@ARTICLE{ iet:/content/journals/10.1049/iet-est.2011.0021, author = {A.A.A. Elgammal}, author = {A.M. Sharaf}, keywords = {hybrid photovoltaic fuel cell;DC source;self-regulating particle swarm optimised controller;renewable energy scheme;hybrid renewable green energy;vehicle-to-grid battery-charging stations;hybrid electric vehicles;energy utilisation;multiloop battery-charging regulator;multiobjective particle swarm optimisation;self-regulating tri-loop controller;hybrid PV-FC DC interface;}, ISSN = {2042-9738}, language = {English}, abstract = {This study presents the use of hybrid photovoltaic–fuel cell (PV–FC) renewable energy scheme for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) battery-charging stations. The hybrid PV–FC DC interface scheme is dynamically controlled using a self-regulating tri-loop controller based on multi-objective particle swarm optimisation. The proposed utilisation scheme ensures efficient DC source energy utilisation from the hybrid PV–FC DC with minimal DC current inrush conditions and a fully stabilised DC bus voltage. The multi-loop battery-charging regulator allows for hybrid (voltage, current and power) charging modes for efficient, fast charging and DC energy efficient utilisation. The proposed hybrid renewable green energy PV–FC battery-charging scheme is fully validated by simulation and laboratory prototype testing.}, title = {Self-regulating particle swarm optimised controller for (photovoltaic–fuel cell) battery charging of hybrid electric vehicles}, journal = {IET Electrical Systems in Transportation}, issue = {2}, volume = {2}, year = {2012}, month = {June}, pages = {77-89(12)}, publisher ={Institution of Engineering and Technology}, copyright = {© The Institution of Engineering and Technology}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/;jsessionid=afjljfi6035ta.x-iet-live-01content/journals/10.1049/iet-est.2011.0021} }