logger for naturalistic studies on VRUs, (ii) to better understand VRU behaviour and accident causation and (iii) as a basis for the development of novel active safety applications, running on portable devices, such as future generation smart phones, and possibly enabled by wireless communication.

Inspec keywords: sensors; accident prevention; traffic engineering computing; automated highways; road safety; radiocommunication; haptic interfaces

Other keywords: high-end vehicle; acoustic feedback; accident causation; vulnerable road user; crash prediction; crash prevention; visual feedback; digital sensor; wireless communication; VRU behaviour; zebra crossing; active safety system; accident database; intelligent safety application; tactile feedback; cooperative application; analog sensor

Subjects: User interfaces; Traffic engineering computing

References

    1. 1)
      • 33. preBikeSAFE: ‘Bicycle Crash, http://Www.Youtube.Com/Watch?V=_Iebmpfvmck, accessed May 2012.
    2. 2)
    3. 3)
      • 1. World Health Organization: ‘Global status report for road safety’ (WHO Press, 2009).
    4. 4)
      • 3. NHTSA: ‘Traffic safety facts 2009 data. Pedestrians’. Report No. DOT HS811-394, 2010.
    5. 5)
    6. 6)
    7. 7)
    8. 8)
    9. 9)
      • 35. preBikeSAFE: ‘Riding against Red, http://Www.Youtube.Com/Watch?V=Clgxtyzsohq&Feature=Relmfu, accessed May 2012.
    10. 10)
    11. 11)
    12. 12)
    13. 13)
    14. 14)
    15. 15)
    16. 16)
    17. 17)
    18. 18)
      • 2. NHTSA: ‘Traffic safety facts 2009 data. Byciclists and other cyclists’. Report No. DOT HS811-386, 2011.
    19. 19)
      • 5. Schramm, S., Roth, F., Stoll, J., Widmann, U.: ‘Proactive pedestrian protection’, in Eskandarian, A. (Ed.): ‘Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles’ (Springer edn, 2012).
    20. 20)
    21. 21)
    22. 22)
      • 4. DaCoTa-Project: ‘Deliverable D3.5 Annual Statistical Report – 2011’, 2011.
    23. 23)
      • 15. Shin, S.H., Park, C.G., Kim, J.W., Hong, H.S., Lee, J.M.: ‘Adaptive step length estimation algorithm using low-cost MEMS inertial sensors’. Sensors Applications Symp., 2007.
    24. 24)
      • 20. Panzieri, S., Pascucci, F., Ulivi, G.: ‘An outdoor navigation system using Gps and inertial platform’, IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatronics, 2002, 7, (2), pp. 134–142 (doi: 10.1109/TMECH.2002.1011250).
    25. 25)
      • 32. Brown, K.M., Dilley, R., Marshall, K.: ‘Using a head-mounted video camera to understand social worlds and experiences’, Sociological Res. Online, 2009, 13, (6), doi: 10.5153/sro.1818.
    26. 26)
      • 22. Przemyslaw, B., Pawel, S.: ‘Enhancing positioning accuracy in urban terrain by fusing data from a Gps receiver, inertial sensors, stereo-camera and digital maps for pedestrian navigation’, Sensors (Basel), 2012, 12, (6), pp. 6764–6801.
    27. 27)
      • 17. Dozza, M., Fernandez, A.: ‘Collection of naturalistic bicycling data is now ongoing’. Third Int. Symp. on Naturalistic Driving Research, 2012.
    28. 28)
      • 7. Han, Y., Yang, J., Mizuno, K., Matsui, Y.: ‘Effects of vehicle impact velocity, vehicle front-end shapes on pedestrian injury risk’, Traffic Inj. Prev., 2012, 13, (5), pp. 507–518 (doi: 10.1080/15389588.2012.661111).
    29. 29)
      • 3. NHTSA: ‘Traffic safety facts 2009 data. Pedestrians’. Report No. DOT HS811-394, 2010.
    30. 30)
      • 25. Dozza, M., Chiari, L., Peterka, R.J., Wall, C., Horak, F.B.: ‘What is the most effective type of audio-biofeedback for postural motor learning?’, Gait Posture, 2011, 34, (3), pp. 313–319 (doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.05.016).
    31. 31)
      • 21. Alvarez, J.C., Alvarez, D., Lopez, A., Gonzalez, R.C.: ‘Pedestrian navigation based on a waist-worn inertial sensor’, Sensors (Basel), 2012, 12, (8), pp. 10536–10549 (doi: 10.3390/s120810536).
    32. 32)
      • 12. Vlacic, L., Fukuda, T.: ‘Cooperative Intelligent Vehicles’, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2006, 7, (4), pp. 398–400 (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2006.884871).
    33. 33)
      • 2. NHTSA: ‘Traffic safety facts 2009 data. Byciclists and other cyclists’. Report No. DOT HS811-386, 2011.
    34. 34)
      • 33. preBikeSAFE: ‘Bicycle Crash, http://Www.Youtube.Com/Watch?V=_Iebmpfvmck, accessedMay 2012.
    35. 35)
      • 24. Morrison, A., Renaudin, V., Bancroft, J.B., Lachapelle, G.: ‘Design and testing of a multi-sensor pedestrian location and navigation platform’, Sensors (Basel), 2012, 12, (3), pp. 3720–3738 (doi: 10.3390/s120303720).
    36. 36)
      • 1. World Health Organization: ‘Global status report for road safety’ (WHO Press, 2009).
    37. 37)
      • 10. Scholliers, J., Joshi, S., Gemou, M., et al: ‘Development and application of an integrated evaluation framework for preventive safety applications’, Intell. Transp. Syst., IEEE Trans., 2011, 12, (1), pp. 211–220 (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2010.2080357).
    38. 38)
      • 8. http://www.savecap.org/ accessed Date Accessed.
    39. 39)
      • 13. Dozza, M., Chiari, L., Hlavacka, F., Cappello, A., Horak, F.: ‘Effects of linear versus sigmoid coding of visual or audio biofeedback for the control of upright stance’, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 2006, 14, (4), pp. 505–512 (doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2006.886732).
    40. 40)
      • 19. Sinpyo, H., Man Hyung, L., Sun Hong, K., Ho Hwan, C.: ‘A car test for the estimation of Gps/Ins alignment errors’, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2004, 5, (3), pp. 208–218 (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2004.833771).
    41. 41)
      • 29. Dozza, M., Werneke, J., Fernandez, A.: ‘Piloting the naturalistic methodology on bicycles’. First Int. Cycling Safety Conf., 2012.
    42. 42)
      • 35. preBikeSAFE: ‘Riding against Red, http://Www.Youtube.Com/Watch?V=Clgxtyzsohq&Feature=Relmfu, accessedMay 2012.
    43. 43)
      • 11. Bishop, R.: ‘Intelligent vehicle technology and trends’ (Artech house, 2005).
    44. 44)
      • 34. preBikeSAFE: ‘Construction Work, http://www.Youtube.Com/Watch?Feature=Endscreen&Nr=1&V=J7sphprki8s, accessed May 2012.
    45. 45)
      • 37. Dingus, T.A., Neale, V.L., Klauer, S.G., Petersen, A.D., Carroll, R.J.: ‘The development of a naturalistic data collection system to perform critical incident analysis: an investigation of safety and fatigue issues in long-haul trucking’, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2006, 38, (6), pp. 1127–1136 (doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2006.05.001).
    46. 46)
      • 4. DaCoTa-Project: ‘Deliverable D3.5 Annual Statistical Report – 2011’, 2011.
    47. 47)
      • 26. Dozza, M., Chiari, L., Horak, F.B.: ‘Audio-biofeedback improves balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss’, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2005, 86, (7), pp. 1401–1403 (doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.036).
    48. 48)
      • 6. Othman, S., Thomson, R., Lanner, G.: ‘Identifying critical road geometry parameters affecting crash rate and crash type’, Ann. Adv. Autom. Med., 2009, 53, pp. 155–165.
    49. 49)
      • 38. Dozza, M.: ‘What factors influence drivers’ response time for evasive maneuvers in real traffic?’, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.003.
    50. 50)
      • 18. Dozza, M., Lindgren, L., Gustafsson, P., Muñez, J., Boda, C.: ‘Bikecom – a cooperative safety application supporting cyclists and drivers at intersections’. Driver Distraction and Inattention, 2013.
    51. 51)
      • 28. Rigoberto, M.M., Toshiyo, T., Masaki, S.: ‘Smart phone as a tool for measuring anticipatory postural adjustments in healthy subjects, a step toward more personalized’. 2010 Annual Int. Conf. of the IEEE, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010.
    52. 52)
      • 36. Boda, C., Muñez, J.: ‘Field assessment of driver decision making at intersections: a real-time wireless application to manipulate encroachment timing’ (Chalmers University of Technology, 2013).
    53. 53)
      • 39. Dozza, M., Bärgman, J., Lee, J.D.: ‘Chunking: a procedure to improve naturalistic data analysis’, Accid. Anal. Prev., 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.03.020.
    54. 54)
      • 16. Chen, W., Wang, J., Chen, R.: ‘An integrated gps and multi-sensor pedestrian positioning system for 3d urban navigation’, Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event, 2009, pp. 1–6.
    55. 55)
      • 31. Spence, C., Ho, C.: ‘Multisensory warning signals for event perception and safe driving’, Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci., 2008, 9, (6), pp. 523–554 (doi: 10.1080/14639220701816765).
    56. 56)
      • 9. Walker, R., Stevens, A., Anjum, O., Suriarachchi, M., McNamara, K.: ‘Benefits of automatic crash notification for traffic management’. IET Road Transport Information and Control Conf. and the ITS United Kingdom Members’ Conf. (RTIC 2010) – Better transport through technology.
    57. 57)
      • 14. Mancini, M., Horak, F., Zampieri, C., Carlson-Kuhta, P., Nutt, J., Chiari, L.: ‘Trunk accelerometry reveals postural instability in untreated parkinson's disease’, Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2011, 17, (7), pp. 557–562 (doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.05.010).
    58. 58)
      • 5. Schramm, S., Roth, F., Stoll, J., Widmann, U.: ‘Proactive pedestrian protection’, in Eskandarian, A. (Ed.): ‘Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles’ (Springer edn, 2012).
    59. 59)
      • 27. Mathie, M.J., Coster, A.C., Lovell, N.H., Celler, B.G.: ‘Accelerometry: providing an integrated, practical method for long-term, ambulatory monitoring of human movement’, Physiol. Meas., 2004, 25, (2), pp. R1–20 (doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/25/2/R01).
    60. 60)
      • 30. Toulminet, G., Boussuge, J., Laurgeau, C.: ‘Comparative synthesis of the 3 main European projects dealing with cooperative systems (Cvis, Safespot and Coopers) and description of coopers demonstration site 4’. Proc. 11th Int. IEEE Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2008, pp. 809–814.
    61. 61)
      • 23. Bebek, O., Suster, M.A., Rajgopal, S., et al: ‘Personal Navigation via high-resolution gait-corrected inertial measurement units’, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 2010, 59, (11), pp. 3018–3027 (doi: 10.1109/TIM.2010.2046595).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-its.2012.0201
Loading

Related content

content/journals/10.1049/iet-its.2012.0201
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6
Loading