%0 Electronic Article %A C. Khirallah %A J.S. Thompson %A H. Rashvand %K CAPEX %K mobile-network operator %K homogeneous network %K wireless cellular network %K long-term-evolution advanced %K operational expenditure %K OPEX %K joint macro-femtocell network %K total-cost-of-ownership %K MNO %K TCO %K energy consumption %K capital expenditure %K conventional macrocell %K LTE-advanced %K heterogeneous network %K energy metrics %K HetNets %K joint macro-relay network %X In long-term-evolution-advanced (LTE-advanced), heterogeneous deployments of relays, femtocells and conventional macrocells are expected to provide coverage extension and throughput enhancement, while significantly lowering the energy consumption and total-cost-of-ownership (TCO) in cellular networks. This study presents a methodology for estimating the total energy consumption, taking into account the total operational power and embodied energy, and TCO of wireless cellular networks, and in particular provides a means to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous network (HetNets) deployments. The authors introduce realistic energy models and energy metrics based on information available from mobile-network operators (MNOs) and base stations manufacturers. Additionally, up-to-date operational and capital expenditure (OPEX and CAPEX) models are used to calculate TCO of candidate networks. The authors evaluate two scenarios for HetNets, namely a joint macro-relay network and a joint macro–femtocell network, with different relay and femtocell deployments densities. The results obtained show that compared to macro-centric networks, joint macro-relay networks are both energy and cost efficient, whereas joint macro–femtocell networks reduce the networks TCO at the expense of increased energy-consumption. Finally, it is observed that energy and cost gains are highly sensitive to the OPEX model adopted. %@ 1751-8628 %T Energy and cost impacts of relay and femtocell deployments in long-term-evolution advanced %B IET Communications %D December 2011 %V 5 %N 18 %P 2617-2628 %I Institution of Engineering and Technology %U https://digital-library.theiet.org/;jsessionid=5rc3ddouief1r.x-iet-live-01content/journals/10.1049/iet-com.2011.0111 %G EN