© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
In the context of home-based healthcare monitoring systems, it is desirable that the results obtained from biochemical tests – tests of various body fluids such as blood and urine – are objective and automatically generated to reduce the number of man-made errors. The authors present the StripTest reader – an innovative smartphone-based interpreter of biochemical tests based on paper-based strip colour using image processing techniques. The working principles of the reader include image acquisition of the colour strip pads using the camera phone, analysing the images within the phone and comparing them with reference colours provided by the manufacturer to obtain the test result. The detection of kidney damage was used as a scenario to illustrate the application of, and test, the StripTest reader. An extensive evaluation using laboratory and human urine samples demonstrates the reader's accuracy and precision of detection, indicating the successful development of a cheap, mobile and smart reader for home-monitoring of kidney functioning, which can facilitate the early detection of health problems and a timely treatment intervention.
References
-
-
1)
-
10. Zhu, H., Sikora, U., Ozcan, A.: ‘Quantum dot enabled detection of Escherichia coli using a cell-phone’, Analyst, 2012, 137, (11), pp. 2541–2544 (doi: 10.1039/c2an35071h).
-
2)
-
12. Vashist, S.K., Mudanyali, O., Schneider, E.M., Zengerle, R., Ozcan, A.: ‘Cellphone-based devices for bioanalytical sciences’, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2014, 406, (14), pp. 3263–3277 (doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7473-1).
-
3)
-
4. Lee, D.-S., Jeon, B.G., Ihm, C., Park, J.-K., Jung, M.Y.: ‘A simple and smart telemedicine device for developing regions: a pocket-sized colorimetric reader’, Lab. Chip, 2011, 11, pp. 120–126 (doi: 10.1039/c0lc00209g).
-
4)
-
13. Velikova, M., Lucas, P.J.F., Spaanderman, M.: ‘e-MomCare: a personalised home-monitoring system for pregnancy disorders’, LNICST, 2011, 69, pp. 267–274.
-
5)
-
15. Kuklina, E.V., Ayala, C., Callaghan, W.M.: ‘Hypertensive disorders and severe obstetric morbidity in the United States’, Obstet. Gynecol., 2009, 113, pp. 1299–1306 (doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a45b25).
-
6)
-
7. Mudanyali, O., Dimitrov, S., Sikora, U., Padmanabhan, S., Navruz, I., Ozcan, A.: ‘Integrated rapid-diagnostic-test reader platform on a cellphone’, Lab. Chip, 2012, 12, (15), pp. 2678–2686 (doi: 10.1039/c2lc40235a).
-
7)
-
14. Velikova, M., Lucas, P.J.F., Smeets, R.L., Terwisscha van Scheltinga, J.: ‘Fully-automated interpretation of biochemical tests for decision support by smartphones’. Proc. 25th IEEE Int. Symp. CBMS, 2012.
-
8)
-
9. Coskun, A.F., Wong, J., Khodadadi, D., Nagi, R., Tey, A., Ozcan, A.: ‘A personalized food allergen testing platform on a cellphone’, Lab. Chip, 2013, 13, (4), pp. 636–640 (doi: 10.1039/c2lc41152k).
-
9)
-
5. Dell, N., Venkatachalam, S., Stevens, D., Yager, P., Borriello, G.: ‘Towards a point-of-care diagnostic system: automated analysis of immunoassay test data on a cell phone’. Proc. Fifth ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions, 2011.
-
10)
-
2. Martinez, A.W., Phillips, S.T., Carrilho, E., Thomas, IIIS.W., Sindi, H., Whitesides, G.M.: ‘Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis’, Anal. Chem., 2008, 80, (10), pp. 3699–3707 (doi: 10.1021/ac800112r).
-
11)
-
3. Loh, B.Y., Vuong, N.K., Chan, S., Lau, C.T.: ‘Robust classification of pH levels on a camera phone’. Proc. IMECS, 2011, pp. 600–604.
-
12)
-
8. Coskun, A.F., Nagi, R., Sadeghi, K., Phillips, S., Ozcan, A.: ‘Albumin testing in urine using a smart-phone’, Lab. Chip, 2013, 13, (21), pp. 4231–4238 (doi: 10.1039/c3lc50785h).
-
13)
-
14)
-
1. Tighe, P.: ‘Improving the quality of urine strip testing: the Clinitek 50 urine chemistry analyser’, Euro Clin. Lab., 1997, pp. 16–20.
-
15)
-
11. Feng, S., Caire, R., Cortazar, B., Turan, M., Wong, A., Ozcan, A.: ‘Immunochromatographic diagnostic test analysis using Google Glass’, ACS Nano, 2014, 8, (3), pp. 3069–3079 (doi: 10.1021/nn500614k).
-
16)
-
16. Velikova, M., Terwisscha van Scheltinga, J., Lucas, P.J.F., Spaanderman, M.: ‘Exploiting causal functional relationships in Bayesian network modelling for personalised healthcare’, Int. J. Approx. Reason., 2014, 55, (1), pp. 59–73 (doi: 10.1016/j.ijar.2013.03.016).
http://iet.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1049/htl.2014.0059
Related content
content/journals/10.1049/htl.2014.0059
pub_keyword,iet_inspecKeyword,pub_concept
6
6