This study presents an optimal number of electric buses in the solar-assisted smart public transit system and its failure analysis. Electric buses are used to perform the mass transportation in the Guwahati city, Assam, India. The charging points have been provided through the ring road of the city to charge the electric buses. Every charging point consists of a high-capacity energy storage device (ESD) and the solar plant for achieving the smooth functionality of the transportation system. Optimal numbers of electric buses have been determined as a function of the load, the ESD, the solar plant and the passenger total. Simulations have been carried out to show the system response for the optimal number of electric buses and for the failures that exist in the system. Every charging point consists of a fuzzy logic controller to control the power flow among the grid, ESD and the solar plant.

References

1. 1)
  - 18. Singh, M., Kumar, P., Kar, I.: ‘Implementation of vehicle to grid infrastructure using fuzzy logic controller’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2012, 3, (1), pp. 565–577.
2. 2)
  - 8. Supercapacitor based buses for urban transportation. Available at http://www.slideshare.net/ResearchIndia/super-capacitor-buses-in-shanghai-5156990.
3. 3)
  - 9. Jang, Y., Suh, E., Kim, J.: ‘System architecture and mathematical models of electric transit bus system utilizing wireless power transfer technology’, IEEE Syst. J., 2016, 10, (2), pp. 495–506.
4. 4)
  - 11. Qiu, X., Nguyen, A., Elmore, A.: ‘A field validated model of a vanadium redox flow battery for micro grids’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2014, 5, (4), pp. 1592–1601.
5. 5)
  - 6. Thomas, H.: ‘The electric trolley bus’, J. IET, 1933, 3, (11), pp. 152–155.
6. 6)
  - 22. Guwahati Electric Circle-1 and Guwahati Electric Circle-2, Assam Power Distribution Company limited. Available at ‘http://www.mybijulibill.com/about_GEC1_profile.jsp’.
7. 7)
  - 23. Bhaskar Naik, M., Kumar, P., Majhi, S.: ‘Small-scale solar plants coupled with smart public transport system and its coordination with the grid’, J. IET Elect. Syst. Transp., 2017, 7, (2), pp. 135–144, doi: 10.1049/iet-est.2016.0039.
8. 8)
  - 19. Rohmanuddin, M., Liong, H., Ahmad, S.: ‘Simplifying fuzzy rule base of multiple input multiple output systems by constructing multi-layer fuzzy controller’. Proc. Int. Conf. Man and Cybernetics, Nashville, TN, October 2000, pp. 3728–3733.
9. 9)
  - 21. Assam State Electricity Board (ASEB): Guwahati, India, 2012. Available at http://aseb.in/.
10. 10)
  - 10. Reddy, T.B.: ‘Linden's handbook of batteries’ (McGraw-Hill, 2011, 4th edn.), pp. 30.41–30.45.
11. 11)
  - 24. Optimal power flow problem and solution methodologies. Available at http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4566/13/13_chapter3.pdf.
12. 12)
  - 16. Khatun, P., Bingham, C., Schofield, N., et al: ‘Application of fuzzy control algorithms for electric vehicle antilock braking/traction control systems’, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2003, 52, (5), pp. 1356–1364.
13. 13)
  - 20. Ying, H.: ‘Analytical structure of a two-input two-output fuzzy controller’. Proc. Int. Conf. Fuzzy Control and Intelligent Systems, Huston, TX, December 1993, pp. 123–127.
14. 14)
  - 2. Chan, C.C.: ‘The rise & fall of electric vehicles in 1828–1930: lessons learned’, Proc. IEEE, 2013, 101, (1), pp. 206–212.
15. 15)
  - 25. India Meteorological Department (IMD): Guwahati, Assam, India. Available at www.imd.gov.in.
16. 16)
  - 14. Hammar, A., Venet, P., Rojat, G.: ‘Study of accelerated aging of supercapacitors for transport applications’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2010, 57, (12), pp. 3972–3979.
17. 17)
  - 1. Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Emadi, A.: ‘Modern electric, hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles fundamentals, theory and design’ (CRC Press, 2010, 2nd edn.), pp. 1–27.
18. 18)
  - 15. Hijazi, A., Kreczanik, P., Loreto, M.: ‘Thermal network model of supercapacitors stack’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2012, 59, (2), pp. 979–987.
19. 19)
  - 12. Agrawal, A., Kumar, P.: ‘Smart public transit system using an energy storage system and its coordination with a distribution grid’, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2014, 99, pp. 1–11.
20. 20)
  - 17. Schouten, N., Salman, A., Kheir, A.: ‘Fuzzy logic control for parallel hybrid vehicles’, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., 2002, 10, (3), pp. 460–468.
21. 21)
  - 7. Barero, R., Tackoen, X.: ‘Energy savings in public transport’, IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., 2008, 3, (3), pp. 26–36.
22. 22)
  - 3. Qian, K., Zhou, C., Allan, M., et al: ‘Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distribution systems’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2011, 26, (2), pp. 802–810.
23. 23)
  - 5. Diez, A., Velandia, E., Restrepo, M.: ‘Trolleybuses in smart grids as effective strategy to reduce greenhouse emissions’. Proc. Int. Conf. Electric Vehicle, Greenville, SC, March 2012, pp. 1–6.
24. 24)
  - 4. Deilami, S., Masoum, A.S., Moses, P.S., et al: ‘Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile’, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2011, 2, (3), pp. 456–467.
25. 25)
  - 13. Zandi, M., Payman, A., Tabar, F.: ‘Energy management of a fuel cell/supercapacitor/battery power source for electric vehicular applications’, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2011, 60, (2), pp. 433–443.

Optimal number of e-buses in the solar-assisted smart public transit system and its failure analysis

References

Related content