@ARTICLE{ iet:/content/journals/10.1049/iet-cps.2017.0033, author = {Charalambos Konstantinou}, author = {Marios Sazos}, author = {Ahmed S. Musleh}, author = {Anastasis Keliris}, author = {Ahmed Al-Durra}, author = {Michail Maniatakos}, keywords = {reliable time synchronisation;GPS spoofing effect;power system control;hardware-in-the-loop real-time digital simulator-enabled power system testbed;control functions;cyber-physical system;wide-area protection;Global Positioning System;PMU-based load shedding scheme;power system monitoring;geographically distributed phasor measurement units;phase angle control;smart grid CPS;synchrophasor data;phase angle monitoring;GPS time spoofing attacks;}, language = {English}, abstract = {In recent years, cyber-physical system (CPS) applications have been extensively utilised in the electric power grid to enable wide-area protection, control, and monitoring of power systems. Many of these applications in a smart grid CPS depend on reliable time synchronisation. For example, synchrophasor data from geographically distributed phasor measurement units (PMU) utilise global positioning system (GPS) for precise timing. However, these units are exposed to GPS time spoofing attacks that can lead to inaccurate monitoring and trigger unnecessary, and possibly destabilising, remedial control actions. The authors develop an end-to-end case study demonstrating the effect of GPS spoofing attacks on the phase angle monitoring and control functions of a PMU-based load shedding scheme. The evaluation of authors attack strategy is performed in a hardware-in-the-loop real-time digital simulator-enabled power system testbed.}, title = {GPS spoofing effect on phase angle monitoring and control in a real-time digital simulator-based hardware-in-the-loop environment}, journal = {IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications}, issue = {4}, volume = {2}, year = {2017}, month = {December}, pages = {180-187(7)}, publisher ={Institution of Engineering and Technology}, copyright = {This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/;jsessionid=caped1i43id3b.x-iet-live-01content/journals/10.1049/iet-cps.2017.0033} }