© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Reversible digital watermarking techniques enable the recovery of the original ‘cover image’ from a watermarked image in a distortion-free way. Reversible watermarking techniques find application in military and medical imagery, where integrity of the cover image is of utmost importance. However, in practice, many military data transmissions occur over communication channels whose noise levels are so high that the receiving system is unable to correct all errors in the received data. In such a case, the authors are bound to get non-zero distortion in the recovered cover image as well as the extracted watermark, in spite of using reversible watermarking techniques. In this study, they investigate the effect of high data error rates on different state-of-the-art reversible watermarking algorithms. Their simulation results help to choose the most suitable reversible watermarking scheme, depending on whether the distortion of the retrieved cover image or the distortion of the retrieved watermark is the primary concern.
References
-
-
1)
-
Reed, A., Hopkinson, J.N.: `Data transmission system with automatic repeat request', U.S., No. 4939731, 1990.
-
2)
-
Singh, R., Seltzer, M.L., Raj, B., Stern, R.M.: `Speech in noisy environments: robust automatic segmentation, feature extraction, and hypothesis combination', Proc. IEEE Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, May 2001, p. 273–276.
-
3)
-
Z. Ni ,
Y.Q. Shi ,
N. Ansari ,
W. Su
.
Reversible data hiding.
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.
,
3 ,
354 -
362
-
4)
-
M.U. Celik ,
G. Sharma ,
A.M. Tekalp ,
E. Saber
.
Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding.
IEEE Trans. Image Process.
,
2 ,
253 -
266
-
5)
-
J.B. Feng ,
I.C. Lin ,
C.S. Tsai ,
Y.P. Chu
.
Reversible watermarking: current status and key issues.
Int. J. Netw. Sec.
,
3 ,
161 -
171
-
6)
-
J. Tian
.
Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion.
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.
,
8 ,
890 -
896
-
7)
-
I.J. Cox ,
M.L. Miller ,
J.A. Bloom ,
J. Fridrich ,
T. Kalker
.
(2008)
Digital watermarking and steganography.
-
8)
-
V. Britanak ,
P. Yip ,
K.R. Rao
.
(2006)
Discrete cosine and sine transforms: general properties, fast algorithms and integer approximations.
-
9)
-
B. Yang ,
M. Schmucker ,
W. Funk ,
C. Busch ,
S. Sun
.
Integer DCT-based reversible watermarking technique for images using companding technique.
Proc. SPIE – Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.
,
405 -
415
-
10)
-
M. Fallahpour ,
D. Megias ,
M. Ghanbar
.
Reversible and high-capacity data hiding in medical images.
IET Image Process.
,
2 ,
190 -
197
-
11)
-
M.R. Suite ,
H.R. Burris ,
C.I. Moore
.
Packet testing in free-space optical communication links over water.
Proc. SPIE – Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.
,
621505 -
621501
-
12)
-
S. Lin ,
D.J. Costello
.
(2004)
Error control coding.
-
13)
-
Weng, S., Zhao, Y., Pan, J.S., Ni, R.: `A novel reversible watermarking based on an integer transform', Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, September 2007, p. 241–244.
-
14)
-
L. Luo ,
Z. Chen ,
M. Chen ,
X. Zeng ,
Z. Xiong
.
Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique.
IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Sec.
,
1 ,
187 -
193
-
15)
-
Tian, J.: `Reversible watermarking by difference expansion', Proc. Workshop on Multimedia and Security, December 2002, p. 19–22.
-
16)
-
G. Plonka ,
M. Tasche
.
Integer DCT-II by lifting steps.
Int. Ser. Numer. Math.
,
235 -
252
-
17)
-
Celik, M.U., Sharma, G., Tekalp, A.M., Saber, E.: `Reversible data hiding', Proc. Int. Conf. Image Processing, September 2002, p. III-157–III-160.
-
18)
-
P. Elias
.
Coding for noisy channels.
IRE Conv. Rec.
,
4 ,
37 -
46
-
19)
-
Crystal, T.H., Nielsen, A.S., Marsh, E.: `Speech in noisy environments (SPINE) adds new dimension to speech recognition R&D', Proc. Second Int. Conf. on Human Language Technology Research, 2002, p. 212–216.
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/iet-ipr.2011.0160
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/iet-ipr.2011.0160
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6